Formulas 方剂

Classical formulas as the literature records them: composition, source and traditional category. Doses are deliberately not listed — they are set by a licensed practitioner. Folk remedies circulate widely; where they appear in the literature they are described as claims to check, never as instructions.

Educational and cultural reference only — not medical advice. We do not diagnose, do not prescribe, do not recommend medicines or doses, and make no claim to treat or cure any condition. Nothing here should delay you from seeking care. If you have a health concern, consult a licensed healthcare professional.

Every entry below also opens on its own page, with the full note and its sources.

解肌发表,调和营卫 · Releasing the exterior; harmonising the nutritive and defensive

Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) guì zhī tāng · 桂枝汤

Composition 组成

  • Cinnamon twig
  • white peony root
  • fresh ginger
  • jujube
  • honey-fried licorice.

组成

  • 桂枝、白芍、生姜、大枣、炙甘草
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains licorice - caution with hypertension and with potassium-losing diuretics. To be used only after pattern differentiation by a licensed practitioner; doses are deliberately not given here.

含甘草:高血压患者及服用排钾利尿剂者需谨慎。须由持证医师辨证后使用,此处刻意不列用量。

辛温解表,宣肺平喘 · Releasing the exterior with pungent-warm; promoting the Lung

Mahuang Tang (Ephedra Decoction) má huáng tāng · 麻黄汤

Composition 组成

  • Ephedra
  • cinnamon twig
  • apricot kernel
  • honey-fried licorice.

组成

  • 麻黄、桂枝、杏仁、炙甘草
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains ephedra, which is restricted or banned in a number of countries. Not appropriate with high blood pressure, heart disease, hyperthyroidism, or with MAO inhibitors. Doses are not given here.

含麻黄,多国对其有限制或禁用。高血压、心脏病、甲状腺功能亢进者及服用单胺氧化酶抑制剂者不宜使用。此处不列用量。

和解少阳 · Harmonising; the classical formula for the half-exterior, half-interior

Xiao Chaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) xiǎo chái hú tāng · 小柴胡汤

Composition 组成

  • Bupleurum root
  • scutellaria root
  • pinellia tuber
  • ginseng
  • licorice
  • fresh ginger
  • jujube.

组成

  • 柴胡、黄芩、半夏、人参、甘草、生姜、大枣
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Rare reports of interstitial pneumonia and liver injury have been associated with this formula in some populations, and interaction concerns exist with interferon. Caution with liver disease. Doses are not given here.

部分人群中有与此方相关的间质性肺炎与肝损伤的罕见报告,与干扰素存在相互作用方面的关注。肝病患者慎用。此处不列用量。

补气健脾 · Qi-tonifying; the base formula for a weak Spleen

Si Junzi Tang (Four Gentlemen Decoction) sì jūn zǐ tāng · 四君子汤

Composition 组成

  • Ginseng
  • white atractylodes rhizome
  • poria
  • honey-fried licorice.

组成

  • 人参、白术、茯苓、炙甘草
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains ginseng - documented interaction concerns with warfarin, antidiabetic drugs and stimulants - and licorice, with the hypertension caution noted above.

含人参,与华法林、降糖药、兴奋剂有文献记录的相互作用关注;并含甘草,同上高血压相关提示。

补血调血 · Blood-nourishing; the base formula for Blood deficiency

Si Wu Tang (Four Substances Decoction) sì wù tāng · 四物汤

Composition 组成

  • Prepared rehmannia root
  • dong quai
  • white peony root
  • chuanxiong rhizome.

组成

  • 熟地黄、当归、白芍、川芎
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains dong quai, which may increase bleeding risk when taken with anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs. Caution with oestrogen-sensitive conditions. Doses are not given here.

含当归,与抗凝药或抗血小板药同用可能增加出血风险。雌激素相关疾病患者慎用。此处不列用量。

滋补肝肾 · Yin-nourishing; the classical formula for Kidney yin deficiency

Liuwei Dihuang Wan (Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill) liù wèi dì huáng wán · 六味地黄丸

Composition 组成

  • Prepared rehmannia root
  • cornus fruit
  • chinese yam
  • alisma rhizome
  • tree peony bark
  • poria.

组成

  • 熟地黄、山茱萸、山药、泽泻、牡丹皮、茯苓
Source 出处 · Xiaoer Yao Zheng Zhi Jue · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Cases of drug-induced liver injury have been reported with some products, including products found to contain undeclared or contaminated ingredients. Buy only from regulated suppliers. Doses are not given here.

部分产品有药物性肝损伤的报告,其中一些产品被检出含未标明或受污染的成分。请只从受监管渠道购买。此处不列用量。

补中益气,升阳举陷 · Qi-tonifying with lifting; for Spleen qi sinking presentations

Buzhong Yiqi Tang (Tonify the Middle and Augment Qi Decoction) bǔ zhōng yì qì tāng · 补中益气汤

Composition 组成

  • Astragalus root
  • ginseng
  • white atractylodes rhizome
  • honey-fried licorice
  • dong quai
  • tangerine peel
  • cimicifuga rhizome
  • bupleurum root.

组成

  • 黄芪、人参、白术、炙甘草、当归、陈皮、升麻、柴胡
Source 出处 · Neiwaishang Bianhuo Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains ginseng and licorice, with the interaction cautions noted above. The lifting action makes it unsuitable where there is marked hypertension or significant insomnia.

含人参与甘草,同上相互作用提示。因其升提之性,明显高血压或严重失眠者不宜使用。

疏肝解郁,养血健脾 · Harmonising the Liver and Spleen

Xiaoyao San (Free and Easy Wanderer Powder) xiāo yáo sǎn · 逍遥散

Composition 组成

  • Bupleurum root
  • dong quai
  • white peony root
  • white atractylodes rhizome
  • poria
  • licorice
  • mint
  • fresh ginger.

组成

  • 柴胡、当归、白芍、白术、茯苓、甘草、薄荷、生姜
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains dong quai and licorice - bleeding-risk and hypertension cautions apply. Caution with liver disease. Doses are not given here.

含当归与甘草,同上出血风险与高血压提示。肝病患者慎用。此处不列用量。

益气补血,健脾养心 · Nourishing Blood and qi; for Heart and Spleen deficiency

Guipi Tang (Restore the Spleen Decoction) guī pí tāng · 归脾汤

Composition 组成

  • Ginseng
  • astragalus root
  • white atractylodes rhizome
  • poria
  • dong quai
  • longan flesh
  • ziziphus seed
  • polygala root
  • costus root
  • licorice
  • fresh ginger
  • jujube.

组成

  • 人参、黄芪、白术、茯苓、当归、龙眼肉、酸枣仁、远志、木香、甘草、生姜、大枣
Source 出处 · Jisheng Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains ginseng, dong quai and licorice; the same interaction cautions apply. Some constituents are described as mildly sedating.

含人参、当归与甘草,同上相互作用提示。其中部分药物传统上被认为有轻度安神作用。

燥湿化痰,理气和中 · Drying dampness and transforming phlegm

Erchen Tang (Two-Cured Decoction) èr chén tāng · 二陈汤

Composition 组成

  • Pinellia tuber
  • aged tangerine peel
  • poria
  • licorice
  • fresh ginger
  • dark plum.

组成

  • 半夏、橘红、茯苓、甘草、生姜、乌梅
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains pinellia, which must be correctly processed - unprocessed pinellia is toxic and is not for internal use. Also contains licorice. Doses are not given here.

含半夏,必须经过正确炮制——生半夏有毒,不可内服。并含甘草。此处不列用量。

温中祛寒,补气健脾 · Warming the middle and strengthening the Spleen

Lizhong Wan (Regulate the Middle Pill) lǐ zhōng wán · 理中丸

Composition 组成

  • Ginseng
  • dried ginger
  • white atractylodes rhizome
  • honey-fried licorice.

组成

  • 人参、干姜、白术、炙甘草
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains ginseng and licorice. Its warming nature makes it unsuitable where there are heat signs, or yin deficiency with heat. Doses are not given here.

含人参与甘草。药性偏温,有热象或阴虚有热者不宜使用。此处不列用量。

辛凉透表,清热解毒 · Releasing the exterior with pungent-cool; for warm disease at the defence stage

Yinqiao San (Lonicera and Forsythia Powder) yín qiào sǎn · 银翘散

Composition 组成

  • Forsythia fruit
  • honeysuckle flower
  • platycodon root
  • mint
  • bamboo leaf
  • licorice
  • schizonepeta spike
  • prepared soybean
  • arctium fruit.

组成

  • 连翘、金银花、桔梗、薄荷、竹叶、甘草、荆芥穗、淡豆豉、牛蒡子
Source 出处 · Wenbing Tiaobian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains licorice, and menthol-containing components that may aggravate reflux. Evidence for benefit in viral illness remains limited; this is not a substitute for medical care. Doses are not given here.

含甘草,以及含薄荷脑类成分可能加重反流。对病毒性疾病的疗效证据仍然有限,不能替代医疗。此处不列用量。

利水渗湿,温阳化气 · Dampness-draining; promoting fluid transformation in the bladder

Wuling San (Five-Ingredient Powder with Poria) wǔ líng sǎn · 五苓散

Composition 组成

  • Polyporus
  • alisma rhizome
  • white atractylodes rhizome
  • poria
  • cinnamon twig.

组成

  • 猪苓、泽泻、白术、茯苓、桂枝
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Classical draining formulas can disturb fluid and electrolyte balance when used long term without supervision. Pattern differentiation by a licensed practitioner is required. Doses are not given here.

传统利水方长期无人监督使用可能影响水液与电解质平衡。须由持证医师辨证后使用。此处不列用量。

益气固表 · Qi-tonifying; consolidating the surface

Yupingfeng San (Jade Windscreen Powder) yù píng fēng sǎn · 玉屏风散

Composition 组成

  • Astragalus root
  • white atractylodes rhizome
  • saposhnikovia root.

组成

  • 黄芪、白术、防风
Source 出处 · Danxi Xinfa · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains astragalus, which is immunologically active; caution is advised for people taking immunosuppressants after transplant. Doses are not given here.

含黄芪,具免疫相关活性;移植后服用免疫抑制剂者应谨慎。此处不列用量。

燥湿运脾,行气和胃 · Drying dampness and strengthening the Spleen

Pingwei San (Calm the Stomach Powder) píng wèi sǎn · 平胃散

Composition 组成

  • Atractylodes lancea rhizome
  • magnolia bark
  • aged tangerine peel
  • honey-fried licorice
  • fresh ginger
  • jujube.

组成

  • 苍术、厚朴、陈皮、炙甘草、生姜、大枣
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains licorice, with the hypertension caution that applies to it. Drying formulas are described as unsuitable where there is yin deficiency or dryness. Doses are not given here.

含甘草,同上高血压相关提示。传统认为燥性方剂阴虚或津亏者不宜。此处不列用量。

峻下热结 · Purging; the classical formula for a marked interior excess

Dachengqi Tang (Major Order the Qi Decoction) dà chéng qì tāng · 大承气汤

Composition 组成

  • Rhubarb root
  • magnolia bark
  • bitter orange fruit
  • mirabilite.

组成

  • 大黄、厚朴、枳实、芒硝
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. A strong purgative. Not appropriate in pregnancy, in frailty, or where obstruction is suspected; abdominal pain of unclear cause needs medical assessment rather than self-treatment. Doses are not given here.

属峻下之剂。孕妇、体弱者或疑有梗阻者不宜;原因不明的腹痛应先就医评估,不可自行处理。此处不列用量。

清热生津 · Clearing qi-level heat

Baihu Tang (White Tiger Decoction) bái hǔ tāng · 白虎汤

Composition 组成

  • Gypsum
  • anemarrhena rhizome
  • licorice
  • polished rice.

组成

  • 石膏、知母、甘草、粳米
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Used in classical practice for marked heat. High fever with confusion or dehydration is a medical emergency, not a pattern for self-treatment. It also contains licorice. Doses are not given here.

为传统清气分热之方。高热神昏或脱水属急症,应先就医,不可据此自行处理。方中含甘草。此处不列用量。

养血安神,清热除烦 · Nourishing and calming the spirit

Suanzaoren Tang (Sour Jujube Decoction) suān zǎo rén tāng · 酸枣仁汤

Composition 组成

  • Sour jujube seed
  • licorice
  • anemarrhena rhizome
  • poria
  • chuanxiong rhizome.

组成

  • 酸枣仁、甘草、知母、茯苓、川芎
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Mildly sedating. Persistent insomnia or night waking can signal depression, sleep apnoea or another condition that needs proper assessment. Doses are not given here.

有轻度安神作用。持续失眠或夜醒可能是抑郁、睡眠呼吸暂停等情况的信号,应先做规范评估。此处不列用量。

益气生津,敛阴止汗 · Tonifying qi and nourishing yin

Shengmai San (Generate the Pulse Powder) shēng mài sǎn · 生脉散

Composition 组成

  • Ginseng
  • ophiopogon root
  • schisandra fruit.

组成

  • 人参、麦冬、五味子
Source 出处 · Yixue Qiyuan · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains ginseng, for which interaction concerns with anticoagulants and antidiabetic drugs are documented. Doses are not given here.

含人参,文献记录与抗凝药、降糖药存在相互作用关注。此处不列用量。

解表散寒,温肺化饮 · Releasing the exterior with pungent-warm; transforming thin phlegm

Xiao Qinglong Tang (Minor Blue Dragon Decoction) xiǎo qīng lóng tāng · 小青龙汤

Composition 组成

  • Ephedra
  • cinnamon twig
  • white peony root
  • asarum herb
  • dried ginger
  • licorice
  • schisandra fruit
  • pinellia tuber.

组成

  • 麻黄、桂枝、白芍、细辛、干姜、甘草、五味子、半夏
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains ephedra, which is restricted or banned in a number of countries, and asarum, which carries a compound of toxicological concern. Not appropriate with high blood pressure or heart disease. Doses are not given here.

含麻黄(多国对其有限制或禁用)与细辛(含具毒理学关注的成分)。高血压、心脏病者不宜。此处不列用量。

疏风清热,宣肺止咳 · Releasing the exterior with pungent-cool; the lightest of the warm-disease formulas

Sangju Yin (Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Drink) sāng jú yǐn · 桑菊饮

Composition 组成

  • Mulberry leaf
  • chrysanthemum flower
  • apricot kernel
  • forsythia fruit
  • mint
  • platycodon root
  • licorice
  • reed rhizome.

组成

  • 桑叶、菊花、杏仁、连翘、薄荷、桔梗、甘草、苇根
Source 出处 · Wenbing Tiaobian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains licorice, and menthol-containing components that may aggravate reflux. Evidence for benefit in viral illness remains limited; this is not a substitute for medical care. Doses are not given here.

含甘草,以及含薄荷脑类成分可能加重反流。对病毒性疾病的疗效证据仍然有限,不能替代医疗。此处不列用量。

补气生血 · Tonifying qi to generate Blood

Danggui Buxue Tang (Dong Quai Blood-Nourishing Decoction) dāng guī bǔ xuè tāng · 当归补血汤

Composition 组成

  • Astragalus root and dong quai — the classical formula consists of these two herbs only.

组成

  • 黄芪、当归(原方仅此两味)
Source 出处 · Neiwaishang Bianhuo Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains dong quai, which may increase bleeding risk when taken with anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs. Caution with oestrogen-sensitive conditions. Doses are not given here.

含当归,与抗凝药或抗血小板药同用可能增加出血风险。雌激素相关疾病患者慎用。此处不列用量。

回阳救逆 · Restoring yang; the classical formula for cold-counterflow collapse

Sini Tang (Frigid Extremities Decoction) sì nì tāng · 四逆汤

Composition 组成

  • Prepared aconite root
  • dried ginger
  • honey-fried licorice.

组成

  • 附子、干姜、炙甘草
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains aconite, which is highly toxic unless correctly processed and is strictly a practitioner-supervised herb. Cold limbs with collapse is a medical emergency: call emergency services, not a herbalist. Doses are not given here.

含附子,未经正确炮制有强烈毒性,属必须由医师掌握的药材。四肢冰冷伴虚脱属急症,应立即就医。此处不列用量。

寒热平调,散结除痞 · Harmonising cold and heat; opening and descending the middle

Banxia Xiexin Tang (Pinellia Decoction to Drain the Epigastrium) bàn xià xiè xīn tāng · 半夏泻心汤

Composition 组成

  • Pinellia tuber
  • scutellaria root
  • coptis rhizome
  • dried ginger
  • ginseng
  • licorice
  • jujube.

组成

  • 半夏、黄芩、黄连、干姜、人参、甘草、大枣
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains pinellia, which must be correctly processed as the raw form is toxic, plus ginseng and licorice with their interaction cautions. Doses are not given here.

含半夏,必须经过正确炮制——生半夏有毒;并含人参与甘草,同上相互作用提示。此处不列用量。

益气滋阴,通阳复脉 · Nourishing Blood and yin; the classical pulse-restoring formula

Zhigancao Tang (Honey-Fried Licorice Decoction) zhì gān cǎo tāng · 炙甘草汤

Composition 组成

  • Honey-fried licorice
  • fresh ginger
  • ginseng
  • rehmannia root
  • cinnamon twig
  • donkey-hide gelatin
  • ophiopogon root
  • hemp seed
  • jujube.

组成

  • 炙甘草、生姜、人参、生地、桂枝、阿胶、麦冬、火麻仁、大枣
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains licorice, and sustained use of licorice in quantity is associated with raised blood pressure and lowered potassium. Palpitations need medical assessment: an irregular heartbeat is not a pattern to self-treat. Doses are not given here.

含甘草,且长期较大剂量使用与血压升高、血钾降低相关。心悸应先就医评估——心律不齐不是可自行按证候处理的状况。此处不列用量。

活血化瘀,行气止痛 · Invigorating Blood and removing stasis

Xuefu Zhuyu Tang (Decoction for Removing Blood Stasis in the Chest) xuè fǔ zhú yū tāng · 血府逐瘀汤

Composition 组成

  • Peach kernel
  • safflower
  • dong quai
  • chuanxiong rhizome
  • red peony root
  • achyranthes root
  • platycodon root
  • bupleurum root
  • bitter orange fruit
  • rehmannia root
  • licorice.

组成

  • 桃仁、红花、当归、川芎、赤芍、牛膝、桔梗、柴胡、枳壳、生地、甘草
Source 出处 · Yilin Gaicuo · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains several herbs that may increase bleeding risk, including dong quai and safflower. Not appropriate with anticoagulants, before surgery, or in pregnancy. Chest pain needs emergency assessment rather than being treated as a stasis pattern. Doses are not given here.

含当归、红花等多味可能增加出血风险的药。服用抗凝药者、术前、孕期均不宜。胸痛须立即就医评估,不可当作血瘀证自行处理。此处不列用量。

补脾疏肝,化湿止带 · Tonifying the Spleen and drying dampness

Wandai Tang (Complete the Vaginal Discharge Decoction) wán dài tāng · 完带汤

Composition 组成

  • White atractylodes rhizome
  • chinese yam
  • ginseng
  • white peony root
  • plantain seed
  • atractylodes lancea rhizome
  • licorice
  • aged tangerine peel
  • charred schizonepeta spike
  • bupleurum root.

组成

  • 白术、山药、人参、白芍、车前子、苍术、甘草、陈皮、黑荆芥穗、柴胡
Source 出处 · Fu Qingzhu Nüke · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains ginseng and licorice, with the interaction cautions noted above. Persistent or abnormal vaginal discharge requires medical assessment to exclude infection or other causes. Doses are not given here.

含人参与甘草,同上相互作用提示。持续或异常的白带应先就医排查感染等原因。此处不列用量。

平肝息风,清热活血(现代方) · Calming Liver wind and clearing heat; a twentieth-century formula

Tianma Gouteng Yin (Gastrodia and Gambir Decoction) tiān má gōu téng yǐn · 天麻钩藤饮

Composition 组成

  • Gastrodia rhizome
  • gambir vine stem
  • abalone shell
  • gardenia fruit
  • scutellaria root
  • cyathula root
  • eucommia bark
  • motherwort
  • taxillus stem
  • fleeceflower stem
  • poria with hostwood.

组成

  • 天麻、钩藤、石决明、栀子、黄芩、川牛膝、杜仲、益母草、桑寄生、夜交藤、朱茯神
Source 出处 · Modern formula compendium · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. A modern compound with several herbs that have cardiovascular and blood-pressure effects, motherwort among them. Combining it with blood-pressure medication requires professional review. Not for use in pregnancy without professional guidance. Amounts are deliberately not given here.

现代复方,含益母草等多味具有心血管与血压作用的药物。与降压药同用须经专业评估。孕期未经专业指导不宜使用。此处刻意不列用量。

调补肾阴肾阳(现代方) · Balancing Kidney yin and yang; a twentieth-century formula

Erxian Tang (Two Immortals Decoction) èr xiān tāng · 二仙汤

Composition 组成

  • Curculigo rhizome
  • epimedium
  • morinda root
  • dong quai
  • phellodendron bark
  • anemarrhena rhizome.

组成

  • 仙茅、淫羊藿、巴戟天、当归、黄柏、知母
Source 出处 · Modern formula compendium · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. A modern formula built around two warming Kidney yang tonics, so it is not appropriate where there are heat signs. Contains dong quai, which may increase bleeding risk with anticoagulants. Amounts are deliberately not given here.

现代方,以两味温补肾阳药为主,有热象者不宜。含当归,与抗凝药同用可能增加出血风险。此处刻意不列用量。

益气健脾,燥湿化痰 · Qi-tonifying with dampness-drying; built on Four Gentlemen Decoction

Liujunzi Tang (Six Gentlemen Decoction) liù jūn zǐ tāng · 六君子汤

Composition 组成

  • Ginseng
  • white atractylodes rhizome
  • poria
  • honey-fried licorice
  • aged tangerine peel
  • pinellia tuber.

组成

  • 人参、白术、茯苓、炙甘草、陈皮、半夏
Source 出处 · Yixue Zhengzhuan · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Built on Four Gentlemen Decoction, so the same licorice caution applies with hypertension and with potassium-losing diuretics. Contains pinellia, which must be correctly processed - unprocessed pinellia is toxic and is not for internal use. Amounts are deliberately not given here.

在四君子汤基础上加味,因此同样适用甘草相关的高血压与排钾利尿剂提示。含半夏,必须经过正确炮制——生半夏有毒,不可内服。此处刻意不列用量。

益气健脾,渗湿止泻 · Qi-tonifying with dampness-draining

Shenling Baizhu San (Ginseng, Poria and Atractylodes Powder) shēn líng bái zhú sǎn · 参苓白术散

Composition 组成

  • Ginseng
  • white atractylodes rhizome
  • poria
  • honey-fried licorice
  • chinese yam
  • hyacinth bean
  • lotus seed
  • coix seed
  • amomum fruit
  • platycodon root.

组成

  • 人参、白术、茯苓、炙甘草、山药、白扁豆、莲子、薏苡仁、砂仁、桔梗
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains ginseng and licorice, with the interaction cautions that apply to both. Dampness-draining formulas used over long periods without supervision can affect fluid and electrolyte balance. Amounts are deliberately not given here.

含人参与甘草,同上相互作用提示。利湿类方长期无人监督使用可能影响水液与电解质平衡。此处刻意不列用量。

解表剂(辛温解表)· 传统表述为发汗解表、升津舒筋 · Exterior-releasing formula (acrid-warm branch); traditionally described as promoting sweating to release the exterior, raising fluid and easing stiffness

Ge Gen Tang (Pueraria Decoction) gé gēn tāng · 葛根汤

Composition 组成

  • Pueraria root
  • ephedra
  • cinnamon twig
  • white peony root
  • fresh ginger
  • jujube
  • honey-fried licorice.

组成

  • 葛根、麻黄、桂枝、白芍、生姜、大枣、炙甘草
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This formula contains ephedra (麻黄), whose ephedrine alkaloids raise heart rate and blood pressure and have been linked to insomnia, tremor, anxiety and serious cardiovascular events; several jurisdictions restrict or prohibit ephedra-containing preparations, and their status differs between countries. It also contains licorice, whose glycyrrhizin can raise blood pressure and lower potassium, especially alongside potassium-losing diuretics or cardiac glycosides. Avoid in pregnancy, hypertension, coronary or other heart disease, hyperthyroidism, glaucoma and prostate enlargement, and together with stimulant or decongestant medicines. The clinical claims recorded for this formula rest on classical authority rather than controlled evidence and are not established. For pattern differentiation by a licensed practitioner only; amounts are deliberately not given here.

本方含麻黄。麻黄所含麻黄碱类可升高心率与血压,文献报告与失眠、震颤、焦虑及严重心血管事件相关;部分地区对含麻黄制品采取限制或禁止措施,各国规定不同。本方另含甘草,其甘草酸可升高血压、降低血钾,与排钾利尿剂或强心苷类同用时风险更明显。孕妇、高血压、冠心病及其他心脏疾病、甲亢、青光眼、前列腺肥大者不宜,也不宜与兴奋剂或减充血剂同用。古籍所载本方的临床说法属传统文献依据,并非已被对照研究证实。须由持证医师辨证后使用,此处刻意不列用量。

和解剂(和解少阳)兼攻下 · 传统表述为和解少阳、内泻热结 · Harmonising formula (lesser yang branch), combined with draining of interior heat accumulation; traditionally described as harmonising while purging

Da Chai Hu Tang (Major Bupleurum Decoction) dà chái hú tāng · 大柴胡汤

Composition 组成

  • Bupleurum root
  • scutellaria root
  • pinellia rhizome
  • fresh ginger
  • jujube
  • immature bitter orange
  • rhubarb
  • white peony root.

组成

  • 柴胡、黄芩、半夏、生姜、大枣、枳实、大黄、白芍
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This formula contains rhubarb (大黄), a stimulant laxative whose anthraquinones cause abdominal cramps and diarrhoea; prolonged use has been associated with potassium loss and with dependence on laxatives, and it is unsuitable where intestinal obstruction, inflammatory bowel disease or abdominal pain of unknown cause is present, and in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Pinellia (半夏) in its raw form is irritant and recorded as toxic; the material used in formulas is processed, and it is traditionally avoided in pregnancy. Immature bitter orange (枳实) contains synephrine-type amines, which has prompted caution in cardiovascular conditions and with stimulant medicines. Licorice raises blood pressure and lowers potassium when taken in quantity or long term. The claims recorded for this formula are classical, not established by controlled research. For pattern differentiation by a licensed practitioner only; amounts are deliberately not given here.

本方含大黄。大黄为刺激性泻药,其蒽醌类成分可引起腹痛与腹泻;长期使用文献报告与失钾及泻剂依赖相关。肠梗阻、炎症性肠病或原因不明的腹痛者不宜,孕妇与哺乳期不宜。半夏生品有刺激性且被记载为有毒,入方者须经炮制,传统认为孕妇不宜。枳实含辛弗林类胺,心血管疾患及正在使用兴奋剂者被提示需谨慎。甘草用量大或久服可升高血压、降低血钾。古籍所载本方临床说法属传统依据,并非对照研究证实。须由持证医师辨证后使用,此处刻意不列用量。

和解剂(疏肝理脾)· 传统表述为透邪解郁、疏肝理脾 · Harmonising formula; traditionally described as venting constraint, releasing depression, and regulating the liver and spleen

Si Ni San (Four-Ingredient Counterflow Powder) sì nì sǎn · 四逆散

Composition 组成

  • Bupleurum root
  • immature bitter orange
  • white peony root
  • honey-fried licorice.

组成

  • 柴胡、枳实、白芍、炙甘草
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. A short classical formula of four ingredients, and the one most often taken as the base for later liver-coursing variations. It contains licorice, whose glycyrrhizin can raise blood pressure and lower potassium, particularly with potassium-losing diuretics or cardiac glycosides and with prolonged use. Immature bitter orange (枳实) contains synephrine-type amines, which has prompted caution in people with cardiovascular conditions and in those taking stimulant or decongestant medicines; its safety in pregnancy is not established. The traditional indications recorded for this formula come from classical sources rather than from controlled trials, and the modern research mostly concerns the individual ingredients rather than this combination. Despite the similarity of the name, this is a different formula from 四逆汤 (Si Ni Tang), which contains aconite and carries a different risk profile. For pattern differentiation by a licensed practitioner only; amounts are deliberately not given here.

本方为仅四味药的经典小方,后世许多疏肝方由此化裁。方中含甘草,其甘草酸可升高血压、降低血钾,与排钾利尿剂或强心苷类同用、以及长期服用时更需注意。枳实含辛弗林类胺,心血管疾患者及正在使用兴奋剂或减充血剂者被提示需谨慎;其孕期安全性未被证实。古籍所载本方的传统主治属文献依据,而非对照试验结论,现代研究多针对单味药而非本方组合。名称与四逆汤相近,但两方组成不同(四逆汤含附子,风险谱不同),不可混同。须由持证医师辨证后使用,此处刻意不列用量。

温中补虚,和里缓急 · Warming the interior; supplementing deficiency and moderating urgency

Xiao Jian Zhong Tang (Minor Centre-Fortifying Decoction) xiǎo jiàn zhōng tāng · 小建中汤

Composition 组成

  • Cinnamon twig
  • white peony root
  • fresh ginger
  • jujube
  • honey-fried licorice
  • and malt sugar.

组成

  • 桂枝、白芍、生姜、大枣、炙甘草、饴糖
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains licorice - caution in hypertension and with potassium-losing diuretics. Contains malt sugar, which matters for people who have to watch their blood sugar. This is a classical pattern-matched formula; how much of each herb is used is decided by a licensed practitioner and is deliberately not given here.

含甘草:高血压患者及服用排钾利尿剂者需谨慎。含饴糖,需控制血糖者应注意。本方为辨证用方,各药用量由持证医师确定,此处不列。

温阳利水 · Warming yang and promoting water metabolism

Zhen Wu Tang (True Warrior Decoction) zhēn wǔ tāng · 真武汤

Composition 组成

  • Poria
  • white peony root
  • fresh ginger
  • white atractylodes rhizome
  • and prepared aconite lateral root.

组成

  • 茯苓、白芍、生姜、白术、炮附子
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains prepared aconite lateral root. Aconitine alkaloids are cardiotoxic and neurotoxic when the root is unprocessed, badly processed, or taken far beyond what the official materia medica allows; aconite poisoning is well documented in the medical literature. Only use material dispensed by a licensed practitioner who sources properly processed root. Avoid in pregnancy. Amounts are deliberately not given here.

含炮附子:乌头类生物碱有毒,炮制不当或过量可致心脏与神经毒性,医学文献中中毒报告明确。须由持证医师使用正规炮制品,此处不列用量。孕妇禁用。

解表化湿,理气和中 · Releasing the exterior, resolving dampness, regulating qi and harmonising the centre

Huo Xiang Zheng Qi San (Agastache Powder to Rectify the Qi) huò xiāng zhèng qì sǎn · 藿香正气散

Composition 组成

  • Agastache
  • perilla leaf
  • angelica root
  • areca husk
  • poria
  • dry-fried white atractylodes
  • pinellia ferment
  • aged tangerine peel
  • magnolia bark
  • platycodon root
  • honey-fried licorice
  • fresh ginger and jujube.

组成

  • 藿香、紫苏叶、白芷、大腹皮、茯苓、炒白术、半夏曲、陈皮、厚朴、桔梗、炙甘草、生姜、大枣
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains pinellia and licorice. Several commercial liquid forms of this formula contain alcohol, which matters for children, during pregnancy, and for anyone avoiding alcohol - check the label. Raw pinellia is a strong irritant and is only ever used processed. Amounts are deliberately not given here; the formula is matched to a pattern by a licensed practitioner.

含半夏与甘草。市售藿香正气水常含乙醇,儿童、孕妇及需避免酒精者不宜,请先看标签。生半夏刺激性很强,只可用炮制品。各药用量此处不列,须由持证医师辨证后使用。

宣畅气机,清利湿热 · Diffusing qi and clearing damp-heat

San Ren Tang (Three Kernels Decoction) sān rén tāng · 三仁汤

Composition 组成

  • Apricot kernel
  • white cardamom kernel
  • coix seed
  • magnolia bark
  • pinellia rhizome
  • tetrapanax pith
  • talc and bamboo leaf.

组成

  • 杏仁、白蔻仁、薏苡仁、厚朴、半夏、通草、滑石、竹叶
Source 出处 · Wenbing Tiaobian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Contains apricot kernel, which carries cyanogenic compounds - it should never be eaten raw or taken far beyond the limits set by the official materia medica. Talc is a mineral and should come from a source tested for asbestos contamination. Contains pinellia, used only processed. Amounts are deliberately not given here.

含杏仁:含氰苷类成分,不可生食,也不宜超过法定本草所载限度。滑石为矿物,须用经石棉检测的合格品。半夏只可用炮制品。各药用量此处不列。

清营解毒,透热养阴 · Clearing heat at the nutrient level, resolving toxin, venting heat outward and nourishing yin

Qing Ying Tang (Clearing the Nutrient Level Decoction) qīng yíng tāng · 清营汤

Composition 组成

  • Water buffalo horn
  • raw rehmannia root
  • scrophularia root
  • lophatherum leaf heart
  • ophiopogon tuber
  • salvia root
  • coptis rhizome
  • honeysuckle flower and forsythia fruit.

组成

  • 水牛角、生地黄、玄参、竹叶心、麦冬、丹参、黄连、金银花、连翘
Source 出处 · Wenbing Tiaobian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The classical version of this formula was written with rhinoceros horn. Rhinoceros horn is now prohibited under CITES and is not a lawful ingredient; water buffalo horn is used in its place in contemporary Chinese practice, and the substitution rests on traditional practice rather than on confirmed equivalence. Contains coptis, whose berberine content is documented to interact with several medicines and is best avoided in pregnancy and in infants. The formula is cold and cloying in nature, so it is not suited to someone whose digestion is already weak. Which herb amounts apply is decided by a licensed practitioner after pattern differentiation, and is deliberately not stated here.

原方用犀角,现犀角已被 CITES 公约禁止使用,不得入药;当代中医以水牛角代替,此替代出于传统习惯,其等效性未被证实。含黄连,其所含小檗碱与多种药物存在相互作用的文献记载,孕妇与婴幼儿不宜。本方寒凉滋腻,脾胃虚弱者不适。各药用量由持证医师辨证后确定,此处不列。

清心利水养阴 · Clearing heart fire, promoting urination and nourishing yin

Dao Chi San (Powder to Guide Out the Red) dǎo chì sǎn · 导赤散

Composition 组成

  • Raw rehmannia root
  • akebia stem
  • lophatherum leaf and the tips of raw licorice root.

组成

  • 生地黄、木通、竹叶、生甘草梢
Source 出处 · Xiaoer Yao Zheng Zhi Jue · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The akebia in this formula is the single most important safety point on this page. Under the Chinese name 木通, two different plants have been sold: 关木通 (Aristolochia manshuriensis) contains aristolochic acid, which causes irreversible kidney failure and urinary-tract cancer and is the recognised cause of aristolochic acid nephropathy; it is prohibited in China and restricted elsewhere. Only 川木通 or 白木通 from a properly identified and tested source may be used, and a dispenser who cannot say which one is being supplied should not be supplying it. This formula was written for children, and it should not be given to a child without a licensed practitioner. Contains licorice. Amounts are deliberately not given here.

本方最重要的安全问题是木通。「木通」一名下曾混售两种药材:关木通含马兜铃酸,可造成不可逆肾衰竭与尿路癌,即已证实的马兜铃酸肾病,中国已禁用、多国限制;只可用经鉴定与检验的川木通或白木通,若经营者说不清所用为何种,即不应由其供药。原方为小儿而设,儿童使用须经持证医师。含甘草。各药用量此处不列。

清泻肝胆实火,清利肝经湿热 · Draining excess fire from the liver and gallbladder, and clearing damp-heat from the liver channel

Long Dan Xie Gan Tang (Gentiana Liver-Draining Decoction) lóng dǎn xiè gān tāng · 龙胆泻肝汤

Composition 组成

  • Gentian root
  • scutellaria root
  • gardenia fruit
  • alisma rhizome
  • akebia stem
  • plantain seed
  • chinese angelica root
  • raw rehmannia root
  • bupleurum root and raw licorice root.

组成

  • 龙胆草、黄芩、栀子、泽泻、木通、车前子、当归、生地黄、柴胡、生甘草
Source 出处 · Yifang Jijie · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This formula is historically the most cited case of harm from a Chinese herbal patent medicine. When 关木通 (Aristolochia manshuriensis) was used in place of the correct akebia, the resulting aristolochic acid caused kidney failure and urinary-tract cancer in a well-documented group of patients, which is why the aristolochia species is now prohibited and only properly identified 川木通 or 白木通 may be used. Gentian root is intensely bitter and cold and can injure the stomach when used inappropriately or for too long. Bupleurum and scutellaria both have documented liver-related adverse reports in the modern literature. Contains licorice. Long-term use of this formula is not appropriate without supervision. Amounts are deliberately not given here.

本方是中药史上被引用最多的伤害案例之一:以关木通代替正品木通时,其中马兜铃酸导致一批患者出现肾衰竭与尿路癌,文献记载充分,马兜铃属因此被禁用,只可用经鉴定的川木通或白木通。龙胆草大苦大寒,用之不当或过久可伤胃气。柴胡与黄芩在现代文献中均有肝损伤相关报告。含甘草。本方不宜在无医师监护下长期服用。各药用量此处不列。

清胃热,滋肾阴 · Clearing stomach heat and nourishing kidney yin

Yu Nu Jian (Jade Maiden Decoction) yù nǚ jiān · 玉女煎

Composition 组成

  • Gypsum
  • prepared rehmannia root
  • ophiopogon tuber
  • anemarrhena rhizome and achyranthes root.

组成

  • 石膏、熟地黄、麦冬、知母、牛膝
Source 出处 · Jingyue Quanshu · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Gypsum is a mineral (hydrated calcium sulfate) and should come from a source tested for heavy-metal contamination. Prepared rehmannia is rich and cloying and commonly aggravates loose stools, poor appetite or a weak digestion. Achyranthes root is traditionally avoided during pregnancy because it directs movement downward, and this caution is worth taking at face value. The formula is built for a pattern that combines excess heat above with yin deficiency below, and it is not a general-purpose remedy for toothache or mouth discomfort. Which herb amounts apply is decided by a licensed practitioner, and is deliberately not stated here.

石膏为矿物(含水硫酸钙),须用经重金属检测的合格品。熟地黄滋腻,易加重便溏、纳差或脾胃虚弱。牛膝传统上因引血下行而列为孕妇慎用,此忌宜认真看待。本方针对上实下虚、胃热肾阴不足之证,不是牙痛或口腔不适的通用方。各药用量由持证医师确定,此处不列。

理气化痰,清胆和胃 · Regulating qi and transforming phlegm, clearing the gallbladder and harmonising the stomach

Wen Dan Tang (Gallbladder-Warming Decoction) wēn dǎn tāng · 温胆汤

Composition 组成

  • Pinellia rhizome
  • bamboo shavings
  • immature bitter orange
  • aged tangerine peel
  • poria
  • honey-fried licorice
  • fresh ginger and jujube.

组成

  • 半夏、竹茹、枳实、陈皮、茯苓、炙甘草、生姜、大枣
Source 出处 · Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The name misleads English readers: this is not a warming formula. It is built for a pattern described traditionally as phlegm-heat harassing the gallbladder and stomach, and its herbs are mostly neutral-to-cooling; the name comes from the gallbladder's classical association with decision and with the timidity attributed to phlegm, not from temperature. An earlier formula of the same name appears in Beiji Qianjin Yaofang; the version in general use today is the one from Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun. Pinellia (半夏) is the main hazard: raw pinellia is toxic and irritant to the mouth and throat and is not to be taken by mouth in that form, so only a properly processed product (法半夏 or 姜半夏) belongs in a dispensed formula. Pinellia is also traditionally avoided in pregnancy, and animal studies have raised reproductive-toxicity questions that have not been settled in humans. Immature bitter orange (枳实) contains synephrine-like amines and has documented cardiovascular stimulant reports, which matters for anyone with heart disease or taking stimulant or blood-pressure medicines. Honey-fried licorice adds a further caution in hypertension and with potassium-losing diuretics. Which herb amounts apply is decided by a licensed practitioner after pattern differentiation and is deliberately not stated here.

方名对英文读者有误导:本方并非温热之剂,所主为传统所称胆胃痰热之证,药性多为平或偏凉;「温胆」之名来自胆主决断、痰浊令人怯弱的古典说法,与寒温无关。同名方早见于《备急千金要方》,今通行方出自《三因极一病证方论》。主要风险在半夏:生半夏有毒,对口腔咽喉有强烈刺激性,不得直接入口,配方只能用经炮制的法半夏或姜半夏。半夏传统列为孕妇慎用,动物实验提出的生殖毒性问题在人体尚未定论。枳实含辛弗林类成分,现代有心血管兴奋作用的报告,心脏病患者及正在服用降压药或兴奋剂类药物者须留意。炙甘草另需注意高血压与排钾利尿剂。各药用量由持证医师辨证后确定,此处不列。

燥湿化痰,平肝息风,健脾祛湿 · Drying dampness and transforming phlegm, calming liver wind and strengthening the spleen

Ban Xia Bai Zhu Tian Ma Tang (Pinellia, Atractylodes and Gastrodia Decoction) bàn xià bái zhú tiān má tāng · 半夏白术天麻汤

Composition 组成

  • Pinellia rhizome
  • atractylodes rhizome
  • gastrodia rhizome
  • poria
  • red tangerine peel
  • licorice
  • fresh ginger and jujube.

组成

  • 半夏、白术、天麻、茯苓、橘红、甘草、生姜、大枣
Source 出处 · Yixue Xinwu · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This formula is written for a pattern the tradition calls wind-phlegm harassing upward, in which dizziness or a heavy head is read as phlegm rather than as anything else; it is not a general remedy for dizziness, and a first episode of vertigo, or dizziness with weakness, speech difficulty or visual change, needs conventional assessment before any traditional framing. A formula under this name appears in both Piwei Lun and in Yixue Xinwu, and the two are not identical, so it is worth asking which one a dispenser means. Pinellia is the main hazard: raw pinellia is toxic and irritant and must be supplied processed (法半夏 or 姜半夏), and it is traditionally avoided in pregnancy. Gastrodia has a comparatively reassuring traditional record, but that record rests on long use rather than on controlled evidence, and the herb is traded in a market where substitution and adulteration are documented, so provenance matters. Atractylodes and poria are drying, and a drying formula can worsen a dry mouth, thirst or constipation rather than help it. Licorice carries the usual cautions in hypertension and with potassium-losing diuretics. Amounts are deliberately not given here.

本方所主为传统所称风痰上扰之证:眩晕、头重在此体系中被读作痰,而非其他。它不是眩晕的通用方;首次发作、或伴肢体无力、言语不清、视物改变的眩晕,应先做现代医学评估,再谈任何传统解释。同名方见于《脾胃论》与《医学心悟》,两方并不完全相同,配药者所说为何方值得问清。主要风险仍在半夏:生半夏有毒且刺激性强,须供炮制品(法半夏或姜半夏),并传统列为孕妇慎用。天麻的传统安全性记录相对较好,但该记录来自长期应用而非对照研究,且市场上天麻的掺伪与替代有文献记载,来源可靠与否很关键。白术与茯苓性偏燥,燥剂用于口干、口渴或便秘者可能加重而非改善。甘草按惯例需注意高血压与排钾利尿剂。各药用量此处不列。

宣肺疏风,止咳化痰 · Diffusing the lung and dispersing wind, stopping cough and transforming phlegm

Zhi Sou San (Powder to Stop Coughing) zhǐ sòu sǎn · 止嗽散

Composition 组成

  • Platycodon root
  • schizonepeta
  • aster root
  • stemona root
  • cynanchum root
  • aged tangerine peel and licorice.

组成

  • 桔梗、荆芥、紫菀、百部、白前、陈皮、甘草
Source 出处 · Yixue Xinwu · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The formula was written for the tail end of an exterior pattern, when the wind has largely gone and a cough lingers; it is not intended for the acute, febrile stage, and a cough that lasts more than a few weeks, or comes with weight loss, breathlessness or blood, is a reason to seek conventional assessment rather than a traditional formula. Two of its herbs carry real cautions. Stemona (百部) has documented reports of nausea and vomiting with inappropriate use, and larger exposures have been reported to depress respiration; it is a herb where the difference between a dispensed amount and a household guess is not academic. Aster root (紫菀) belongs to a genus in which pyrrolizidine alkaloids have been reported; that is not a reason to panic over a short supervised course, but it is a reason not to use it long-term or unsupervised, and to avoid it in pregnancy and in existing liver disease as a precaution. Platycodon and cynanchum can both provoke nausea in sensitive stomachs. Schizonepeta is a mild sweat-promoting herb, which is why the formula is aimed at the lingering rather than the acute stage. Licorice carries the usual cautions. Amounts are deliberately not given here.

本方为外感表邪已去大半、咳嗽迁延不去而设,不用于急性发热期;咳嗽持续数周以上,或伴体重下降、气促、咯血,应先做现代医学检查,而不是先找传统方。方中两味药需认真提示。百部有用之不当致恶心呕吐的记载,较大剂量有呼吸抑制的报告——配方剂量与自行估量之间的差别,在这里不是学术问题。紫菀所属属内曾有吡咯里西啶类生物碱的报告:短程、在医师监护下使用不必因此恐慌,但不宜长期或自行服用,孕妇与已有肝病者以回避为妥。桔梗与白前在胃气敏感者可引起恶心。荆芥为轻缓解表之品,这也是本方针对迁延期而非急性期的原因。甘草按惯例需注意高血压与排钾利尿剂。各药用量此处不列。

消食和胃 · Promoting digestion and harmonising the stomach

Bao He Wan (Harmony-Preserving Pill) bǎo hé wán · 保和丸

Composition 组成

  • Hawthorn fruit
  • medicated leaven
  • pinellia rhizome
  • poria
  • aged tangerine peel
  • forsythia fruit and radish seed.

组成

  • 山楂、神曲、半夏、茯苓、陈皮、连翘、莱菔子
Source 出处 · Danxi Xinfa · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This is a formula for a traditionally described food-retention pattern, not a digestive tonic and not a weight-management product; using it as an everyday aid after large meals is one of the more common misuses of a classical formula, and anyone with unintentional weight loss, persistent indigestion or difficulty swallowing needs conventional assessment first. Medicated leaven (神曲) is a fermented product usually made on a wheat or flour base, which matters for coeliac disease and wheat allergy, and a badly made ferment is also the route by which mould contaminants enter a herbal product, so sourcing is not a detail. Hawthorn is acidic and can aggravate reflux or an irritated stomach, and it has documented cardiovascular activity that is a reason for caution alongside heart medicines. Radish seed (莱菔子) is classically recorded as reducing the action of ginseng, so the two are not taken together in traditional practice. Pinellia must be processed (法半夏 or 姜半夏); raw pinellia is toxic and irritant and is not taken by mouth. Forsythia is cooling and can loosen the stool. Amounts are deliberately not given here.

本方针对传统所称食积之证,不是健胃补品,更不是体重管理产品;把它当作大餐后的日常助消化方,是古典方被误用得较常见的情形之一。出现不明原因体重下降、持续消化不良或吞咽困难,应先做现代医学检查。神曲为发酵制品,多以麦或面为基质,乳糜泻与小麦过敏者须注意;发酵工艺不当也是霉菌污染进入草药制品的途径,来源可靠与否不是细节。山楂味酸,可加重反流或胃部不适,其心血管活性有文献记载,与心脏类药物同用时须谨慎。莱菔子古典记载「恶人参」,传统上两者不同用。半夏须用炮制品(法半夏或姜半夏);生半夏有毒且刺激性强,不得入口。连翘性凉,可使大便偏溏。各药用量此处不列。

温补肾阳,化气行水 · Warming and supplementing kidney yang; the classical formula for the pattern described as kidney qi不足 with a weak warming function

Jin Kui Shen Qi Wan (Renal Qi Pill from the Golden Cabinet) jīn kuì shèn qì wán · 金匮肾气丸

Composition 组成

  • Prepared/rehmannia root
  • Chinese yam
  • cornus fruit
  • alisma rhizome
  • poria
  • moutan bark
  • cinnamon twig
  • prepared aconite accessory root.

组成

  • 干地黄、山药、山茱萸、泽泻、茯苓、牡丹皮、桂枝、附子(炮)
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The first thing an English reader needs to be told is that the "kidney" here is the Chinese-medicine kidney system, not the anatomical organ, and this is not a treatment for kidney disease. People with impaired kidney function should not take it on that reasoning. - The genuine hazard in this formula is 附子 (aconite accessory root). Raw or insufficiently processed aconite contains aconitine-type alkaloids, which are cardiotoxic and neurotoxic; poisoning presents with numbness of the mouth and tongue, tingling in the limbs, nausea, and dangerous cardiac arrhythmias, and it has caused deaths. Only a properly processed product (炮附子/黑顺片) belongs in anything taken by mouth, and it still requires prolonged decoction by someone who knows what they are doing. The doses used in practice are set by a licensed practitioner and are deliberately not given here. - 泽泻 has been the subject of animal studies reporting tubular effects at high, sustained exposure; there is no settled human evidence of kidney injury at the levels used in traditional formulas, so this is stated as unresolved rather than as an established risk. - Two naming traps exist. 金匮肾气丸 is not 六味地黄丸: the latter is this formula minus cinnamon twig and prepared aconite, a different formula with a different traditional role. It is also not 济生肾气丸, which adds achyranthes and plantain seed. - Commercial pills are often honey-bound, which matters for anyone managing blood sugar. - Not to be used in pregnancy, and not to be combined with other aconite-containing products.

首先要向英语读者说明:这里的「肾」是中医的肾系统,不是解剖学上的肾脏器官,本方也不是治疗肾脏疾病的方法。已有肾功能损伤者不应按「补肾」的逻辑自行服用。 - 本方真正的风险点是附子。生附子或炮制不到位的附子含乌头类生物碱,具有心脏毒性与神经毒性;中毒表现为口舌麻木、四肢发麻、恶心、以及危险的心律失常,已有致死报告。入汤剂者必须是规范炮制品(炮附子/黑顺片),且需由熟悉其操作者久煎。实际用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。 - 泽泻 有动物实验报告在长期大剂量暴露下出现肾小管影响;传统剂量下是否造成人体肾损伤并无定论,故此处如实写为「未解决」而非既定风险。 - 有两个同名陷阱:金匮肾气丸 不是 六味地黄丸(后者是本方去桂枝、附子,功用不同);也不是 济生肾气丸(后者加牛膝、车前子)。 - 市售丸剂多以蜂蜜为丸,需控糖者应注意。 - 孕妇不宜使用;不得与其他含乌头类的制品叠加服用。

滋阴疏肝 · Enriching yin and soothing the liver; the classical formula for the pattern described as liver yin不足 with constrained liver qi

Yi Guan Jian (All-Along Decoction) yī guàn jiān · 一贯煎

Composition 组成

  • Glehnia root
  • ophiopogon tuber
  • Chinese angelica body
  • unprocessed rehmannia root
  • lycium fruit
  • toosendan fruit.

组成

  • 北沙参、麦冬、当归身、生地黄、枸杞子、川楝子
Source 出处 · Xu Mingyi Leian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This formula first appears in the Qing-dynasty case compilation Xu Mingyi Leian (魏之琇); it was later extracted into Liuzhou Yihua, which is why both titles turn up as its source. - The safety item that must not be softened is 川楝子 (toosendan fruit, Melia toosendan). It contains toosendanin and related limonoids, and there are published case reports of liver injury - including acute liver failure - associated with toosendan preparations in humans. Anyone with existing liver disease, or taking other potentially hepatotoxic medicines, should not be given this formula without that consideration being made explicitly. This is a case-report-level signal rather than a quantified risk, and it is stated as such. - 当归 has been reported in individual case reports to potentiate warfarin and raise INR; the evidence is not from controlled trials, but the interaction is commonly flagged and deserves mentioning to anyone on anticoagulants. - The base of this formula is rich and cloying by traditional description (生地黄, 麦冬), so it is traditionally avoided where there is dampness, phlegm, or loose stools from spleen weakness - a person with a weak digestive function may simply feel worse on it. - 北沙参 is a different herb from 人参 and from 南沙参; the three are not interchangeable. - Not for use in pregnancy. Honey-bound commercial preparations matter for blood-sugar management.

本方首见于清代医案汇编《续名医类案》(魏之琇),后被王孟英辑入《柳州医话》,故两书都会被列为出处。 - 不能弱化的安全点是川楝子。川楝子含川楝素等柠檬苦素类成分,已有公开发表的病例报告显示川楝子制剂与肝损伤、乃至急性肝衰竭相关。已有肝病者、或正在服用其他具肝毒性药物者,使用本方前必须明确讨论这一点。这是病例报告级别的信号,而非已量化的风险,此处如实表述。 - 当归 有病例报告提示可增强华法林作用、升高 INR;证据并非来自对照试验,但属常见提示,服用抗凝药者应被告知。 - 本方底子按传统描述属滋腻(生地黄、麦冬),痰湿、湿热、或脾虚便溏者传统上不用 —— 脾胃功能弱的人服用后可能反而更不适。 - 北沙参 与 人参、南沙参 是三种不同的药,不可互换。 - 孕妇不宜;市售蜜丸需注意控糖。

滋阴养血,补心安神 · Enriching yin and nourishing the heart, quieting the spirit; the classical formula for the pattern described as heart yin不足 with deficiency fire disturbing the spirit

Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan (Heavenly Emperor's Heart-Supplementing Elixir) tiān wáng bǔ xīn dān · 天王补心丹

Composition 组成

  • Unprocessed rehmannia root
  • ginseng
  • salvia root
  • scrophularia root
  • poria
  • schisandra fruit
  • polygala root
  • platycodon root
  • Chinese angelica body
  • asparagus tuber
  • ophiopogon tuber
  • arborvitae seed
  • jujube seed
  • cinnabar (used as a coating in the traditional pill).

组成

  • 生地黄、人参、丹参、玄参、白茯苓、五味子、远志、桔梗、当归身、天门冬、麦门冬、柏子仁、酸枣仁、朱砂(传统为衣)
Source 出处 · She Sheng Mi Pou · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Attribution varies between Chinese sources; the version in general use is cited to She Sheng Mi Pou (明·洪基), and alternative attributions exist. That disagreement is stated rather than hidden. - The dominant safety issue is 朱砂 (cinnabar), the mercuric sulfide used traditionally as the pill coating. Mercury is a cumulative poison with neurological and renal targets; cinnabar's mercury sulfide is far less soluble than inorganic mercury salts, which is how its traditional use is defended, but heating or incineration converts it into far more dangerous forms, and cases of mercury poisoning from cinnabar-containing preparations are published. Several jurisdictions restrict or prohibit cinnabar in medicines, and many modern manufacturers produce this formula without it. Anyone considering this product should be told plainly which version they are being offered; chronic use, use in pregnancy, and use in children are not appropriate. - 丹参 (salvia) has a well-documented interaction with warfarin, potentiating anticoagulation and raising bleeding risk; the same caution extends to other anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs. - 五味子 (schisandra) inhibits CYP3A4 and has documented reports of altering blood levels of drugs such as tacrolimus and ciclosporin - material for transplant recipients. - 人参 interacts with warfarin, with glucose-lowering medicines, and can be overstimulating. - 当归 carries the same case-report-level warfarin caution noted elsewhere. - The pill is traditionally honey-bound, which matters for blood-sugar management. - This formula calms the spirit by traditional description; it is not a substitute for assessment of insomnia, palpitations, or low mood by a clinician, several of which have causes that this kind of remedy will not address.

出处在中文文献中有分歧:通行本多引《摄生秘剖》(明·洪基),另有其他归属说法。此处如实写出分歧,不作掩盖。 - 首要安全问题是朱砂(硫化汞),传统用作丸剂包衣。汞是蓄积性毒物,靶点为神经系统与肾脏;朱砂的硫化汞远较无机汞盐难溶,这是传统使用的辩护理由,但加热或焚烧会使其转化为危险得多的形态,且已有含朱砂制剂导致汞中毒的病例报告。多个国家或地区限制或禁止朱砂入药,许多现代厂家已生产不含朱砂的版本。准备服用者必须被明确告知拿到的是哪一版;不宜长期服用,孕妇与儿童不宜。 - 丹参 与华法林的相互作用有充分文献记载,可增强抗凝、升高出血风险;其他抗凝药与抗血小板药同理需警惕。 - 五味子 抑制 CYP3A4,有报告显示可改变他克莫司、环孢素等药物的血药浓度 —— 对器官移植受者尤须注意。 - 人参 与华法林、降糖药存在相互作用,并可能引起过度兴奋。 - 当归 同样有前述病例报告级别的华法林提示。 - 传统以蜂蜜为丸,需控糖者注意。 - 本方按传统描述为「安神」;它不能替代临床医师对失眠、心悸或情绪低落的评估,这些症状中有相当一部分的原因不是这类方剂能解决的。

祛风湿,止痹痛,益肝肾,补气血 · Dispelling wind-damp, relieving painful obstruction, supplementing the liver and kidney, and nourishing qi and blood

Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang (Angelica Pubescens and Mistletoe Decoction) dú huó jì shēng tāng · 独活寄生汤

Composition 组成

  • Angelica pubescens root
  • mistletoe (taxillus)
  • eucommia bark
  • achyranthes root
  • asarum
  • gentiana macrophylla root
  • poria
  • cinnamon bark
  • saposhnikovia root
  • ligusticum chuanxiong
  • ginseng
  • licorice
  • Chinese angelica body
  • peony root
  • dried rehmannia root.

组成

  • 独活、桑寄生、杜仲、牛膝、细辛、秦艽、茯苓、桂心、防风、川芎、人参、甘草、当归、芍药、干地黄
Source 出处 · Beiji Qianjin Yaofang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The single most important safety point is 细辛 (asarum). Asarum species belong to the Aristolochiaceae family and contain aristolochic acids, which are nephrotoxic and carcinogenic and have caused an international epidemic of aristolochic acid nephropathy and urothelial cancer through contaminated herbal products. Chinese pharmacopoeial practice confines the medicinal part to the root and rhizome, which carries far lower aristolochic acid content than the aerial parts, and several jurisdictions prohibit aristolochic acid-containing materials outright. This formula should not be used casually or continuously, it is not appropriate for anyone with existing kidney disease, and the source and plant part of the asarum used matter. - 牛膝 (achyranthes) is traditionally avoided in pregnancy because of its downward-moving action, and 川芎、当归 are blood-moving herbs carrying the same pregnancy caution. - 桑寄生 (taxillus) is a hemi-parasitic plant whose chemical profile is influenced by its host tree; correct botanical identification and a known host matter, which is a real quality-control issue rather than a theoretical one. - 人参 and 甘草 both have documented interaction profiles: ginseng with warfarin and glucose-lowering medicines, licorice with hypertension, potassium-losing diuretics, and digoxin through potassium depletion. - 杜仲 is generally well tolerated but is often processed with salt, worth knowing where sodium intake is restricted. - Painful joints have many causes, including inflammatory arthritis and fracture; persisting with a traditional remedy for joint pain without a diagnosis is the common way this formula is misused. Doses are set by a licensed practitioner and are deliberately not given here.

最重要的安全点是细辛。细辛属马兜铃科植物,含马兜铃酸,后者具有肾毒性与致癌性,历史上曾因药材污染导致国际范围的马兜铃酸肾病与尿路上皮癌事件。中国药典规定其药用部位为根及根茎,其马兜铃酸含量远低于地上部分,部分国家或地区则直接禁用含马兜铃酸的药材。本方不宜随意或长期连续使用,已有肾脏疾病者不宜,所用细辛的来源与药用部位必须可核。 - 牛膝 因传统「引血下行」的作用,孕妇忌用;川芎、当归 为活血药,孕妇同样慎用。 - 桑寄生 为半寄生植物,其成分受寄主树种影响;正确的基原鉴定与已知寄主是实际存在的质控问题,并非纸上谈兵。 - 人参 与 甘草 均有明确的相互作用档案:人参与华法林及降糖药,甘草与高血压、排钾利尿剂、以及通过低钾增强地高辛毒性。 - 杜仲 一般耐受良好,但常以盐炙,需限钠者应知。 - 关节痛的原因很多,包括炎性关节炎与骨折;不查病因就长期用传统方剂止痛,是本方最常见的误用方式。用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

清热解毒,豁痰开窍 · Clearing heat, resolving toxin, opening the orifices and sweeping phlegm; a rescue formula for the traditional pattern of heat entering the pericardium with clouded spirit

Angong Niuhuang Wan (Calm the Palace Pill with Cattle Gallstone) ān gōng niú huáng wán · 安宫牛黄丸

Composition 组成

  • Cattle gallstone (or a substitute)
  • water buffalo horn concentrate (which replaced rhinoceros horn)
  • musk (or synthetic musk)
  • pearl
  • cinnabar
  • realgar
  • coptis rhizome
  • scutellaria root
  • gardenia fruit
  • curcuma tuber
  • borneol
  • traditionally coated with gold leaf.

组成

  • 牛黄(或代用品)、水牛角浓缩粉(代犀角)、麝香(或人工麝香)、珍珠、朱砂、雄黄、黄连、黄芩、栀子、郁金、冰片
  • 传统以金箔为衣。
Source 出处 · Wenbing Tiaobian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This is an emergency-rescue formula in traditional practice, not a tonic and not something to keep on hand as a household remedy. Product labels and popular usage often present it as a stroke remedy for the home cupboard. That framing is genuinely dangerous: a person with sudden facial droop, one-sided weakness, or slurred speech needs emergency medical assessment within a narrow time window, and giving a pill by mouth to someone whose consciousness or swallow is impaired risks aspiration. Call emergency services first. - Two of the listed ingredients are metal/mineral sulfides and they should be named plainly. 朱砂 (cinnabar) is mercuric sulfide: mercury is a cumulative poison targeting the nervous system and kidney, cinnabar is far less soluble than inorganic mercury salts, but heating or incineration converts it into far more dangerous forms, and cases of mercury poisoning from cinnabar-containing preparations are published. 雄黄 (realgar) is an arsenic sulfide: arsenic is a carcinogen with skin, nerve and liver targets, and arsenic poisoning from realgar-containing preparations has been reported, particularly with heating or prolonged use. Several jurisdictions restrict or prohibit both. This product should not be used chronically, and not in pregnancy or in young children. - 犀角 (rhinoceros horn) was in the original formula; international trade has been prohibited under CITES since the 1990s and China's own ban dates to 1993, so water buffalo horn is substituted. Whether the substitution is equivalent is not established - readers should know it is a substitution, not the original. - 麝香 (musk) comes from musk deer, all species of which are CITES-listed; most modern products use synthetic musk, and the animal-derived article is not something a reader should be sourcing. - 黄连 and 黄芩 contain berberine and related alkaloids, which inhibit several cytochrome P450 enzymes and have documented interaction potential with narrow-therapeutic-index drugs; berberine also displaces bilirubin from albumin, which is why it is avoided in jaundiced newborns. - 栀子 (gardenia fruit) has animal-study signals of liver effects at high exposure; the human picture is not settled. - 冰片 (borneol) is camphor-like; camphor-type compounds are a recognised poisoning risk in small children. - Amounts used in practice are set by a licensed practitioner and are deliberately not given here.

本方在传统用法中是急救开窍之方,不是补益剂,更不是可以放在家里当常备药的东西。市面上的宣传与民间用法常把它说成「中风急救丸」。这种说法本身有实际危险:突发的口角歪斜、单侧无力、言语不清需要在很窄的时间窗内做急诊评估,而给一个意识或吞咽已经受损的人经口喂丸,有误吸风险。应先呼叫急救。 - 组成中有两味是金属/矿物硫化物,必须直说。朱砂为硫化汞:汞是蓄积性毒物,靶点为神经系统与肾脏;朱砂远较无机汞盐难溶,但加热或焚烧会使其转化为危险得多的形态,已有含朱砂制剂导致汞中毒的病例报告。雄黄为硫化砷:砷是致癌物,靶点包括皮肤、神经与肝脏;含雄黄制剂已有砷中毒报告,尤见于加热或长期使用。多个国家或地区对两者限制或禁用。本方不宜长期服用,孕妇与幼儿不宜。 - 原方用犀角;自 1990 年代起犀角国际贸易被 CITES 禁止,中国国内的禁用令始于 1993 年,现以水牛角浓缩粉替代。替代是否等效并未被证实 —— 读者应当知道这是替代,不是原方。 - 麝香 来自麝属动物,所有麝种均为 CITES 附录物种;现代制品多用人工麝香,动物来源的那一味不是读者该去求取的。 - 黄连、黄芩 含小檗碱等生物碱,抑制多种细胞色素 P450 酶,与治疗窗窄的药物存在已记载的相互作用可能;小檗碱还会把胆红素从白蛋白上置换下来,这是黄疸新生儿避免使用它的原因。 - 栀子 在动物研究中有高暴露下肝脏影响的信号;人体情况尚无定论。 - 冰片 属樟脑类成分;樟脑类化合物对幼儿是有案可查的中毒风险。 - 实际用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

养血祛瘀,温经止痛 · Nourishing blood and dispelling stasis, warming the channels and easing pain; the classical postpartum formula of the Fu Qingzhu tradition

Sheng Hua Tang (Generation and Transformation Decoction) shēng huà tāng · 生化汤

Composition 组成

  • Chinese angelica body
  • ligusticum chuanxiong
  • persica seed
  • blast-fried ginger
  • honey-fried licorice root.

组成

  • 当归、川芎、桃仁、炮姜、炙甘草
Source 出处 · Fu Qingzhu Nüke · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The first thing to state is what this formula is not: it is a postpartum formula in traditional use, and it is not for use during pregnancy. 桃仁 and 川芎 are blood-moving herbs, and blood-moving herbs are traditionally avoided in pregnancy for straightforward reasons. - The clinical trap around a postpartum formula is that the symptoms it is taken for overlap with obstetric emergencies. Heavy bleeding, a uterus that is not involuting, fever, foul lochia, or severe pain can mean retained products of conception, infection, or haemorrhage, and each of those needs hands-on assessment, not a decoction. Using a traditional remedy through that kind of bleeding is a documented way women come to harm later than they should have. - 桃仁 (persica seed) contains amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside: in sufficient quantity it releases cyanide, and bitter-almond/persica-type poisoning is a real, if uncommon, presentation. It is also related botanically to peach and apricot, so allergy in that group is relevant. - 当归 carries case-report-level reports of potentiating warfarin and raising INR; the evidence is not from controlled trials, but the interaction is commonly flagged and deserves mentioning to anyone on anticoagulants. - 甘草 (licorice) has a well-documented profile: it can raise blood pressure, cause potassium loss, and thereby potentiate digoxin and interact with potassium-losing diuretics; chronic high intake is the setting in which this shows up. - 炮姜 is warming by traditional description, so the formula sits badly with a presentation that is genuinely hot or inflammatory. - The formula is used very widely and near-routinely after delivery in parts of China. That is a fact about practice, not evidence of effect: whether it changes anything measurable about recovery has not been established by controlled trials, and the honest answer here is that it is unproven. - Not for self-administration. Amounts are set by a licensed practitioner and are deliberately not given here.

首先要说明本方不是什么:它是传统用于产后的方,孕期不宜使用。桃仁、川芎 属活血药,而活血药在孕期传统上是禁用的,理由并不复杂。 - 产后方的临床陷阱在于:它所针对的症状与产科急症重叠。出血量多、子宫复旧不良、发热、恶露臭秽、或剧烈疼痛,可能意味着胎盘胎膜残留、感染或产后出血,这些都需要当面检查,而不是一剂汤药。在这类出血情况下继续用传统方拖延,是现实中一再出现的致害路径。 - 桃仁 含苦杏仁苷,属氰苷类成分:量足够时会释放氰化物,苦杏仁/桃仁类中毒是确有其事(虽不常见)的临床情形。它在植物学上与桃、杏同属相关,该类人群的过敏问题同样适用。 - 当归 有病例报告提示可增强华法林作用、升高 INR;证据并非来自对照试验,但属常见提示,服用抗凝药者应被告知。 - 甘草 有充分记载的安全性档案:可升高血压、导致低钾,并因此增强地高辛毒性、与排钾利尿剂相互作用;长期大量摄入正是这类问题出现的场景。 - 炮姜 按传统描述属温性,因此本方用于确属热性或炎性表现者并不合适。 - 在中国部分地区,本方产后使用非常普遍、近乎常规。这是关于实践的事实,不是关于效果的证据:它是否改变了任何可测量的恢复指标,并未被对照试验证实;此处诚实的答案是「未被证实」。 - 不可自行服用。用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

活血化瘀,缓消癥块 · Quickening the blood and transforming stasis, slowly dispersing abdominal masses

Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan (Cinnamon Twig and Poria Pill) guì zhī fú líng wán · 桂枝茯苓丸

Composition 组成

  • Cinnamon twig
  • poria
  • moutan bark
  • persica seed
  • peony root.

组成

  • 桂枝、茯苓、牡丹皮、桃仁、芍药
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. There is a genuine tension in this formula that a reader should see rather than be shielded from. The classical text presents it in a pregnancy-related context, while modern practice generally treats blood-moving formulas as contraindicated in pregnancy. This site does not resolve that tension for the reader; it is exactly the sort of question that belongs with a qualified practitioner, and it is a reason not to self-administer this formula at all during pregnancy or suspected pregnancy. - 桃仁 (persica seed) contains amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside that can release cyanide in sufficient quantity - uncommon, but it is the reason the seed is not a food-like ingredient. - 桂枝 is cassia twig, and cassia cinnamon is the cinnamon chemotype notable for coumarin content; coumarin is hepatotoxic at sustained high intake and has anticoagulant properties, so the combination of liver disease and anticoagulant medication is where this matters. - 牡丹皮 (moutan bark) contains paeonol; it is another blood-moving component carrying the same pregnancy caution. - 芍药 deserves a specific note: the classical text simply says 芍药, and today 白芍 (white peony, with the bark removed and processed) and 赤芍 (red peony) are different articles with different traditional roles. Which one a manufacturer used changes the product, and this is a real ambiguity rather than a pedantic one. - The most common modern marketing of this formula is for uterine fibroids and ovarian cysts. What can be said honestly: the traditional indication is a pattern, not a diagnosed mass, and whether this formula reduces fibroid size or resolves cysts is not established. Presenting it as a way to avoid surgery is not supportable. - 茯苓 is generally well tolerated. - Amounts are set by a licensed practitioner and are deliberately not given here.

本方有一处真实的张力,读者应当看见,而不是被替他遮过去。经典原文是在与妊娠相关的语境中给出本方,而现代实践一般把活血方列为孕期禁用。本站不为读者裁决这一分歧;它恰恰属于应当交给有资质医师的问题,也是孕期或疑似孕期完全不应自行服用本方的理由。 - 桃仁 含苦杏仁苷,属氰苷类成分,量足够时释放氰化物 —— 虽不常见,但这正是它不属于「食品级」药味的原因。 - 桂枝 为肉桂(桂)的嫩枝,而桂是中国肉桂这一化学型的代表,其香豆素含量值得注意;香豆素在长期高摄入下有肝毒性,并具有抗凝性质,因此肝病与正在服用抗凝药这两类情形才是它真正要紧的地方。 - 牡丹皮 含丹皮酚,同属活血成分,孕期谨慎同前。 - 芍药 需要单独说明:原文只写「芍药」,而今天的 白芍(去皮加工)与 赤芍 是两种不同药材,传统功用不同。厂家用的是哪一种会改变成品,这是一个实际存在的歧义,不是咬文嚼字。 - 本方在现代最常见的宣传是用于子宫肌瘤与卵巢囊肿。可以诚实说的是:传统适应症是「证」,不是被诊断出来的包块;本方是否能缩小肌瘤或消除囊肿,并未被证实。把它包装成「免于手术」的方案,是站不住的。 - 茯苓 一般耐受良好。 - 用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

行气散结,降逆化痰 · Moving qi and dissipating the bind, directing rebellious qi downward and transforming phlegm

Ban Xia Hou Po Tang (Pinellia and Magnolia Bark Decoction) bàn xià hòu pò tāng · 半夏厚朴汤

Composition 组成

  • Pinellia rhizome (processed)
  • magnolia bark
  • poria
  • fresh ginger
  • perilla leaf.

组成

  • 半夏(制)、厚朴、茯苓、生姜、紫苏叶
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The ingredient that must be explained first is 半夏 (pinellia). Raw pinellia tuber is an irritant poison: it contains needle-shaped calcium oxalate raphides and lectins that cause intense burning and swelling of the mouth, tongue and throat, and swelling in that space can threaten the airway. It is never used raw by mouth. Every product on the market uses a processed form - 法半夏, 姜半夏 or 清半夏 - and the processing is the safety measure, not a refinement of flavour. Traditional texts also list pinellia as incompatible with aconite-type herbs (the 十八反 incompatibility), so the two should not be combined in the same preparation. - The classical indication is the sensation described as 咽中如有炙脔 - a lump in the throat that will not swallow away - which later tradition calls 梅核气, plum-pit qi. A persistent sensation of a lump, or actual difficulty swallowing, has structural causes that must be excluded: reflux, thyroid enlargement, oesophageal motility disorders, and tumours among them. This formula is the common reason people present late with a swallowing problem they have been treating as a qi pattern, and that is worth saying directly. - 厚朴 (magnolia bark) contains honokiol and magnolol. Honokiol modulates GABA-A receptors in preclinical work, so additive sedation with alcohol, benzodiazepines or other sedating medicines is plausible; the human evidence for this is limited and is stated as such. Magnolia bark is also one of the botanicals where substitute species turn up in commerce, so knowing which Magnolia was used matters. - 生姜 in the amounts used as food is unremarkable, but concentrated ginger products carry antiplatelet and warfarin cautions, and ginger can aggravate gallstone symptoms in some people. - 紫苏叶 (perilla leaf) is widely eaten as a food herb; allergy within the Lamiaceae (mint) family is the main caution, and perilla seed oil and perilla leaf are different products. - Guidance on pinellia in pregnancy conflicts between sources, and that conflict is a reason not to self-administer rather than a reason to pick a side. - Amounts are set by a licensed practitioner and are deliberately not given here.

必须首先说明的一味是半夏。生半夏是有刺激性的毒物:含针状草酸钙结晶与凝集素,会引起口腔、舌、咽的剧烈灼痛与肿胀,而该部位的肿胀可能威胁气道。生品绝不经口使用。市面所有制品都用炮制品 —— 法半夏、姜半夏 或 清半夏 —— 炮制是安全措施,不是调味上的讲究。传统文献还把半夏列为与乌头类相反(十八反),因此两者不应出现在同一制剂中。 - 本方的经典适应症是「咽中如有炙脔」—— 咽部有物梗塞、吞之不下,后世称为 梅核气。持续存在的异物感、或真正的吞咽困难,必须先排除器质性原因:反流、甲状腺肿大、食管动力障碍,以及肿瘤都在其列。本方正是现实中人们把吞咽问题当成「气滞」自行处理、因而就诊偏晚的常见原因,这一点值得直说。 - 厚朴 含和厚朴酚与厚朴酚。和厚朴酚在临床前研究中调节 GABA-A 受体,因此与酒精、苯二氮䓬类或其他镇静药物叠加镇静是可能的;人体证据有限,此处如实表述。厚朴也是商品中较常出现代用种的药材之一,因此用的是哪一种木兰属植物确实要紧。 - 生姜 在作为食物的用量下并无特别之处,但浓缩姜制品有抗血小板与华法林方面的提示,且有胆石症者中部分人服后症状加重。 - 紫苏叶 是广泛食用的香草;主要提示是唇形科(薄荷科)过敏,且紫苏子油与紫苏叶是不同产品。 - 关于半夏在孕期的使用,不同来源的 guidance 相互冲突;这种冲突的理由是不要自行服用,而不是要读者选边站。 - 用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

固表止汗 · Astringing the exterior and stopping sweating; the classical formula for spontaneous sweating attributed to defensive qi not securing the surface

Muli San (Oyster Shell Powder) mǔ lì sǎn · 牡蛎散

Composition 组成

  • Astragalus root
  • ephedra root
  • calcined oyster shell
  • floating wheat (light wheat grain).

组成

  • 黄芪、麻黄根、煅牡蛎、浮小麦
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Sweating is the symptom this formula is aimed at, and that is worth pausing on: sweating is also a sign that belongs to a list of conditions no astringent formula should be sitting on top of. Drenching night sweats with weight loss and fever are a classical tuberculosis presentation; sweating with tremor, weight loss and palpitations suggests thyrotoxicosis; cold sweating with chest pain, or sweating with faintness in a person with diabetes, can be a cardiac or hypoglycaemic emergency; persistent sweats in someone with a cancer history deserve assessment. The honest position is that a formula for 表虚不固 is a traditional pattern category, not a diagnosis, and the pattern cannot be assigned until other causes have been excluded. - The ingredient that needs the clearest explanation is 麻黄根, ephedra root. It is the root of an Ephedra species, the same genus as 麻黄, the ephedra herb. The two are treated as different articles in traditional practice - the herb promotes sweating, the root is used to stop it - and the root contains appreciably less of the ephedrine-type alkaloids than the aerial parts. That difference is real but it is not a free pass: the ephedrine alkaloids are controlled in many jurisdictions, the United States banned ephedra-alkaloid dietary supplements in 2004, and Ephedra species are regulated precursor plants in China because ephedrine can be converted into methamphetamine. Whether a particular product is legal for a reader to import is a local question; readers should check rather than assume. - 煅牡蛎 is calcined oyster shell, essentially calcium carbonate. Shell-derived mineral ingredients can accumulate heavy metals from the marine environment, which is why pharmacopoeial limits for them exist; that is a reason to buy a tested product rather than a reason to avoid the formula. - 黄芪 is widely used and generally well tolerated, but it is immunologically active, so the theoretical concern is interference with immunosuppressive or immunomodulating medicines, and data in pregnancy and breastfeeding are inadequate. - 浮小麦 is light wheat grain, so coeliac disease and wheat allergy apply. - Amounts are set by a licensed practitioner and are deliberately not given here.

本方所针对的症状是出汗,这一点值得先停一下:出汗同时也在一份「不该被收涩方压住」的疾病清单上。盗汗湿透衣被伴消瘦发热,是结核病的经典表现;多汗伴震颤、消瘦、心悸提示甲状腺毒症;胸痛伴冷汗,或糖尿病患者出汗伴头晕软弱,可能是心脏或低血糖急症;有肿瘤病史者持续出汗也应评估。诚实的说法是:「表虚不固」是一个传统证型类别,不是诊断,而在排除上述原因之前,这个证型无从判定。 - 需要解释得最清楚的一味是 麻黄根。它是麻黄属植物的根,与 麻黄(草麻黄等地上部分)同属。传统上两者被视为不同药材 —— 麻黄发汗,麻黄根止汗 —— 而根的麻黄碱类生物碱含量确实明显低于地上部分。这个差异是真实的,但不是免检通行证:麻黄碱类成分在多国受管制,美国 2004 年禁售含麻黄碱的膳食补充剂,中国因麻黄碱可作为甲基苯丙胺(冰毒)前体而对麻黄属植物实行管制。某个产品对某位读者是否合法可进口,属当地问题,读者应当先查证,不要假定。 - 煅牡蛎 为煅制牡蛎壳,主要成分为碳酸钙。贝壳类矿物药可能从海洋环境中蓄积重金属,这正是药典为其设限的原因 —— 因此应选择有检验的制品,而不是因此回避本方。 - 黄芪 应用广泛、一般耐受良好,但具有免疫活性,理论上与免疫抑制或免疫调节药物存在相互干扰的可能;孕期与哺乳期数据不足。 - 浮小麦 是小麦,故乳糜泻与小麦过敏适用。 - 用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

涩肠固脱,温补脾肾 · Astringing the intestine and arresting desertion; warming and supplementing the spleen and kidney. The classical formula for chronic diarrhoea and dysentery that will not hold

Zhenren Yangzang Tang (True Man's Decoction to Nourish the Organs) zhēn rén yǎng zàng tāng · 真人养脏汤

Composition 组成

  • Ginseng
  • Chinese angelica body
  • dry-fried white atractylodes
  • roasted nutmeg
  • cassia bark
  • peony root
  • aucklandia root
  • chebula fruit
  • poppy husk
  • honey-fried licorice root.

组成

  • 人参、当归、白术(炒)、肉豆蔻(煨)、肉桂、白芍、木香、诃子、罂粟壳、炙甘草
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This formula contains 罂粟壳, the dried husk of the opium poppy. It should be named for what it is: a material that contains morphine and codeine. It is in the formula precisely because opioids slow the gut, and that is also why it cannot be treated as an ordinary botanical. Opioid analgesics cause constipation, sedation and urinary retention, they produce dependence, and in children they can cause dangerous respiratory depression. Poppy material is a controlled substance in China and restricted in many other jurisdictions. That is why this formula is not something a reader should be preparing, importing or taking on their own initiative, and it is why 罂粟壳 in food and supplement products is a recurring enforcement problem. - The second problem is the symptom. Chronic diarrhoea being held with an astringent is diarrhoea whose cause has not been found. Blood in the stool, unintentional weight loss, diarrhoea that wakes a person from sleep, fever, or new diarrhoea following antibiotics all point to things that need investigation - inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, Clostridioides difficile infection, coeliac disease and bile acid diarrhoea among them. Nocturnal diarrhoea in particular is a marker of organic rather than functional disease. Suppressing the symptom with an opioid-containing astringent is a documented way people reach a diagnosis later and at a more advanced stage. - 木香 is a name with a real safety story attached. 青木香, a different article derived from Aristolochia species, was the cause of the aristolochic acid nephropathy and urothelial cancer cases that reshaped herbal regulation, and it is banned. Legitimate 木香 (Aucklandia / Saussurea costus) is not an Aristolochia, but commercial substitution among look-alike articles sold as 'mu xiang' is exactly how those cases arose. Saussurea costus is also listed in CITES Appendix I, so provenance matters. Sesquiterpene lactones make cross-reactivity plausible in Asteraceae (daisy, ragweed) allergy. - 肉桂 is cassia bark, the cinnamon chemotype whose coumarin content is hepatotoxic at sustained intake and which has anticoagulant properties. - 当归 carries case-report-level signals of potentiating warfarin. 甘草 (licorice) causes sodium retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure, and therefore interacts with digoxin, potassium-losing diuretics, corticosteroids and antihypertensives. 人参 has a documented interaction with warfarin and can produce insomnia and blood pressure changes. - 肉豆蔻 is nutmeg, roasted here; myristicin-containing nutmeg is a well-described toxic presentation at high intake. - Not for self-administration. Amounts are set by a licensed practitioner and are deliberately not given here.

本方含 罂粟壳,即罂粟的干燥果壳。应当按它本来的性质说出来:这是含吗啡与可待因的材料。它在方中恰恰是因为阿片类能减慢肠道,而这同样说明它不能被当成普通草木药材对待。阿片类镇痛药会导致便秘、镇静、尿潴留,会产生依赖性,对儿童可引起危险的呼吸抑制。罂粟壳在中国属管制物品,在多个其他司法辖区也受限制。这正是本方不应由读者自行配制、进口或服用的理由,也是含罂粟壳的食品与补充剂一再成为执法对象的原因。 - 第二个问题是症状本身。用收涩方「把住」的慢性腹泻,是病因尚未查明的腹泻。便血、非刻意的体重下降、夜间因腹泻醒来、发热、或抗生素之后新出现的腹泻,都指向需要检查的疾病 —— 炎症性肠病、结直肠癌、艰难梭菌感染、乳糜泻、胆汁酸性腹泻皆在其列。夜间腹泻尤其提示器质性而非功能性疾病。用含阿片的收涩方压住症状,是现实中一再出现的、导致就诊偏晚、确诊时病期更晚的路径。 - 木香 这个名称背后有一段真实的安全史。青木香 是另一味药材,来源于马兜铃属植物,正是导致马兜铃酸肾病与尿路上皮癌、并因此重塑草药监管格局的那一味,现已被禁用。正当的 木香(云木香 / Saussurea costus)并非马兜铃属,但商品中名称相近的「木香」类药材互相代用,正是当年那些病例发生的方式。Saussurea costus 亦被列入 CITES 附录一,因此来源确实要紧。其所含倍半萜内酯使菊科(雏菊、豚草)过敏者交叉反应具有可能性。 - 肉桂 为中国肉桂(桂)的树皮,是香豆素含量突出的桂皮化学型;香豆素在长期高摄入下有肝毒性,并具有抗凝性质。 - 当归 有病例报告级别的增强华法林作用的信号。甘草 导致钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高,因此与地高辛、排钾利尿剂、糖皮质激素及降压药存在相互作用。人参 与华法林的相互作用有记载,并可致失眠与血压变化。 - 肉豆蔻 即肉豆蔻种仁,本方用煨制品;含肉豆蔻醚的肉豆蔻在大量摄入时是有充分描述的中毒表现。 - 不可自行服用。用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

温肾暖脾,固肠止泻 · Warming the kidney and spleen, astringing the intestine and stopping diarrhoea; the classical formula for dawn diarrhoea (五更泄)

Si Shen Wan (Four Spirits Pill) sì shén wán · 四神丸

Composition 组成

  • Psoralea fruit
  • roasted nutmeg
  • schisandra fruit
  • evodia fruit
  • in the classical method made into pills with jujube flesh and taken with fresh ginger decoction.

组成

  • 补骨脂、肉豆蔻(煨)、五味子、吴茱萸
  • 以枣肉为丸
  • 姜汤送服
Source 出处 · Zhengzhi Zhunsheng · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The classical indication is 五更泄 - diarrhoea that reliably wakes a person before dawn, framed traditionally as depletion of spleen and kidney yang. Anyone reading their own symptoms into that description should know that chronic morning-predominant diarrhoea has a modern differential which includes irritable bowel disease, microscopic colitis, bile acid diarrhoea, coeliac disease, diabetic autonomic neuropathy and thyrotoxicosis, and that colorectal cancer can present simply as a changed bowel habit. Blood in the stool, weight loss, fever or anaemia are not deficiency symptoms to be warmed; they are reasons for investigation. - 补骨脂 (psoralea fruit) is the ingredient with the strongest documented safety signal. It contains psoralens, the furocoumarins used medically in PUVA photochemotherapy, which means photosensitivity is a real effect: people exposed to psoralens burn more readily, and the combination of psoralen with ultraviolet A is photocarcinogenic. Psoralea-containing preparations have also been reported as a cause of drug-induced liver injury, and that is documented well enough that it is not merely a theoretical caution. - 吴茱萸 (evodia fruit) is classed as slightly toxic in traditional sources, and liver injury has been reported in association with evodia-containing products; its alkaloids (evodiamine, rutaecarpine) affect drug-metabolising enzymes in preclinical work, so the interaction question is open rather than settled. - 五味子 (schisandra fruit) carries the most practically useful interaction note in the formula: it inhibits CYP3A4 and has been shown to raise blood levels of tacrolimus and ciclosporin, which matters for transplant recipients, and this is documented rather than speculative. - 肉豆蔻 is nutmeg, roasted for this formula; myristicin-containing nutmeg is a recognised cause of poisoning at high intake, with tachycardia, confusion and anticholinergic-type features. - 生姜 and 大枣 at the amounts used here are unremarkable, though jujube is sugar-dense, which is a consideration in diabetes. - The traditional framing of warming depleted yang should not be read as a substitute for a diagnosis: whether this formula changes outcomes in any of the modern conditions listed above has not been established. - Amounts are set by a licensed practitioner and are deliberately not given here.

本方的经典适应症是 五更泄 —— 每至黎明前即须如厕的腹泻,传统上归为脾肾阳虚所致。若读者把自己的症状对号入座,应当知道:慢性、晨间为主的腹泻在今天的鉴别清单上包括肠易激/炎症性肠病、显微镜下结肠炎、胆汁酸性腹泻、乳糜泻、糖尿病自主神经病变与甲状腺毒症,而结直肠癌也可以仅仅表现为排便习惯改变。便血、体重下降、发热或贫血不是可以「温一温」的虚象,而是需要检查的理由。 - 补骨脂 是本方中安全信号记载最充分的一味。它含补骨脂素类呋喃香豆素,正是医学上 PUVA 光化学疗法所用的成分,因此光敏反应是真实存在的效应:暴露于补骨脂素者更易晒伤,而补骨脂素与长波紫外线(UVA)的组合具有光致癌性。含补骨脂的制剂亦有导致药物性肝损伤的报告,这一点记载充分,并非仅属理论上的提示。 - 吴茱萸 在传统文献中被标为有小毒,含吴茱萸制品已有肝损伤报告;其所含生物碱(吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱)在临床前研究中影响药物代谢酶,因此相互作用问题应视为尚待明确,而非已有定论。 - 五味子 是本方中最具实用价值的相互作用提示:它抑制 CYP3A4,并已被证实可升高他克莫司与环孢素的血药浓度,对移植受者尤有关系,且这是有记载的结论,不是推测。 - 肉豆蔻 本方用煨制品;含肉豆蔻醚的肉豆蔻在大量摄入时是公认的中毒原因,表现为心动过速、意识混乱及类抗胆碱特征。 - 生姜、大枣 在此用量下并无特别之处,但大枣含糖量高,糖尿病患者需计入。 - 「温补肾阳」的传统表述不应被当作诊断的替代:本方是否能改变上列任一现代疾病的结局,并未被证实。 - 用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

养心安神,和中缓急 · Nourishing the heart and calming the spirit, harmonising the middle and relaxing urgency; the classical formula for the visceral agitation (脏躁) pattern

Gan Mai Da Zao Tang (Licorice, Wheat and Jujube Decoction) gān mài dà zǎo tāng · 甘麦大枣汤

Composition 组成

  • Licorice root
  • wheat grain
  • jujube fruit.

组成

  • 甘草、小麦、大枣
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. In terms of ingredient count this is among the smallest formulas in the classical repertoire, and it is widely presented as gentle. Two things complicate that reputation. - The first is 甘草, licorice, which is a substantial component and carries the best-documented safety profile of any Chinese herbal article. Its active principle glycyrrhizin produces a mineralocorticoid-like syndrome: sodium and water retention, potassium loss, raised blood pressure, and in severe cases hypokalaemic paralysis and rhabdomyolysis. It potentiates digoxin, and it interacts with thiazide and loop diuretics, corticosteroids, and drugs that prolong the QT interval. The syndrome depends on how much is taken and for how long, and it arises in the setting of chronic, casual, apparently gentle use rather than of short supervised courses. People with hypertension, kidney disease or heart failure, and anyone taking digoxin or a diuretic, are the group for whom this matters. - The second is what the formula is used for. The classical 脏躁 description - tearfulness, an urge to weep or cry out, frequent yawning, behaviour 'as if possessed' - is today widely mapped onto perinatal depression, anxiety and menopausal symptoms. That mapping is an interpretation, not an equivalence, and it carries a real risk: a person in a perinatal or major depressive episode is not being adequately cared for with a three-ingredient decoction, and suicidal ideation, or thoughts of harming an infant, is an emergency that requires urgent professional care rather than a herbal prescription. Persistent low mood, loss of interest, sleep disturbance, or anxiety that is affecting a person's function belongs with a clinician. Whether this formula improves any of those outcomes has not been established by well-conducted controlled trials; the studies that exist are small and at high risk of bias, and the honest verdict is unproven. - 小麦 is wheat grain, so the formula contains gluten: it is unsuitable in coeliac disease and in wheat allergy. - 大枣 is jujube, sugar-dense, which is a consideration in diabetes. - Licorice is also avoided in pregnancy in some sources on account of the blood pressure effect. - Amounts are set by a licensed practitioner and are deliberately not given here.

以药味计,本方是经典方中最小的方之一,且常被说成「平和」。有两点让这个名声并不那么简单。 - 第一是 甘草。它是本方的重要组成部分,而它的安全性档案是所有中药药材中记载最充分的一种。其有效成分甘草酸会产生类盐皮质激素综合征:钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高,严重者可致低钾性麻痹与横纹肌溶解。它会增强地高辛作用,并与噻嗪类及袢利尿剂、糖皮质激素、以及延长 QT 间期的药物相互作用。该综合征与剂量和用药时长相关,而它出现的场景恰恰是长期、随意、看似「平和」的使用,不是短程、有人监护的疗程。高血压、肾病、心衰患者,以及正在服用地高辛或利尿剂者,是真正需要当心的那一组。 - 第二是本方被用来做什么。经典对 脏躁 的描述 —— 喜悲伤欲哭、时时欠伸、行为「象如神灵所作」—— 今天被广泛对应到围产期抑郁、焦虑与更年期症状。但这种对应是一种诠释,不是等同,且它带有实际风险:处于围产期或重性抑郁发作中的人,靠三味药的汤剂并不能得到恰当的照护;而有自杀意念、或出现伤害婴儿的念头,是需要紧急专业处置的急症,不是一纸草药处方可以应对的。持续的情绪低落、兴趣丧失、睡眠紊乱,或已影响日常功能的焦虑,应当交给临床医生。本方是否改善上述任一结局,并未被设计良好的对照试验证实;现有研究样本小、偏倚风险高,此处诚实的结论是「未被证实」。 - 小麦 是小麦粒,故本方含麸质:乳糜泻与小麦过敏者不宜。 - 大枣 含糖量高,糖尿病患者需计入。 - 部分来源因血压效应而建议孕期避免使用甘草。 - 用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

轻宣凉燥,理肺化痰 · Lightly dispersing cool-dryness, regulating the lung and transforming phlegm; the classical formula for the externally contracted cool-dryness pattern

Xing Su San (Apricot Kernel and Perilla Leaf Powder) xìng sū sǎn · 杏苏散

Composition 组成

  • Perilla leaf
  • bitter apricot kernel
  • processed pinellia rhizome
  • poria
  • tangerine peel
  • hogfennel root (peucedanum)
  • platycodon root
  • bitter orange (zhi qiao)
  • licorice root
  • fresh ginger
  • jujube fruit.

组成

  • 苏叶、杏仁、半夏(制)、茯苓、橘皮、前胡、苦桔梗、枳壳、甘草、生姜、大枣
Source 出处 · Wenbing Tiaobian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This formula belongs to a pair. In the Wenbing Tiaobian the warm-dryness and cool-dryness presentations are handled by two different formulas, Sang Xing Tang and this one, and the distinction between them is a distinction inside a traditional seasonal framework rather than between two modern diagnoses. 'Cool dryness' describes a presentation of cough with a small amount of thin sputum, a dry nose and throat, and chills without much sweating, classically placed in late autumn. A reader should not take that category and use it to sort out their own cough, because cough has a differential that the category does not contain: a cough lasting more than three weeks, coughing blood, unintentional weight loss, night sweats, or a cough in a smoker or ex-smoker all need assessment, and tuberculosis and lung cancer are on that list. - The ingredient that needs the clearest explanation is 杏仁, bitter apricot kernel. It contains amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside, which means that when it is chewed, crushed or digested it can release cyanide. Poisoning from apricot kernels is documented in the medical literature, children are at greater risk because a smaller amount does the harm, and the fatal cases involve raw or lightly processed kernels. This is why the material is processed and why it is not a food that can be eaten freely. - 半夏, pinellia, is the second ingredient with a real toxicology. The raw rhizome contains needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals and a lectin; chewing it causes immediate and severe burning and swelling of the mouth and throat, and swelling in that location can threaten the airway. Only the processed forms belong in any preparation, and the classical incompatibility rule puts pinellia against the aconite group. - 枳壳 comes from bitter orange and contains synephrine-type adrenergic amines, which is a reason for caution in people with hypertension, heart rhythm problems or glaucoma, and for anyone taking stimulant or decongestant-type medicines. - 甘草, licorice, in sustained amounts produces a mineralocorticoid-like syndrome of sodium and water retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure, and it interacts with digoxin, diuretics and corticosteroids. - 前胡 is an apiaceous root, and as with other members of that family a furanocoumarin photosensitivity is plausible though not well documented for this article. - Whether this formula shortens a cold or changes the course of any respiratory illness has not been established by well-conducted controlled trials; the honest verdict is unproven. - Quantities are for a licensed practitioner to decide, and are deliberately not listed here.

本方属于一对方中的一首。《温病条辨》以两首方分别处理温燥与凉燥,桑杏汤与本方各主其一;而两者的区分是传统时令框架内的区分,不是两个现代诊断之间的区分。「凉燥」描述的是咳嗽、痰少而稀、鼻咽干燥、恶寒无汗或微汗的一组表现,传统上归于深秋。读者不应拿这个类别去给自己的咳嗽定性,因为这个类别并不包含咳嗽的鉴别清单:咳嗽超过三周、咯血、非刻意的体重下降、盗汗,或吸烟者的咳嗽,都需要评估,结核与肺癌皆在其列。 - 需要解释得最清楚的一味是 杏仁,即苦杏仁。它含苦杏仁苷,属氰苷,咀嚼、研碎或消化时可能释放氰化物。苦杏仁中毒在医学文献中确有记载,儿童风险更大,因为更少的量即可造成伤害,致死病例涉及生品或加工不足的杏仁。这正是该药材须经炮制、且不可当作食物随意食用的理由。 - 半夏 是第二味有真实毒理的药材。生品含草酸钙针晶与凝集素,咀嚼后立即引起口腔与咽喉剧烈灼痛肿胀,而该部位的肿胀可能威胁气道。只有炮制品可用于任何制剂;且十八反条目中半夏与乌头类相反。 - 枳壳 来源于酸橙类,含辛弗林类肾上腺素能胺,因此高血压、心律问题、青光眼患者,以及正在使用兴奋剂或减充血剂类药物者需当心。 - 甘草 长期摄入会产生类盐皮质激素综合征:钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高,并与地高辛、利尿剂、糖皮质激素相互作用。 - 前胡 为伞形科根类药材,与其他伞形科药材一样,呋喃香豆素光敏反应在理论上可能,但本品此点记载并不充分。 - 本方是否缩短感冒病程或改变任一呼吸道疾病的结局,并未被设计良好的对照试验证实;此处诚实的结论是「未被证实」。 - 用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

清宣温燥,润肺止咳 · Clearing and dispersing warm-dryness, moistening the lung and stopping cough; the classical formula for the externally contracted warm-dryness pattern

Sang Xing Tang (Mulberry Leaf and Apricot Kernel Decoction) sāng xìng tāng · 桑杏汤

Composition 组成

  • Mulberry leaf
  • bitter apricot kernel
  • glehnia/adenophora root (sha shen)
  • zhejiang fritillaria bulb (xiang bei)
  • fermented soybean (dan dou chi)
  • gardenia fruit peel (zhi pi)
  • pear peel.

组成

  • 桑叶、杏仁、沙参、象贝(浙贝母)、香豉(淡豆豉)、栀皮、梨皮
Source 出处 · Wenbing Tiaobian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This is the warm-dryness counterpart to Xing Su San, and the pairing is one of the clearer examples of how the traditional framework works: the same symptom, cough, is sorted into two categories by the accompanying signs and the season, and each category has its own formula. That internal logic is worth understanding, but it is a classificatory system, not a diagnostic one. The presentation it describes - dry cough or scanty sticky sputum, dry mouth and nose, thirst, a floating rapid pulse - overlaps with the early phase of a great many respiratory infections, and also with the cough of asthma, of ACE inhibitor therapy, of post-viral cough and of gastro-oesophageal reflux. A cough lasting more than three weeks, blood in the sputum, weight loss, fever, or breathlessness at rest is not a dryness pattern to be moistened; it is a reason to see a clinician. - 杏仁 again carries the strongest signal. Bitter apricot kernel contains amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside that can release cyanide, and poisoning from apricot kernels is documented, with children at particular risk. It is processed before use and is not a food. - 沙参 is a name that covers two different articles. 北沙参 is Glehnia littoralis, an apiaceous plant; 南沙参 is Adenophora species, in the bellflower family. They are treated differently in traditional practice and are not interchangeable, so a product labelled only 'sha shen' is ambiguous. Both fall under the classical incompatibility rule that places the various 'shen' roots against 藜芦 (veratrum). - 象贝 is Zhejiang fritillaria. The fritillaria bulbs contain steroidal alkaloids that affect the heart and respiration in preclinical and overdose reports, 浙贝 differs from the more expensive 川贝, and the classical rule puts the fritillarias against the aconite group. - 栀皮 is the peel of gardenia fruit. Gardenia contains geniposide, and geniposide-related liver toxicity has been reported in preclinical studies rather than established as a human harm; the honest framing is that the signal exists and human evidence is limited. - 香豉 is fermented soybean, which means soy allergy applies, and fermented soy products can contain tyramine, so a theoretical interaction with monoamine oxidase inhibitors is mentioned in the literature. - 梨皮 is pear peel, a food item. - Whether this formula shortens an illness or changes any respiratory outcome has not been established by well-conducted controlled trials; it is unproven. - Quantities are for a licensed practitioner to decide, and are deliberately not listed here.

本方是杏苏散的温燥对应方,而这一对方是理解传统框架如何运作的较清晰例子:同一个症状(咳嗽)按伴随征象与时令被分入两类,每类各有其方。这一内部逻辑值得了解,但它是一套分类体系,不是诊断体系。它所描述的表现 —— 干咳或痰少而黏、口鼻干燥、口渴、脉浮数 —— 与许多呼吸道感染的早期阶段重叠,也与哮喘、ACEI 类药物所致咳嗽、感染后咳嗽以及胃食管反流的咳嗽重叠。咳嗽超过三周、痰中带血、体重下降、发热,或静息时气促,不是可以「润一润」的燥证,而是需要就诊的理由。 - 杏仁 依然是安全信号最强的一味。苦杏仁含苦杏仁苷,属氰苷,可释放氰化物,苦杏仁中毒确有记载,儿童风险尤大。须经炮制,且不可作为食物。 - 沙参 这个名称涵盖两种不同的药材。北沙参 为伞形科植物珊瑚菜;南沙参 为桔梗科沙参属植物。传统上两者用法不同、不可互相替代,因此只标「沙参」的制品存在歧义。两者都落在十八反「诸参辛芍叛藜芦」的条目之内。 - 象贝 即浙贝母。贝母类含甾体类生物碱,在临床前研究与过量报告中对心脏与呼吸有影响;浙贝 与价格更高的 川贝 并非一物;十八反条目中贝母与乌头类相反。 - 栀皮 为栀子果皮。栀子含京尼平苷,其肝毒性见于临床前研究报告,而非已确立的人体损害;诚实的说法是该信号存在,而人体证据有限。 - 香豉 即淡豆豉,为发酵大豆制品,故大豆过敏者不适用;发酵大豆制品可含酪胺,因此文献中提及与单胺氧化酶抑制剂有理论上的相互作用。 - 梨皮 为梨之外皮,属食物。 - 本方是否缩短病程或改变任一呼吸道结局,并未被设计良好的对照试验证实;结论是「未被证实」。 - 用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

增液润燥 · Increasing fluid and moistening dryness; the classical formula for fluid depletion in warm disease, expressed as 'adding water to float the boat'

Zeng Ye Tang (Fluid-Increasing Decoction) zēng yè tāng · 增液汤

Composition 组成

  • Scrophularia root (xuan shen)
  • ophiopogon tuber (mai dong)
  • unprepared rehmannia root (sheng di huang).

组成

  • 玄参、麦冬、生地黄
Source 出处 · Wenbing Tiaobian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Three ingredients, and the classical reasoning is compact enough to state plainly: when the bowel is dry because fluid has been consumed by febrile illness, the traditional answer is to add the fluid rather than to purge. The metaphor attached to it, 增水行舟, 'adding water to float the boat', is one of the best known in the literature, and it is a metaphor - an argument by analogy, not a demonstrated mechanism. - The symptom this formula is aimed at is constipation, and that is where a reader needs to slow down. Constipation has a differential that includes colorectal cancer, hypothyroidism, hypercalcaemia, bowel obstruction, and the common medication causes - opioids, anticholinergics, calcium channel blockers, iron, and many others. New constipation beginning after middle age, constipation with blood in the stool, with unintentional weight loss, with vomiting, with abdominal distension, or alternating with diarrhoea, is not fluid depletion to be moistened; it is a reason for investigation. Faecal impaction in an older person can present with overflow diarrhoea and be mistaken for the opposite problem. Whether this formula has laxative efficacy has not been established by well-conducted controlled trials; the honest verdict is unproven, and the ingredients are not conventional bulking agents or osmotic laxatives. - 玄参 is scrophularia root, a member of the figwort family, whose constituents include iridoid glycosides such as harpagoside; it falls under the classical incompatibility rule placing the 'shen' roots against 藜芦, and traditional sources caution against its cooling nature in people with weak digestion. - 麦冬 is ophiopogon tuber, and 'mai dong' covers more than one article: 麦冬 proper is Ophiopogon japonicus, while 山麦冬 is Liriope species, and the two are not identical. Steroidal saponins are the main constituents. It is widely used and generally well tolerated. - 生地黄 is unprepared rehmannia root, which is a different article from 熟地黄, the prepared form; the raw root is classed as cooling and the prepared one as supplementing, and they are not interchangeable. - All three are classed as yin-nourishing and cloying, which in traditional terms means they can burden a weak spleen and stomach, and loose stools or poor appetite are the classical signs that they are not agreeing with a person. - Quantities are for a licensed practitioner to decide, and are deliberately not listed here.

本方仅三味,而经典论证的脉络可以简要说清:若因热病耗津而肠道失润,传统的应对是增液而非攻下。附着于其上的比喻「增水行舟」是文献中最有名的比喻之一,而它是一个比喻 —— 是取类比象的论证,不是已被证实的机制。 - 本方所针对的症状是便秘,而读者在这里需要停一下。便秘的鉴别清单包括结直肠癌、甲状腺功能减退、高钙血症、肠梗阻,以及常见的药物性原因 —— 阿片类、抗胆碱药、钙通道阻滞剂、铁剂等等。中年以后新发的便秘,伴随便血、非刻意的体重下降、呕吐、腹胀,或与腹泻交替出现的便秘,不是可以「润一润」的津亏,而是需要检查的理由。老年人粪便嵌塞可表现为溢液性腹泻,容易被误认为相反的问题。本方是否具有通便效力,并未被设计良好的对照试验证实;诚实的结论是「未被证实」,且其组成并非常规的容积性或渗透性泻剂。 - 玄参 为玄参科植物玄参的根,所含成分包括哈巴俄苷等环烯醚萜苷;它落在十八反「诸参辛芍叛藜芦」的条目之内,且传统文献提示其性寒凉,脾胃虚弱者不宜。 - 麦冬 这一名称涵盖不止一种药材:正品的 麦冬 为百合科沿阶草属植物,而 山麦冬 为山麦冬属(Liriope)植物,两者并不等同。其主要成分为甾体皂苷。麦冬应用广泛、一般耐受良好。 - 生地黄 为地黄的鲜品或干燥品(未经炮制),与炮制后的 熟地黄 是两种不同药材:生品性寒凉归为清热,熟品归为补益,两者不可互相替代。 - 三味均属滋阴之品且性质滋腻,传统表述为可能困碍脾胃,而大便溏薄与食欲不振是传统上认为其不宜于某人的征象。 - 用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

滋养肺胃,降逆下气 · Nourishing the lung and stomach, directing counterflow downward; the classical formula for lung atrophy (肺痿) and for stomach yin depletion with upward counterflow

Mai Men Dong Tang (Ophiopogon Decoction) mài mén dōng tāng · 麦门冬汤

Composition 组成

  • Ophiopogon tuber
  • processed pinellia rhizome
  • ginseng
  • licorice root
  • polished round-grained rice (jing mi)
  • jujube fruit.

组成

  • 麦门冬、半夏(制)、人参、甘草、粳米、大枣
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This is a Han-dynasty formula from the Jingui Yaolüe, and it is worth reading as a composition rather than as a list of ingredients: a large amount of the moistening tuber is paired with a much smaller amount of the drying, descending 半夏, and the classical commentary explains that pairing directly - the small acrid, drying component is what keeps the large sweet, moistening one from simply sitting in the stomach. That is a real piece of traditional formula logic and it is one of the passages usually cited to explain why 半夏 appears in a formula whose stated purpose is moistening. - The presenting problems it was written for are chronic cough with scanty sputum and shortness of breath, and vomiting or nausea with a dry mouth. Both of those need the modern differential stated alongside. Chronic cough and breathlessness belong to a list that includes COPD, asthma, interstitial lung disease, bronchiectasis, tuberculosis, heart failure and lung cancer; the traditional category 肺痿, 'lung atrophy', was not arrived at by any method that could separate those from one another. Difficulty swallowing, or vomiting that is progressive, or vomiting with weight loss, needs endoscopy, because oesophageal stricture and oesophageal cancer present exactly that way and treating reflux-type symptoms as a yin-depletion pattern is a documented way of reaching a diagnosis later. - 半夏 is the ingredient with real toxicology. Raw pinellia contains calcium oxalate raphides and a lectin, and chewing it causes immediate burning and swelling of the mouth and throat that can threaten the airway; only processed material belongs in a preparation, and the classical rule places it against the aconite group. - 人参 has a documented interaction with warfarin, can cause insomnia and blood pressure changes, and falls under the incompatibility rule against 藜芦. - 甘草, licorice, in sustained amounts produces a mineralocorticoid-like syndrome - sodium and water retention, potassium loss, raised blood pressure - and interacts with digoxin, diuretics, corticosteroids and drugs that prolong the QT interval; people with hypertension, kidney or heart disease are the group most affected. - 麦冬 is ophiopogon tuber, and the name covers more than one article: 麦冬 proper and 山麦冬 (Liriope) are not identical. - 粳米 is polished rice, so the formula is gluten-free; 大枣 is high in sugar, which matters for people managing blood glucose. - Whether this formula changes the outcome of any of the conditions above has not been established by well-conducted controlled trials; it is unproven. - Quantities are for a licensed practitioner to decide, and are deliberately not listed here.

本方出自《金匮要略》,属汉代的方,值得当作一张配伍来读,而不只是药味清单:大量的润养药与量小得多的温燥降逆药 半夏 相配,而经典注释对此有直接说明 —— 正是这味辛燥之品使大量的甘润之药不至于只是停在中焦。这是传统方剂逻辑中真实的一段,也是常被引用以解释「为何以润燥为目标的方中会有半夏」的段落之一。 - 本方所针对的表现是久咳痰少、气短,以及呕吐或恶心伴口干。这两者都需要把现代鉴别清单并列写出。慢性咳嗽与气短的清单包括慢阻肺、哮喘、间质性肺病、支气管扩张、结核、心衰与肺癌;而传统类别「肺痿」并不是通过任何能够区分上述疾病的方法得出的。吞咽困难、进行性加重的呕吐,或伴体重下降的呕吐,需要内镜检查,因为食管狭窄与食管癌恰恰以此方式起病,而把反流型症状当作阴亏证处理,是现实中一再出现的、导致确诊偏晚的路径。 - 半夏 是具真实毒理的一味。生半夏含草酸钙针晶与凝集素,咀嚼后立即引起口腔咽喉灼痛肿胀,可威胁气道;任何制剂中只应使用炮制品,十八反条目中半夏与乌头类相反。 - 人参 与华法林的相互作用有记载,可致失眠与血压变化,且落在与 藜芦 相反的条目之内。 - 甘草 长期摄入产生类盐皮质激素综合征 —— 钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高 —— 并与地高辛、利尿剂、糖皮质激素及延长 QT 间期的药物相互作用;高血压、肾病、心脏病患者是最受影响的一组。 - 麦冬 这一名称涵盖不止一种药材:正品 麦冬 与 山麦冬(Liriope)并不等同。 - 粳米 为稻米,故本方不含麸质;大枣 含糖量高,需控制血糖者应计入。 - 本方是否改变上述任一疾病的结局,并未被设计良好的对照试验证实;结论是「未被证实」。 - 用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

发汗解表,清热除烦 · Releasing the exterior with sweating and clearing interior heat; the classical formula for exterior cold with interior heat, marked by chills, fever, body aches, absence of sweating, and irritability

Da Qing Long Tang (Major Bluegreen Dragon Decoction) dà qīng lóng tāng · 大青龙汤

Composition 组成

  • Ephedra herb (ma huang)
  • cassia twig (gui zhi)
  • bitter apricot kernel (xing ren)
  • licorice root (gan cao)
  • gypsum (shi gao)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • jujube fruit (da zao).

组成

  • 麻黄、桂枝、杏仁、甘草、石膏、生姜、大枣
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This is the largest of the ephedra formulas and the one whose own source text carries the sharpest warning, which is the first thing worth saying about it. Da Qing Long Tang is Ma Huang Tang - ephedra, cassia twig, apricot kernel and licorice - with gypsum, fresh ginger and jujube added and the ephedra increased. The presentation it was written for is the one the classical text names directly: chills and fever, body aches, no sweating, and irritability or restlessness. It is the irritability that separates it from the simpler Ma Huang Tang, and in the traditional reading that is the sign that heat is already established inside while the exterior is still closed. - The category is worth unpacking rather than accepting. 'Exterior cold with interior heat' is a classification inside a Han-dynasty framework, not a modern diagnosis, and the symptoms that populate it - fever, chills, muscle aches, no sweat - are also the symptoms of influenza, COVID-19, pneumonia, dengue, malaria, bacterial sepsis and many other conditions, which are not separable by any method that framework contains. Fever with a stiff neck, a rash that does not fade under pressure, confusion, breathlessness, chest pain, or fever in a person who is immunosuppressed, pregnant, very young or very old, is not a pattern to be sweated; it is an emergency assessment. - The source itself is unusually cautious. The Shanghan Lun states that the formula must not be given where the pulse is weak and faint and there is sweating with aversion to wind, and warns that giving it in that case produces counterflow cold of the limbs and twitching of the flesh. That is a second-century contraindication and it still reads correctly: a strong diaphoretic being withheld from someone who is already sweating and depleted. - 麻黄, ephedra, is the ingredient that governs the safety discussion. Its ephedrine and pseudoephedrine alkaloids are sympathomimetic amines: they raise blood pressure and heart rate, and case reports and case series link ephedra use to myocardial infarction, stroke, arrhythmia, seizure and sudden death. In 2004 the US FDA ruled dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids adulterated, and that ruling was upheld on appeal; ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are also controlled or monitored as precursor chemicals in many countries. Anyone with hypertension, coronary disease, arrhythmia, hyperthyroidism, glaucoma, prostate enlargement, anxiety or insomnia, and anyone taking stimulants, decongestants, beta-agonists, MAOI-type antidepressants or other sympathomimetics, is the group this concerns. - 石膏 is gypsum, hydrated calcium sulfate. It is a mineral drug, and mineral drugs carry the general risk of heavy-metal and other inorganic impurities depending on source and processing. - 杏仁 is bitter apricot kernel, which contains amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside that can release cyanide when crushed or digested; poisoning is documented and children are at greater risk. - 桂枝 is cassia twig, and cassia cinnamon is notably higher in coumarin than true cinnamon, which is a hepatotoxicity concern with sustained intake. - 甘草, licorice, in sustained amounts produces a mineralocorticoid-like syndrome of sodium and water retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure. - Whether this formula changes the course of any infection has not been established by well-conducted controlled trials. The honest verdict is unproven. Quantities are decided by a licensed practitioner; this site deliberately does not list them.

这是麻黄类方中力量最盛的一首,而关于它最该先说的一点是:它的出处文本本身就带着最严厉的警示。大青龙汤即麻黄汤(麻黄、桂枝、杏仁、甘草)再加石膏、生姜、大枣,并加重麻黄。其所主的表现,经典原文说得直接:恶寒发热、身疼痛、不汗出而烦躁。正是「烦躁」把它与更简单的麻黄汤分开,而传统读法把这一条视为里热已成、表气仍闭的征象。 - 这个类别值得拆开看,不宜照单接受。「外寒内热」是汉代框架内的一类分型,不是现代诊断;而填充这一类别的症状 —— 发热、恶寒、身痛、无汗 —— 同时也是流感、新冠、肺炎、登革热、疟疾、细菌性脓毒症以及许多其他疾病的表现,这套框架并不含任何能够区分上述疾病的方法。发热伴颈项强直、压之不褪色的皮疹、意识改变、气促、胸痛,或免疫抑制者、孕妇、婴幼儿与高龄者的发热,不是可以「发一发汗」的证,而是需要紧急评估的情形。 - 原文本身异常谨慎。《伤寒论》明言:脉微弱、汗出恶风者不可服之,服之则厥逆、筋惕肉瞤,此为逆也。这是一条公元二世纪的禁忌,今天读依然成立:一首峻汗之方,被明确禁止用于已经出汗且正气不足的人。 - 麻黄 是安全讨论的核心。其所含麻黄碱与伪麻黄碱属拟交感胺类,可升高血压与心率;病例报告与病例系列把麻黄的使用与心肌梗死、脑卒中、心律失常、癫痫发作及猝死联系在一起。2004 年美国 FDA 裁定含麻黄碱类生物碱的膳食补充剂为掺假产品,该裁定在上诉中得以维持;麻黄碱与伪麻黄碱在许多国家亦作为前体化学品受管制或监测。高血压、冠心病、心律失常、甲状腺功能亢进、青光眼、前列腺增生、焦虑或失眠者,以及正在使用兴奋剂、减充血剂、β 受体激动剂、单胺氧化酶抑制剂类抗抑郁药或其他拟交感药物者,是这一条所关心的那组人。 - 石膏 为含水硫酸钙,属矿物药,而矿物药普遍存在重金属与其他无机杂质风险,取决于来源与炮制。 - 杏仁 为苦杏仁,含苦杏仁苷,属氰苷,研碎或消化时可释放氰化物;其中毒确有记载,儿童风险更大。 - 桂枝 为桂类嫩枝,而桂皮类(cassia)的香豆素含量显著高于真肉桂,长期摄入存在肝毒性顾虑。 - 甘草 长期摄入产生类盐皮质激素综合征:钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高。 - 本方是否改变任一感染性疾病的病程,并未被设计良好的对照试验证实;诚实的结论是「未被证实」。用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

解表清里 · Releasing the exterior and clearing the interior; the classical formula for diarrhea with fever where heat has moved inward while the exterior is not yet released

Ge Gen Huang Qin Huang Lian Tang (Pueraria, Scutellaria and Coptis Decoction) gě gēn huáng qín huáng lián tāng · 葛根黄芩黄连汤

Composition 组成

  • Kudzu root (ge gen)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • coptis rhizome (huang lian)
  • honey-prepared licorice root (zhi gan cao).

组成

  • 葛根、黄芩、黄连、炙甘草
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Four ingredients, and it is the clearest example in the classical literature of a formula built for a mixed situation: an exterior that has not resolved and an interior that has already turned hot. Ge Gen Huang Qin Huang Lian Tang comes from the Shanghan Lun, where the line attached to it describes diarrhea that continues together with fever and a rapid pulse. The traditional reading is that heat has settled in the bowel while the exterior is still held, so the formula both lifts the exterior with 葛根 and clears the interior with the two bitter, cold roots. - The modern translation of that presentation is diarrhea with fever, and that is where a reader has to be careful, because diarrhea with fever has a differential that the traditional category does not contain. Blood or pus in the stool, high fever, signs of dehydration, severe abdominal pain, or diarrhea beginning after antibiotics all point to assessment rather than to a pattern: invasive bacterial infection, Clostridioides difficile, inflammatory bowel disease, dysentery and sepsis are on that list. In infants and older adults dehydration can become dangerous quickly, and oral rehydration, not a herbal formula, is the first thing that matters. - 黄连 is coptis rhizome, and its main constituent berberine is one of the better-studied herbal compounds, which is exactly why it needs a careful paragraph. Berberine displaces bilirubin from albumin, which is why berberine-containing preparations are a recognised hazard in jaundiced newborns and appear in the kernicterus literature; that is also why caution or avoidance is discussed in pregnancy, in breastfeeding and in neonates. Berberine inhibits CYP2D6, CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, so it can raise the blood levels of a wide range of medicines - ciclosporin and tacrolimus, some statins, some calcium channel blockers, metformin and others - and it can lower blood glucose, which is a hypoglycaemia concern for anyone already on glucose-lowering treatment. Gastrointestinal upset and constipation are common. - 黄芩 is scutellaria root. Liver injury has been reported in connection with Scutellaria-containing products, though attribution is usually confounded because the products are multi-ingredient; that is the honest framing - a signal exists, human evidence is limited. - 葛根 is kudzu root, and the name covers more than one article: 野葛 (Pueraria lobata) and 粉葛 (Pueraria thomsonii) are both used and are not identical. Kudzu is rich in the isoflavone puerarin, which has phytoestrogenic activity, and that is a reason for caution in hormone-sensitive conditions and for anyone on oestrogen-modulating treatment. - 甘草 is licorice, and in sustained amounts it produces a mineralocorticoid-like syndrome of sodium and water retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure. - Whether this formula shortens infective diarrhea has not been established by well-conducted controlled trials. The honest verdict is unproven. Quantities are decided by a licensed practitioner; this site deliberately does not list them.

本方仅四味,是古典文献中「表里同病」配伍结构最清晰的一例:表未解而里已热。葛根黄芩黄连汤出自《伤寒论》,其条文所述为下利不止而脉促、喘而汗出者。传统读法是热邪内陷于肠而表气仍郁,故本方以 葛根 升提解表,以两味苦寒之根清里。 - 这一表现翻译成现代语言就是「发热伴腹泻」,而读者在此必须谨慎,因为发热伴腹泻的鉴别清单并不在传统类别之内。便血或黏液脓血、高热、脱水征象、剧烈腹痛,或使用抗生素后出现的腹泻,指向的都是评估而非某个证:侵袭性细菌感染、艰难拟梭菌感染、炎症性肠病、痢疾与脓毒症皆在其列。婴幼儿与老年人脱水可在很短时间内变得危险,而第一位重要的是口服补液,不是某一首方。 - 黄连 为黄连根茎,其主要成分小檗碱(berberine)是草药成分中被研究得较充分的一个,正因为如此它需要一个仔细的段落。小檗碱可把胆红素从白蛋白上置换下来,这正是含小檗碱制剂在黄疸新生儿中被视为已知危害、并在核黄疸文献中出现的原因;也因此孕期、哺乳期与新生儿的慎用或避免被反复讨论。小檗碱还抑制 CYP2D6、CYP3A4 与 P-糖蛋白,可升高多种药物的血药浓度 —— 环孢素、他克莫司、部分他汀、部分钙通道阻滞剂、二甲双胍等 —— 且可降低血糖,对已在降糖治疗中的人构成低血糖顾虑。胃肠不适与便秘较常见。 - 黄芩 为黄芩根。含黄芩制品有肝损伤报告,但归因通常混杂,因为制品多为复方;诚实的说法是:信号存在,人体证据有限。 - 葛根 为葛根,而这一名称涵盖不止一种药材:野葛(Pueraria lobata)与 粉葛(P. thomsonii)均在使用,两者并不等同。葛根富含异黄酮葛根素,具植物雌激素活性;因此激素敏感状态者以及正在接受雌激素相关治疗者需当心。 - 甘草 长期摄入产生类盐皮质激素综合征:钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高。 - 本方是否缩短感染性腹泻的病程,并未被设计良好的对照试验证实;诚实的结论是「未被证实」。用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

解肌发表,行气通便 · Releasing the exterior and moving qi in the interior; the classical formula for abdominal fullness with fever, where the exterior has not resolved and the interior is already obstructed

Hou Po Qi Wu Tang (Magnolia Bark Seven-Ingredient Decoction) hòu pò qī wù tāng · 厚朴七物汤

Composition 组成

  • Magnolia bark (hou po)
  • rhubarb root (da huang)
  • immature bitter orange (zhi shi)
  • cassia twig (gui zhi)
  • licorice root (gan cao)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • jujube fruit (da zao).

组成

  • 厚朴、大黄、枳实、桂枝、甘草、生姜、大枣
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The line in the Jingui Yaolüe is short: abdominal fullness with fever and a floating rapid pulse is treated with Hou Po Qi Wu Tang. That single sentence is the clearest statement in the classical corpus of what later textbooks call 表里双解, releasing the exterior and treating the interior in the same formula: 桂枝、生姜、大枣、甘草 work on the exterior, while 厚朴、枳实、大黄 work on the bowel. The interior half is close to the composition of Hou Po San Wu Tang, the magnolia, bitter orange and rhubarb formula for abdominal fullness with constipation, which makes the structure easy to see - a purgative core wrapped in an exterior-releasing frame. - The presenting picture it addresses is abdominal fullness and distension with constipation and fever, and that is exactly the picture where a modern reader needs the differential stated loudly, because the differential contains surgical emergencies. Abdominal pain with constipation and fever is appendicitis, bowel obstruction, perforation, cholecystitis, diverticulitis and ischaemic bowel, and in women ectopic pregnancy and pelvic inflammatory disease. A stimulant laxative given to an undiagnosed abdomen is one of the classical ways of turning a survivable problem into a fatal one, and that is a real property of this formula rather than a theoretical caution. Pain that is severe, localised or worsening, or accompanied by vomiting, a rigid abdomen, blood in the stool or inability to pass gas, is not constipation to be moved; it is a reason for imaging and a surgeon. - 大黄 is rhubarb root, and its anthraquinone glycosides make it a stimulant laxative. Chronic stimulant laxative use is associated with electrolyte disturbance, particularly potassium loss, with laxative dependence, with cathartic colon and with melanosis coli, and hypokalaemia in turn amplifies the toxicity of digoxin and interacts with diuretics and with medicines that prolong the QT interval. Rhubarb is contraindicated in intestinal obstruction, in undiagnosed abdominal pain, in acute inflammatory bowel disease, in appendicitis, and in pregnancy and breastfeeding. The name also covers more than one article: 大黄 is Rheum palmatum, R. tanguticum or R. officinale, and unofficial species traded as rhubarb, such as 土大黄 and 波叶大黄, have a different anthraquinone profile and should not be substituted. - 厚朴 is magnolia bark. It is stripped from the tree, which kills it, and wild Magnolia officinalis has been depleted to the point that it is listed among China's nationally protected wild plants and is now largely cultivated. The bark carries the constituents honokiol and magnolol, which have sedative and central nervous system effects in preclinical work and therefore a plausible additive effect with alcohol, benzodiazepines and other sedatives. - 枳实 is immature bitter orange and contains synephrine-type adrenergic amines, which matters for people with hypertension, arrhythmia or glaucoma and for anyone taking stimulants, decongestants or beta-agonists. - 桂枝 is cassia twig, and cassia cinnamon carries more coumarin than true cinnamon, a hepatotoxicity concern with sustained intake. - 甘草, licorice, in sustained amounts produces a mineralocorticoid-like syndrome. - Whether this formula changes the outcome of any of the conditions above has not been established by well-conducted controlled trials. The honest verdict is unproven. Quantities are decided by a licensed practitioner; this site deliberately does not list them.

《金匮要略》的条文很短:「病腹满,发热十日,脉浮而数,饮食如故,厚朴七物汤主之。」这一句是古典文献中对后世所谓「表里双解」最清晰的表达 —— 桂枝、生姜、大枣、甘草 走表,厚朴、枳实、大黄 走里。其里证那一半接近于厚朴三物汤(厚朴、枳实、大黄)治腹满便秘的结构,因此整方的骨架很好看清:一个攻下核心,外面裹着一层解表之品。 - 本方所针对的画面是腹胀满、便秘与发热并存,而这恰恰是最需要把现代鉴别清单大声说出来的画面,因为那份清单里包含外科急症。腹痛、便秘与发热同时出现,指向的是阑尾炎、肠梗阻、穿孔、胆囊炎、憩室炎、缺血性肠病,以及女性的异位妊娠与盆腔炎。把刺激性泻剂用在一个尚未诊断的腹部,是现实中把可救治的问题变成致命问题的经典路径之一;这对本方而言是真实属性,不是理论上的提醒。剧烈、局限、进行性加重的腹痛,或伴呕吐、板状腹、便血、不能排气者,不是可以「通一通」的便秘,而是需要影像检查与外科评估的理由。 - 大黄 为大黄根茎,其所含蒽醌苷使其成为刺激性泻剂。长期使用刺激性泻剂与电解质紊乱(尤其是失钾)、泻剂依赖、泻剂结肠与结肠黑变病相关;而低钾反过来会放大地高辛的毒性,并与利尿剂及延长 QT 间期的药物相互作用。肠梗阻、未诊断的腹痛、急性炎症性肠病、阑尾炎、孕期与哺乳期均属禁忌。这一名称也涵盖不止一种药材:正品大黄为掌叶大黄、唐古特大黄或药用大黄,而作为大黄流通的非正品物种(土大黄、波叶大黄等)蒽醌组成不同,不可代用。 - 厚朴 为厚朴树皮。剥皮取药会致树死亡,野生厚朴因过度采剥而枯竭,已列入中国国家重点保护野生植物名录,现多为栽培品;树皮也正是厚朴酚与和厚朴酚所在部位,二者在临床前研究中显示镇静与中枢神经系统作用,因此与酒精、苯二氮䓬类及其他镇静剂存在合理的叠加可能。 - 枳实 为酸橙幼果,含辛弗林类肾上腺素能胺,因此高血压、心律失常、青光眼患者,以及正在使用兴奋剂、减充血剂或 β 受体激动剂者需当心。 - 桂枝 为桂类嫩枝,桂皮类香豆素含量高于真肉桂,长期摄入存在肝毒性顾虑。 - 甘草 长期摄入产生类盐皮质激素综合征。 - 本方是否改变上述任一疾病的结局,并未被设计良好的对照试验证实;诚实的结论是「未被证实」。用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

发表温里,顺气化痰,活血消积 · Releasing the exterior and warming the interior, moving qi and transforming phlegm, activating blood and dispersing accumulation; the classical formula said to address five accumulations - cold, food, qi, blood and phlegm

Wu Ji San (Five Accumulations Powder) wǔ jī sǎn · 五积散

Composition 组成

  • Atractylodes rhizome (cang zhu)
  • magnolia bark (hou po)
  • tangerine peel (chen pi)
  • processed pinellia rhizome (ban xia)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • platycodon root (jie geng)
  • bitter orange (zhi qiao)
  • angelica sinensis root (dang gui)
  • white peony root (bai shao)
  • chuanxiong rhizome (chuan xiong)
  • dried ginger (gan jiang)
  • cassia twig or bark (gui zhi / rou gui)
  • ephedra herb (ma huang)
  • angelica dahurica root (bai zhi)
  • licorice root (gan cao)
  • traditionally taken with fresh ginger or scallion white.

组成

  • 苍术、厚朴、陈皮、半夏(制)、茯苓、桔梗、枳壳、当归、白芍、川芎、干姜、桂枝(或肉桂)、麻黄、白芷、甘草(传统以生姜或葱白同煎)
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Wu Ji San is the largest formula in this batch and the most difficult one to describe honestly, because it is a deliberately composite composition. It comes from the Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang, the Song-dynasty government formulary, and its structure is usually explained as several smaller formulas overlapping: the damp-dispersing core of 苍术、厚朴、陈皮、甘草, the phlegm-transforming group of 半夏、陈皮、茯苓、甘草, the blood-moving set of 当归、川芎、白芍 with 干姜 and cassia for cold, and 麻黄、白芷、桂枝、生姜、葱白 for the exterior. 'Five accumulations' - cold, food, qi, blood and phlegm - is the mnemonic attached to it. - A formula with that many moving parts is better read as a historical artefact of a particular prescribing style than as a targeted treatment, and the safety discussion is correspondingly long. - 麻黄, ephedra, is the first ingredient that governs it. Its ephedrine and pseudoephedrine alkaloids are sympathomimetic amines that raise blood pressure and heart rate, and ephedra use is linked in case reports and case series to myocardial infarction, stroke, arrhythmia, seizure and sudden death. In 2004 the US FDA ruled dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids adulterated and that ruling was upheld on appeal; ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are also controlled or monitored as precursor chemicals in many countries. Hypertension, coronary disease, arrhythmia, hyperthyroidism, glaucoma, prostate enlargement, anxiety, insomnia, and any concurrent use of stimulants, decongestants, beta-agonists or MAOI-type antidepressants put a person in the group this concerns. - This is also the second formula in the batch that contains 麻黄, which is worth saying plainly: ephedra is not a background ingredient here, it recurs across the exterior-interior category, and the caution is not diluted by being in a mixture. - 半夏 is pinellia, and raw pinellia contains calcium oxalate raphides and a lectin; chewing it causes immediate and severe burning and swelling of the mouth and throat, and swelling at that site can threaten the airway. Only the processed forms belong in a preparation, and the classical incompatibility rule places pinellia against the aconite group. - 当归 and 川芎 both carry antiplatelet and warfarin-interaction signals in the literature. 当归 is an apiaceous root, so furanocoumarin photosensitivity is theoretically possible, and case reports describe raised INR in people taking warfarin. 川芎 contains ligustrazine and is traditionally avoided where there is a bleeding tendency; it is also one of the names that gets confused with related apiaceous roots. 白芷 is a second apiaceous root with the same furanocoumarin caveat. 白芍 is a different article from 赤芍, and the classical rule places the peonies against 藜芦. - Cassia is high in coumarin relative to true cinnamon, a hepatotoxicity concern with sustained intake. 厚朴 is stripped bark from a tree that dies in the process, and wild Magnolia officinalis is listed among China's nationally protected wild plants and is now largely cultivated. 苍术 is not 白术, and the two are used differently. 桔梗 contains saponins that are emetic in larger amounts. 干姜 and the other warming components mean the formula is not neutral for people with reflux or peptic disease. 甘草 in sustained amounts produces a mineralocorticoid-like syndrome. - Traditional sources caution against this formula in pregnancy and in people who are depleted or already sweating, which is consistent with its contents: a diaphoretic, blood-moving, warming composition. - Whether it changes the course of anything has not been established by well-conducted controlled trials. The honest verdict is unproven. Quantities are decided by a licensed practitioner; this site deliberately does not list them.

五积散是本批中最大的一首,也是最难诚实描述的一首,因为它本身就是一首刻意复合的方。它出自宋代官修方书《太平惠民和剂局方》,其结构通常被解释为若干小方的叠合:化湿的 苍术、厚朴、陈皮、甘草 一组,化痰的 半夏、陈皮、茯苓、甘草 一组,温通活血的 当归、川芎、白芍 配 干姜 与桂类,以及走表的 麻黄、白芷、桂枝、生姜、葱白。附着其上的名目是「五积」—— 寒、食、气、血、痰。 - 一味药味如此庞杂的方,更适合被读作某种处方风格的历史产物,而不是某种靶向治疗;其安全讨论也因此相应更长。 - 麻黄 是第一个主导安全讨论的药味。其所含麻黄碱与伪麻黄碱属拟交感胺类,可升高血压与心率;病例报告与病例系列把麻黄的使用与心肌梗死、脑卒中、心律失常、癫痫发作及猝死联系在一起。2004 年美国 FDA 裁定含麻黄碱类生物碱的膳食补充剂为掺假产品,该裁定在上诉中得以维持;麻黄碱与伪麻黄碱在许多国家亦作为前体化学品受管制或监测。高血压、冠心病、心律失常、甲状腺功能亢进、青光眼、前列腺增生、焦虑、失眠者,以及正在使用兴奋剂、减充血剂、β 受体激动剂或单胺氧化酶抑制剂类抗抑郁药者,是这一条所关心的那组人。 - 这也是本批中第二首含 麻黄 的方,值得直说:麻黄在这里不是背景药味,它在表里双解这一类中反复出现,而进入复方并不会稀释这条警示。 - 半夏 含草酸钙针晶与凝集素(生品),咀嚼后立即引起口腔与咽喉剧烈灼痛肿胀,而该部位的肿胀可能威胁气道;任何制剂中只应使用炮制品,十八反条目中半夏与乌头类相反。 - 当归 与 川芎 在文献中均有抗血小板与华法林相互作用的信号。当归 属伞形科根类,呋喃香豆素光敏反应在理论上可能,且有个案报告描述服用华法林者 INR 升高。川芎 含川芎嗪,传统上在出血倾向者慎用;它也是容易与相近伞形科药材混淆的名称之一。白芷 同属伞形科,同样存在呋喃香豆素光敏的顾虑。白芍 与 赤芍 是两种不同药材,十八反「诸参辛芍叛藜芦」条目把芍药列入其中。 - 桂皮类(cassia)的香豆素含量高于真肉桂,长期摄入存在肝毒性顾虑。厚朴 取皮即致树死,野生厚朴已列入中国国家重点保护野生植物名录,现多为栽培品。苍术 不是 白术,两者用法不同。桔梗 含皂苷,量较大时可致恶心呕吐。干姜 与其他温里药味意味着本方对反流或消化性溃疡者并非中性。甘草 长期摄入产生类盐皮质激素综合征。 - 传统文献对本方在孕期以及正气不足、已有汗出者有所告诫,这与它的组成是一致的:一首发汗、活血、温里的方。 - 本方是否改变任一疾病的结局,并未被设计良好的对照试验证实;诚实的结论是「未被证实」。用量由持证医师决定,本站刻意不列。

行气解郁(六郁:气、血、痰、火、湿、食) · Moves qi and releases constraint; the classical formula for the six stagnations

Yue Ju Wan (Constraint-Resolving Pill) yuè jū wán · 越鞠丸

Composition 组成

  • Cyperus rhizome (xiang fu)
  • Sichuan lovage rhizome (chuan xiong)
  • atractylodes rhizome (cang zhu)
  • medicated leaven (shen qu)
  • gardenia fruit (zhi zi).

组成

  • 香附、川芎、苍术、神曲、栀子
Source 出处 · Danxi Xinfa · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Yue Ju Wan is the formula Zhu Zhenheng's Danxi Xinfa gives for 'the six stagnations' - qi, blood, phlegm, fire, dampness and food - and the first thing worth noticing is that there are only five herbs in it. The classical answer to that arithmetic is that qi stands first: the tradition reads constraint of qi as the condition out of which the other five develop, so moving qi is treated as the entry point rather than as one item on a list. Which herb is assigned to which stagnation is not uniform between commentaries; the common mapping is cyperus for qi, Sichuan lovage for blood, atractylodes for dampness, medicated leaven for food and gardenia for fire, with phlegm addressed through the qi and dampness herbs rather than by a herb of its own. That mapping is a teaching device inside a Yuan-dynasty nosology, not a claim about six separate modern diseases. 'Constraint' here covers presentations that today would be sorted into mood and anxiety disorders, functional gastrointestinal disorders, chronic fatigue states, premenstrual symptoms and any number of others, and the classical framework has no method for telling them apart. This matters most where mood is concerned. Stagnation is not depression, and nothing here treats depression: persistent low mood, loss of interest, and any thought of self-harm belong in professional mental-health care, and suicidal thinking is an emergency. The individual herbs carry their own cautions: - Gardenia fruit's iridoid constituents, geniposide among them, have produced liver toxicity in animal and laboratory studies, and case reports of liver injury have been described around gardenia-containing preparations, so people with liver disease or on hepatically cleared medicines should not assume it is inert. - Medicated leaven is fermented with wheat and therefore carries gluten, which rules it out in coeliac disease. - Sichuan lovage is used cautiously alongside anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs and is traditionally avoided in pregnancy. - Cyperus and atractylodes are aromatics whose long-term use is not well characterised. One last practical point about names: this formula is also called xiong zhu wan, and modern products carrying the name Yue Ju Wan do not all contain the same five herbs. Read the label rather than the name.

越鞠丸是《丹溪心法》为「六郁」——气、血、痰、火、湿、食——而立的方,第一件值得说明的事是它只有五味药。传统的解释是气郁为首:气机郁滞被视为其余五郁由以产生的条件,所以行气被当作入手处,而不是清单上的一项。至于哪味药对应哪郁,各家注本并不一致;常见的是香附理气、川芎理血、苍术燥湿、神曲消食、栀子清火,痰郁则通过理气与燥湿之药间接处理。 这是一套元代病名体系内的教学安排,不是关于六种现代疾病的断言。「郁」在这里涵盖的临床表现,今天会分入情绪与焦虑障碍、功能性胃肠病、慢性疲乏状态、经前不适等许多类别,而传统框架没有任何办法把它们区分开。 这一点在情绪上最要紧:郁不等于抑郁症,本条也不声称能改善抑郁症。持续的情绪低落、兴趣丧失以及任何自伤的念头属于专业精神卫生照护的范围,有自杀意念是急症。 单味药各有其注意: - 栀子的环烯醚萜类成分(京尼平苷等)在动物与实验室研究中出现肝脏毒性,含栀子制剂周围亦有肝损伤的病例报告,故肝病者或正在服用经肝清除药物者不应把它当作无关紧要的药味。 - 神曲以麦发酵而含麸质,乳糜泻者不适用。 - 川芎与抗凝、抗血小板药物同用须谨慎,传统认为孕期不宜。 - 香附、苍术属芳香走窜之品,长期使用的安全性特征并不充分。 最后一点关于方名:本方又名芎术丸,而现代名为越鞠丸的产品未必都是这五味。请以标签为准,不以方名为准。

通阳散结,行气祛痰;胸痹心中痞气、气结在胸 · Unblocks yang and dissipates binding, moves qi and dispels phlegm; the Jingui Yaolüe formula for chest binding with counterflow qi

Zhi Shi Xie Bai Gui Zhi Tang (Immature Bitter Orange, Chinese Chive Bulb and Cassia Twig Decoction) zhǐ shí xiè bái guì zhī tāng · 枳实薤白桂枝汤

Composition 组成

  • Immature bitter orange (zhi shi)
  • magnolia bark (hou po)
  • Chinese chive bulb (xie bai)
  • cassia twig (gui zhi)
  • Trichosanthes fruit (gua lou).

组成

  • 枳实、厚朴、薤白、桂枝、瓜蒌(栝楼实)
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This is the second of the Jingui Yaolüe's chest-binding formulas and the one whose indication is hardest to read safely across two thousand years. The text places it in the chapter on chest painful obstruction, heart pain and shortness of breath; the presentation is a full stifling sensation in the chest, a feeling of something knotted behind the breastbone, and counterflow qi rising. In the classical reading that is yang failing to open with phlegm-cold binding in the chest, and the formula answers it with acrid-warm opening on one side - cassia twig, Chinese chive bulb, magnolia bark - and downward-moving, phlegm-clearing on the other - immature bitter orange, Trichosanthes fruit. The honest translation problem is the important part. Chest painful obstruction in a Han-dynasty text is not a disease, it is a description of a symptom cluster; and that cluster is also the symptom cluster of acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, aortic dissection, pericarditis, gastro-oesophageal reflux, pneumothorax, pneumonia and panic. The classical examination has no way to separate them. This is one of the few places in a knowledge base where the safety note has to come before the culture. New or worsening chest pain - especially with breathlessness, sweating, nausea, or pain spreading to arm, neck or jaw, or in anyone with known heart disease, diabetes, or over fifty - is an emergency and belongs with emergency services first, not with a pattern differentiation. A formula built on acrid-warm opening is not a neutral thing to take into undifferentiated chest pain. On the herbs themselves: - Immature bitter orange contains synephrine, a sympathomimetic amine, and products in this group have been linked to cardiovascular events, so caution is warranted in hypertension, coronary disease, arrhythmia and glaucoma, and alongside stimulant or monoamine-oxidase-inhibitor medicines. - Magnolia bark's lignans, honokiol and magnolol, show central nervous system depression in animal work, which argues for care with sedatives and alcohol and in pregnancy. - Cassia twig comes from the cinnamon plant whose bark contains coumarin; coumarin hepatotoxicity in susceptible people is documented for cassia cinnamon, so anyone on warfarin or with liver disease should treat it as more than a kitchen spice. - Trichosanthes fruit belongs to the classical incompatibility group said to oppose Aconitum, and Chinese chive bulb is an Allium, so the antiplatelet and allergy cautions that apply to the onion and garlic family apply to it.

这是《金匮要略》胸痹方中的第二首,也是最难安全地跨两千年解读的一首。原文把它列在「胸痹心痛短气」篇,所述为胸中痞塞、心下痞气、气结在胸而气逆上冲之候。传统读法是阳气不宣、痰寒结聚胸中,故以辛温开通(桂枝、薤白、厚朴)与降气涤痰(枳实、瓜蒌)并行。 真正要紧的是翻译上的诚实问题:汉代的「胸痹」不是一种疾病,而是一组症状的描述;而这组症状同样是急性冠脉综合征、心肌梗死、肺栓塞、主动脉夹层、心包炎、胃食管反流、气胸、肺炎与惊恐发作的表现,传统诊察手段无法把它们区分开。 这是知识库里少数必须把安全提示放在文化阐释之前的条目。新发或加重的胸痛——尤其伴气促、出汗、恶心、向手臂颈部下颌放射,或发生于已知心脏病、糖尿病者及五十岁以上者——属于急症,应先交给急救系统,而不是先做辨证。以辛温开通为法的方子,在尚未鉴别的胸痛面前不是中性的东西。 单味药方面: - 枳实含辛弗林,属拟交感胺,该类产品与心血管事件相关联,故高血压、冠心病、心律失常、青光眼者以及合用兴奋剂或单胺氧化酶抑制剂者须谨慎。 - 厚朴的木脂素(和厚朴酚、厚朴酚)在动物实验中出现中枢抑制,与镇静剂、酒精同用及孕期宜慎。 - 桂枝取自肉桂树,其树皮含香豆素,而卡西亚肉桂的香豆素肝毒性在易感人群中已有记载,故服华法林者或有肝病者不应仅把它当作厨房香料。 - 瓜蒌属于传统「十八反」中与乌头类相反的一组;薤白为葱属,故葱蒜一类的抗血小板与过敏注意同样适用于它。

行气降逆,宽胸散结 · Moves qi and directs counterflow downward, opens the chest and disperses binding

Si Mo Tang (Four Milled Ingredients Decoction) sì mó tāng · 四磨汤

Composition 组成

  • Ginseng root (ren shen)
  • areca seed (bing lang)
  • agarwood (chen xiang)
  • lindera root (wu yao).

组成

  • 人参、槟榔、沉香、乌药
Source 出处 · Jisheng Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The name is about method rather than composition: si mo means the four ingredients were traditionally ground rather than boiled. The Song-dynasty Jisheng Fang gives it for constraint and counterflow rising out of emotional strain - a stifled chest, laboured breathing, qi that will not descend. Ginseng is the unusual ingredient, because a formula that is mostly about forcing qi downward keeps a supplementing herb: the classical reasoning is that driving qi in a depleted person depletes them further. Commentaries differ on how much ginseng that balance needs, and whether the reasoning holds is honestly not something a knowledge base can settle. What does need saying plainly concerns areca. Both areca nut and betel quid with tobacco are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as carcinogenic to humans, and the mechanism is not only the tobacco: areca nut on its own sits in the same category, tied to oral submucous fibrosis, leukoplakia, and oral and oesophageal cancer, with risk rising with the duration and frequency of chewing. Arecoline is also cholinomimetic, and case reports tie areca to bronchospasm in people with asthma, together with bradycardia and hypotension; there are reports of interactions with anticholinesterase medicines and with anaesthesia. A herb that is a documented carcinogen when chewed is not necessarily one when swallowed in a decoction - the exposures are different, and I am not going to claim a certainty the literature does not contain. But chewing areca for any purpose is a different order of risk from taking a formula that contains it, and anyone with oral lesions, asthma, heart-rhythm problems or a planned operation should raise it. The other cautions: - Agarwood: every Aquilaria species is listed in CITES Appendix II, wild agarwood harvest is a real conservation problem, and legal products should be traceable to cultivated or lawfully sourced material. - Ginseng has a documented case report of reducing warfarin's effect, is a stimulant for some people, and is classically set against veratrum. - Lindera root is mild by reputation but is worth keeping apart from the name that sounds like it: wu yao is Lindera aggregata, not wu tou, which is Aconitum and a different level of hazard entirely. - Modern proprietary products sold under this name vary in composition: the name identifies a lineage, not a fixed list of ingredients.

方名说的是方法而不是组成:「四磨」指传统上这四味是磨服而非煎服。宋代《济生方》用它治情志郁结、气逆不降所致的胸膈痞闷、喘息上气。人参是其中不寻常的一味:一个以降气为主的方子却保留补益之药,传统的解释是虚者行气更伤正气。不过注本对人参该占多少比重看法不一,而这个推理是否成立,老实说不是知识库能裁定的。 需要明确说明的是槟榔:国际癌症研究机构把槟榔果与含烟草的槟榔嚼块同列为人类致癌物,机制并不只来自烟草——槟榔果本身即在同一类别,与口腔黏膜下纤维化、口腔白斑、口腔癌与食管癌相关,风险随咀嚼的年限与频度上升。槟榔碱同时具有拟胆碱作用,有个案报告把槟榔与哮喘者的支气管痉挛以及心动过缓、低血压联系起来,并与抗胆碱酯酶药、麻醉有相互作用的报告。 一种在咀嚼时被证实致癌的药物,不等于在汤剂中同等致癌——暴露方式不同,我不会声称文献并未给出的确定性。但为任何目的咀嚼槟榔,与服用含有槟榔的方剂,是两种不同量级的风险;有口腔病损、哮喘、心律问题或拟行手术者应主动告知。 其余注意: - 沉香:全部 Aquilaria 属物种均列入 CITES 附录二,野生沉香采伐是真实的保育问题,合法产品应可追溯到人工种植或合法来源。 - 人参有降低华法林作用的病例报告,对部分人有兴奋作用,且传统列为反藜芦。 - 乌药向来被认为平和,但值得与读音相近者分开:乌药是樟科乌药,不是乌头——后者是毛茛科乌头属,危险程度完全不同。 - 现代同名产品的组成并不一致:方名指的是一个传承脉络,不是一份固定的药味清单。

温补肝肾,行气止痛;肝肾虚寒之小腹疼痛、疝气 · Warms and supplements the liver and kidney, moves qi and eases pain; Zhang Jiebin's formula for cold in the lower abdomen and shan disorder

Nuan Gan Jian (Liver-Warming Decoction) nuǎn gān jiān · 暖肝煎

Composition 组成

  • Chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • goji berry (gou qi zi)
  • fennel fruit (xiao hui xiang)
  • cassia bark (rou gui)
  • lindera root (wu yao)
  • agarwood (chen xiang)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang).

组成

  • 当归、枸杞子、小茴香、肉桂、乌药、沉香、茯苓、生姜
Source 出处 · Jingyue Quanshu · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Zhang Jiebin put this in the Jingyue Quanshu for cold of the liver and kidney showing as lower abdominal pain and shan disorder, and the structure is easy to read once you see the two jobs it does at once: warming and supplementing on one side - angelica, goji berry, cassia bark - and moving qi on the other - fennel, lindera, agarwood - with poria and ginger draining and harmonising. It is the classic example of a warm-supplementing formula written for a condition that presents as pain and cold rather than as deficiency. Two honest caveats come first. The 'liver' in the name is the TCM functional system and the path of the liver channel through the lower abdomen and groin, not the anatomical organ; nothing here is a statement about liver function tests or hepatic disease. And the condition it is written for is one where delay does real damage. Classical shan covers a painful groin or scrotal swelling, which today would be sorted into inguinal hernia, hydrocele, epididymo-orchitis, varicocele, testicular torsion, and referred pain from the urinary tract or the spine - and the classical framework cannot separate them. A groin or scrotal swelling that becomes suddenly painful, firm, red or irreducible, or that comes with vomiting, is a surgical emergency: a strangulated hernia and a testicular torsion are both lost by the hour, and torsion is measured in hours, not days. The same caution applies to lower abdominal pain with fever, vomiting, blood in urine or stool, or any possibility of pregnancy, where ectopic pregnancy is on the differential. Among the herbs: - Cassia bark carries the best-documented hazard. Cassia cinnamon contains coumarin, and European food-safety assessments set a tolerable daily intake for coumarin because of hepatotoxicity in susceptible people; it also lowers blood glucose, so people with diabetes, and those on warfarin or with liver disease, should not treat it as a spice with no ceiling. - Angelica root contains coumarin derivatives and furanocoumarins; there are case reports of raised INR and bruising with warfarin, and of photosensitivity. Goji berry has case reports of the same kind of interaction. - Fennel contains estragole, which produces liver tumours in rodents at intakes far above culinary use - a preclinical signal, not a demonstrated human risk at food amounts. - Agarwood is CITES Appendix II across the whole genus, so traceable sourcing matters. - Lindera is mild but is not aconite, and the two names are worth keeping apart.

张介宾在《景岳全书》中为肝肾虚寒所致小腹疼痛与疝气而立此方。结构看清同时做的两件事就很好读:一边温补(当归、枸杞子、肉桂),一边行气(小茴香、乌药、沉香),茯苓与生姜渗湿和中。它是为「症似寒痛而本为虚」这一类而写的温补方的典型。 先说两条诚实的前置说明。方名里的「肝」是藏象的肝与肝经循行少腹、阴器的部位概念,不是解剖学器官;本条不涉及肝功能检验或肝脏疾病。而它所主的病,恰恰是延误会造成真实损害的那一类。 传统的「疝」涵盖腹股沟或阴囊肿痛,今天会分入腹股沟疝、鞘膜积液、附睾睾丸炎、精索静脉曲张、睾丸扭转以及泌尿道或脊柱的放射痛,传统框架无法区分。腹股沟或阴囊肿块若突然变痛、变硬、发红或不能回纳,或伴呕吐,属外科急症:嵌顿疝与睾丸扭转都是按小时丧失机会的病,睾丸扭转以小时计而非以天计。小腹痛伴发热、呕吐、尿血或便血,以及存在任何妊娠可能者同理——异位妊娠在鉴别之列。 药物方面: - 肉桂是有明确记载风险的那一味。卡西亚肉桂含香豆素,欧洲食品安全评估因易感人群的肝毒性为其设定了每日可耐受摄入量;它亦有降血糖作用,故糖尿病者、服华法林者及肝病者不应把它当作没有上限的香料。 - 当归含香豆素衍生物与呋喃香豆素,有与华法林同用出现 INR 升高、瘀斑以及光敏的病例报告;枸杞子亦有同类相互作用的病例报告。 - 小茴香含爱草脑,在远高于烹饪用量的摄入下可使啮齿动物出现肝脏肿瘤——这是临床前信号,不是已证实的人类食用量风险。 - 沉香全属列入 CITES 附录二,来源可追溯这件事是有意义的。 - 乌药平和,但不是乌头,两个名字值得分开。

补气活血通络;《医林改错》为中风后半身不遂、口眼歪斜等后遗症而立 · Supplements qi and quickens the blood, opens the channels; Wang Qingren's formula for the sequelae of wind stroke

Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang (Yang-Supplementing Five-Returning Decoction) bǔ yáng huán wǔ tāng · 补阳还五汤

Composition 组成

  • Milkvetch root (huang qi
  • unprepared)
  • Chinese angelica tail (dang gui wei)
  • red peony root (chi shao)
  • earthworm (di long)
  • Sichuan lovage rhizome (chuan xiong)
  • safflower (hong hua)
  • peach kernel (tao ren).

组成

  • 黄芪(生)、当归尾、赤芍、地龙、川芎、红花、桃仁
Source 出处 · Yilin Gaicuo · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Wang Qingren published Yilin Gaicuo in 1830 largely to argue that the received anatomy was wrong, and this formula sits at the end of his discussion of hemiplegia. The account he gives is arithmetical: he holds that the body has ten parts of upright qi, that hemiplegia represents the loss of half of it, and that the formula's job is to give back the five that are missing, which is what the name means. Modern readers usually find the arithmetic unconvincing and the formula interesting anyway, because the reasoning behind the composition is not in doubt. A formula whose purpose is moving blood is built with the supplementing herb as its overwhelmingly largest component, on the argument that blood will not move in a person whose qi is too depleted to move it. The safety problem is the indication, and it has to come first. What the classical text calls wind stroke with hemiplegia is a description of a residual state, but hemiplegia in a modern clinic is not a residual state until someone has established that it is. Acute ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, spinal cord compression, brain tumour, hypoglycaemia and hemiplegic migraine all present with one-sided weakness, and the first three are emergencies where the timetable is measured in minutes. This formula is written for the aftermath, not the event. Nothing here belongs in the first hours of a new one-sided weakness, facial droop, speech disturbance or visual loss, and Wang Qingren's own text places it after the acute episode, which is the ordering worth preserving. A second caveat about the source: Wang Qingren's anatomy was wrong in ways he was himself the first to say out loud. That is a reason to read him as a careful observer rather than as an authority, and to hold his theory loosely while taking the clinical description seriously. On the herbs: - Earthworm is the animal ingredient and the one with the least classical precedent for this use. Lumbrokinase and related fibrinolytic enzymes from earthworm are an active research subject; case reports describe allergic reaction and a raised bleeding tendency. Anyone on anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs or thrombolytics, anyone with a bleeding disorder, and anyone facing surgery should not assume it is inert. Earthworms concentrate whatever is present in the soil they live in, so heavy-metal content is a real question for material that has not been tested. - Safflower and peach kernel are both blood-quickening and both traditionally avoided in pregnancy. Peach kernel is a Prunus seed and therefore carries the cyanogenic glycoside question that applies to bitter almond: a genuine hazard in large or prolonged intakes, and not something to explore casually. - Sichuan lovage and red peony are used cautiously alongside anticoagulants and antiplatelets. Red peony also belongs to the classical incompatibility group said to oppose veratrum. - Angelica tail carries the cautions of angelica generally: coumarin derivatives and furanocoumarins, case reports of raised INR and bruising with warfarin, and reports of photosensitivity. - Astragalus is immunologically active. People on immunosuppressants after transplant or for autoimmune disease should raise it rather than assume a tonic is neutral. One naming point: the name is sometimes shortened, and modern products sold under it do not all contain the same seven herbs. Read the label, not the name.

王清任 1830 年刊《医林改错》,主旨是论证传世脏腑图说有误,而此方正在他论半身不遂一节的末尾。他给出的解释是算术式的:人身原有十分元气,半身不遂是亏损五成,此方的任务是把亏掉的五成还回去——方名即由此而来。现代读者多半觉得这个算法难以成立,却仍然认为此方值得研究,因为组成背后的推理并不难解:一个以活血为目的的方子,却以补气药为分量最大的一味,理由是气虚到推不动血的人,血是行不起来的。 要紧的是它的适应症,而且必须放在最前面说。古典文本里的「中风半身不遂」描述的是一种后遗状态;但现代诊所里的一侧肢体无力,在有人确认它是后遗状态之前并不是后遗状态。急性缺血性卒中、脑出血、脊髓压迫、脑肿瘤、低血糖与偏瘫型偏头痛都可以表现为单侧无力,前三种是按分钟计算时程的急症。此方是为后遗阶段而写,不是为事件当时而写。新出现的单侧无力、口角歪斜、言语障碍或视力丧失,在最初几小时内与它无关;《医林改错》原文也是把它放在急性期之后,这个次序值得保留。 关于出处的第二点:王清任的解剖学本身错得厉害,而他正是第一个公开说这话的人。这提示我们把他当作一位细致的观察者,而不是当作权威——理论可以存疑,临床描述则值得认真对待。 单味药: - 地龙是其中的动物药,也是用在此处古典依据最少的一味。蚯蚓纤溶酶及其相关溶栓活性成分是活跃的研究课题,有个案报告记载过敏反应与出血倾向升高。正在使用抗凝药、抗血小板药或溶栓药者,有出血性疾病者,以及拟行手术者,不应把它当作无关紧要的药味。蚯蚓会富集其生存土壤中的物质,故未经检测的材料其重金属含量是一个真实的问题。 - 红花与桃仁均为活血之品,传统认为孕期不宜。桃仁是蔷薇科李属种子,因此带有与苦杏仁相同的氰苷问题:大量或久服是真实的风险,不宜随意尝试。 - 川芎与赤芍与抗凝、抗血小板药同用须谨慎。赤芍又属传统「十八反」中与藜芦相反的一组。 - 当归尾带有当归通有的注意:香豆素衍生物与呋喃香豆素,有与华法林同用出现 INR 升高、瘀斑的病例报告,以及光敏的报告。 - 黄芪具有免疫活性。移植术后或自身免疫病而服用免疫抑制剂者,应主动提出,而不是假定补益药是中性的。 最后一点关于方名:此名常被简称,而现代同名产品的组成未必都是这七味。请以标签为准,不以方名为准。

温经散寒、养血祛瘀;冲任虚寒、瘀血阻滞之月经不调、崩漏、不孕、少腹里急 · Warms the channels and dissipates cold, nourishes blood and dispels stasis; the Jingui Yaolüe formula for deficient cold of the thoroughfare and conception vessels with blood stasis

Wen Jing Tang (Channel-Warming Decoction) wēn jīng tāng · 温经汤

Composition 组成

  • Evodia fruit (wu zhu yu)
  • Chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • Sichuan lovage rhizome (chuan xiong)
  • peony root (shao yao)
  • ginseng root (ren shen)
  • cassia twig (gui zhi)
  • donkey-hide gelatin (e jiao)
  • moutan bark (mu dan pi)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • liquorice root (gan cao)
  • pinellia rhizome (ban xia)
  • ophiopogon tuber (mai men dong).

组成

  • 吴茱萸、当归、川芎、芍药、人参、桂枝、阿胶、牡丹皮、生姜、甘草、半夏、麦门冬
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Two different formulas carry this name and they are not interchangeable. The one in the Jingui Yaolüe and the one in the Furen Daquan Liangfang differ in composition and in what they are for. This entry is the Jingui Yaolüe version, which is the one usually meant when the name is used without qualification. The formula is worth reading as architecture rather than as a list. It warms at one end (evodia, cassia twig, ginger), nourishes and binds at the other (angelica, peony, donkey-hide gelatin, ophiopogon), moves what has settled (Sichuan lovage, moutan bark), and keeps the whole from drying out or rising (pinellia, liquorice). That combination - warming a cold that is real while supplementing a deficiency that is also real, in a person whose blood has stopped moving - is why it has stayed in use. Whether the classical diagnosis it is written for corresponds to anything a modern clinic would group together is, honestly, not answerable from the text. The indication is where the safety note belongs. It is written for irregular menstruation, uterine bleeding, infertility and a cold dragging sensation in the lower abdomen, and none of those are self-interpreting. Any postmenopausal bleeding needs evaluation for endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma before it is anything else. Abnormal uterine bleeding in someone who could be pregnant includes ectopic pregnancy, and that is lost by the day. Heavy bleeding in a person with a personal or family history of bleeding problems, or in someone on anticoagulants, is a different question from a pattern of deficient cold. Fibroids, adenomyosis, polyps, thyroid disease, coagulopathies and the bleeding changes of perimenopause all produce the same presenting complaint, and the classical framework has no method for telling them apart. None of this is a reason not to use the formula; it is a reason not to let it be the first thing that happens. On the herbs: - Evodia fruit carries the best-documented hazard. Wu zhu yu is classically listed as having mild toxicity, and liver injury has been reported around Evodia-containing preparations, so anyone with liver disease or on hepatically cleared medicines should not treat it as a warming spice. - Pinellia needs saying plainly: raw pinellia contains calcium oxalate raphides and a lectin that can produce severe throat swelling, which is why it is used only processed, and the airway threat is not theoretical. It also belongs to the group classically said to oppose aconite. - Donkey-hide gelatin is animal-derived, and adulteration with other hides is a documented problem in the trade; that is an authenticity question rather than a toxicological one, but vegetarians will want to know it is there. - Moutan bark quickens blood and is traditionally used with caution in pregnancy, which matters here because infertility is one of the stated indications. - Peony: whether this is red or white peony is not settled by the text and the two are not interchangeable. Both fall in the classical group of herbs said to oppose veratrum, which is a statement about what not to add to this formula, not about the formula itself. - Ophiopogon is mai men dong, and the Liriope tuber sold as shan mai dong is a different material with a different name. - Ginseng has a documented case report of reducing warfarin's effect and is stimulating for some people. One last point: the formula contains blood-quickening herbs and is traditionally avoided in pregnancy, and the classical indication of infertility means pregnancy is a live possibility in exactly the population it was written for.

有两个不同的方子共用此名,且不可互代:《金匮要略》本与《妇人大全良方》本,组成与所主皆异。本条是《金匮要略》本,即单称「温经汤」时通常所指的那一首。 此方值得当作结构来读,而不是当作清单:一端温散(吴茱萸、桂枝、生姜),一端滋养固摄(当归、芍药、阿胶、麦门冬),中间推动已停之血(川芎、牡丹皮),并以半夏、甘草防止燥烈与气逆。寒是真的寒、虚也是真的虚,而血已不行——这三件事同时成立,正是它沿用至今的原因。至于它所主的古典诊断是否对应现代诊所会归为一类的任何情况,老实说,从文本本身无法回答。 安全提示属于适应症。它主月经不调、崩漏、不孕与少腹里急冷感,而这些都不是可以自行判断的。任何绝经后出血,在成为别的东西之前,首先需要评估子宫内膜增生与内膜癌。有妊娠可能的异常子宫出血包含异位妊娠,那是以天计而会失去的病。有个人或家族出血病史者、或正在服用抗凝药者的大量出血,与虚寒的证候是两类问题。子宫肌瘤、子宫腺肌症、内膜息肉、甲状腺疾病、凝血障碍以及围绝经期的出血改变,表现完全相同,而传统框架无法区分。这些都不是不用此方的理由,而是不让此方成为第一件事的理由。 单味药: - 吴茱萸是有明确记载风险的那一味。传统列为有小毒,含吴茱萸制剂周围已有肝损伤的报告,故肝病者或正在服用经肝清除药物者不应把它当作温中香料。 - 半夏需要说清楚:生半夏含草酸钙针晶与凝集素,可致严重的咽喉肿痛,气道威胁并非理论上的事,所以它只经炮制后使用;它又属传统与乌头相反的一组。 - 阿胶为动物来源,市场上以其他皮掺伪是有记载的问题;这是真伪问题而非毒理问题,但素食者应当知道它的存在。 - 牡丹皮活血,传统认为孕期慎用——这一点在此处尤其要紧,因为不孕正是它的适应症之一。 - 芍药:此处是赤芍还是白芍,文本并未确定,而二者不可互代;两者都属传统「与藜芦相反」的一组,那是说不能往这个方子里加什么,不是说方子本身如何。 - 麦门冬是百合科沿阶草的块根,而百合科山麦冬(山麦冬)是另一种材料、另一个名字。 - 人参有降低华法林作用的病例报告,对部分人有兴奋作用。 最后一点:此方含活血之品,传统认为孕期不宜;而它所主的不孕一项,恰好意味着怀孕在这个方子所针对的人群中是可能发生的。

凉血止血、利水通淋;血淋、尿血 · Cools the blood and stops bleeding, promotes urination and frees painful urinary dribbling

Xiao Ji Yin Zi (Small Thistle Drink) xiǎo jì yǐn zǐ · 小蓟饮子

Composition 组成

  • Unprepared rehmannia root (sheng di huang)
  • field thistle (xiao ji)
  • talc (hua shi)
  • akebia or clematis stem (mu tong)
  • cattail pollen (pu huang)
  • lotus rhizome node (ou jie)
  • lophatherum leaf (dan zhu ye)
  • Chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • gardenia fruit (zhi zi)
  • liquorice root (gan cao).

组成

  • 生地黄、小蓟、滑石、木通、蒲黄、藕节、淡竹叶、当归、栀子、甘草
Source 出处 · Jisheng Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Yan Yonghe's Jisheng Fang gives this for blood lin and blood in the urine, and the logic is easy to state: cool the blood so that it stops leaving the vessels, and open the water passages so that whatever has settled gets out. The two halves are visible in the composition - field thistle, unprepared rehmannia, lotus node and cattail pollen on the bleeding side, talc, mu tong and lophatherum on the urination side, gardenia draining heat downward, and angelica and liquorice moderating the whole. Then the honest part. Blood in the urine is one of those presentations where the classical name is the least useful thing about it. Visible haematuria in a modern clinic carries a differential that includes bladder and kidney cancer, ureteric and renal stones, urinary tract infection, glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, prostate disease, schistosomiasis in endemic areas, tuberculosis, trauma, menstruation, strenuous exercise, and anticoagulant medication. Painless visible haematuria is specifically the presentation that urology services treat as a referral for cancer investigation until proven otherwise, because urothelial cancer of the bladder and upper tract presents exactly that way and is curable when found early. A knowledge base that let someone read 尿血 as a pattern and stop there would be doing harm. Blood in the urine gets investigated, and this formula does not change that. Fever, loin pain, or inability to pass urine alongside it moves the timetable up considerably. The second honest part is the ingredient that has actually killed people, and it is a naming problem rather than a pharmacology problem. Mu tong is not one plant. In classical texts it most often means Akebia, and in modern Chinese practice it usually means the clematis stem called chuan mu tong; but it was also, for much of the twentieth century, supplied as guan mu tong, which is Aristolochia manshuriensis and contains aristolochic acid. Aristolochic acid causes a progressive interstitial nephropathy and is an established cause of urothelial carcinoma; the Belgian slimming-clinic cohort and the Balkan endemic nephropathy literature are the two bodies of evidence most often cited, and Chinese regulators withdrew the medicinal standard for guan mu tong in 2003. The point for a reader is not that this formula is dangerous. It is that the identity of the mu tong in it has to be known, and that a product which does not say which plant it used has not answered the question. Other cautions: - Talc is a mined mineral, and asbestos-form amphiboles are the classic contaminant; pharmaceutical-grade talc is tested for them and material of unknown origin is not. That is a reason to care about the source of a mineral ingredient, not a reason to assume the worst. - Gardenia's iridoid constituents, geniposide among them, have produced liver toxicity in animal and laboratory studies, and liver injury has been reported around gardenia-containing preparations. - Cattail pollen quickens blood and is traditionally used with caution in pregnancy. - Unprepared rehmannia is not prepared rehmannia. Unprepared is the cooling one, and the two are not substitutes. - Lophatherum is dan zhu ye and is not the same leaf as zhu ye. Angelica carries the warfarin and photosensitivity cautions that apply to angelica generally.

严用和《济生方》以此方主血淋、尿血,其理路不难说明:凉血则血不再离经,通利水道则已停之物得以排出。组成的两个部分清晰可见——凉血止血一边是小蓟、生地黄、藕节、蒲黄,通淋一边是滑石、木通、淡竹叶,栀子引热下行,当归与甘草调和全方。 接下来是诚实的部分。尿血属于古典病名最没有用的那类情况之一。现代诊所里的肉眼血尿,其鉴别范围包括膀胱癌与肾癌、输尿管与肾结石、尿路感染、肾小球肾炎、IgA 肾病、前列腺疾病、流行区的血吸虫病、结核、外伤、月经来潮、剧烈运动以及抗凝药物。其中无痛性肉眼血尿,正是泌尿外科视为须排查肿瘤而转诊的表现,因为膀胱与上尿路尿路上皮癌恰恰以此起病,而早期发现是可以获得良好结局的。一本让读到「尿血」二字就辨个证而止步的知识库,是在造成伤害。尿血需要检查,此方不改变这一点;若伴发热、腰痛或排尿不能,时程更要提前。 第二件诚实的事是那一味真正致过人命的药,而这是命名问题,不是药理问题。木通不是一种植物。古典文献中它多指木通科木通,现代中医实践通常指毛茛科的川木通;但在二十世纪的很长时间里,它也被作为关木通供应,而关木通是马兜铃科植物,含马兜铃酸。马兜铃酸可致进行性肾小管间质性肾病,并且是尿路上皮癌的确定原因;最常被引用的两类证据是比利时的减肥诊所队列与巴尔干地方性肾病的研究文献,中国药品监管部门于 2003 年取消了关木通的药用标准。对读者而言,要点不是此方危险,而是方中木通的基原必须明确——一个不写明用的是哪种植物的产品,等于没有回答这个问题。 其余注意: - 滑石是矿物,闪石类石棉是典型污染物;药用级滑石经过检测,来源不明者则不然。这是关心矿物药来源的理由,不是假定最坏情况的理由。 - 栀子的环烯醚萜类成分(京尼平苷等)在动物与实验室研究中出现肝脏毒性,含栀子制剂周围亦有肝损伤报告。 - 蒲黄活血,传统认为孕期慎用。 - 生地黄不是熟地黄。生地黄是清热凉血者,两者不可互代。 - 淡竹叶是禾本科淡竹叶,与竹叶并非同一物;当归带有其通有的与华法林相互作用及光敏的注意。

温阳健脾、养血止血;脾阳不足、脾不统血之便血、崩漏、吐血、衄血 · Warms yang and fortifies the spleen, nourishes the blood and stops bleeding

Huang Tu Tang (Yellow Earth Decoction) huáng tǔ tāng · 黄土汤

Composition 组成

  • Liquorice root (gan cao)
  • dried rehmannia root (gan di huang)
  • atractylodes macrocephala rhizome (bai zhu)
  • prepared aconite lateral root (pao fu zi)
  • donkey-hide gelatin (e jiao)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • oven earth (zao xin huang tu
  • fu long gan).

组成

  • 甘草、干地黄、白术、附子(炮)、阿胶、黄芩、灶心黄土(伏龙肝)
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This is the Jingui Yaolüe's formula for bleeding that the tradition reads as spleen yang failing to contain the blood, and it is the one in this knowledge base where the classical and modern readings diverge most usefully. The composition looks like a contradiction until you see what it is doing: prepared aconite, atractylodes and oven earth warm and bind from below, dried rehmannia and donkey-hide gelatin nourish and supplement, and scutellaria - a cold, heat-clearing herb - sits in the middle of all that warmth. The classical reason is that warming alone would aggravate the bleeding. A modern reader will notice that the formula manages to be astringent, warming and cooling at once, which is either sophisticated or unfalsifiable depending on how much charity one brings. The safety note is again the indication. Blood in the stool is the complaint, and it does not sort itself out. Rectal bleeding carries a differential that includes colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, angiodysplasia, diverticular bleeding, haemorrhoids, fissure, peptic ulcer, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding presenting as melena. New rectal bleeding in anyone over forty, or with weight loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, a change in bowel habit, or a family history of colorectal cancer, is a reason for endoscopic investigation rather than for a pattern diagnosis. Black tarry stool, heavy bleeding, or bleeding with dizziness or fainting is an emergency. Uterine bleeding carries the points made under Wen Jing Tang, and nosebleed and vomiting blood have their own causes - including, for nosebleed, a posterior epistaxis that will not stop on its own. Three ingredients deserve more than a line. Prepared aconite is a genuine poison and a genuine medicine. Aconitine and related alkaloids affect voltage-gated sodium channels and produce ventricular arrhythmias, conduction block, paraesthesia and asystole; poisoning is well documented from improperly processed root, from decoctions that were not cooked long enough, and from topical preparations. Proper processing hydrolyses much of the alkaloid content, which is why the text specifies prepared and why the traditional cooking method matters more here than anywhere else in this library. Anyone with heart rhythm problems, or on antiarrhythmics or digoxin, should not treat this as a warming herb with no ceiling. It is avoided in pregnancy. Oven earth is the ingredient I would not know how to source responsibly, and I would rather say so than write around it. Fu long gan is clay from the floor of a long-used wood-fired cooking stove, and its rationale is partly that it has been through fire and partly that it is astringent and mineral. There are two problems. The first is that the thing itself has largely disappeared. The second is that a material whose entire history is adsorption from wood smoke carries a real question about polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and heavy metals, and that question has not been answered by any analysis I can point to. Substitution with other mineral astringents is practised, but this is not a knowledge base that will name one. Scutellaria has its own literature: liver injury has been reported around Scutellaria-containing preparations, and baicalin is an active research subject. Donkey-hide gelatin is animal-derived and carries the adulteration problem noted under Wen Jing Tang. Atractylodes is comparatively unremarkable.

这是《金匮要略》中为止血而立、传统读作脾阳不足不能统血的一首方,也是本知识库里古典读法与现代读法分歧最有意义的一首。组成看似自相矛盾,看清它在做什么就通顺了:炮附子、白术与灶心黄土在下温阳固涩,干地黄与阿胶滋养补益,而黄芩——一味苦寒清热药——正处在这片温热之中。传统的解释是:纯用温药反而会加重出血。现代读者会注意到,这个方子同时具备收涩、温阳与清热三种性质,这究竟是精巧还是不可证伪,取决于读者愿意给出多少善意。 安全提示同样属于适应症。主症是便血,而便血不会自己分出类别。便血的鉴别范围包括结直肠癌、炎症性肠病、血管发育异常、憩室出血、痔、肛裂、消化性溃疡,以及表现为黑便的上消化道出血。四十岁以上者、或伴体重下降、缺铁性贫血、排便习惯改变、结直肠癌家族史者新出现的便血,理由在于做内镜检查,而不是做辨证。柏油样黑便、大量出血、或伴头晕昏厥者属急症。子宫出血方面适用温经汤条下的那些说明;鼻衄与呕血各有其原因——其中后鼻孔出血是不会自行止住的那一类。 三味药值得多说几句。 炮附子是真毒也是真药。乌头碱及其相关生物碱作用于电压门控钠通道,可致室性心律失常、传导阻滞、麻木与心脏停搏;因炮制不当、煎煮时间不足以及外用制剂而中毒者记载充分。规范的炮制可水解大部分生物碱含量,这正是原文写明「炮」的原因,也是本库中煎煮方法在此处比别处更要紧的原因。有心律问题者,或正在服用抗心律失常药、地高辛者,不应把它当作没有上限的温阳药。孕期不用。 灶心黄土是我不知道该如何负责任地获取的一味药,我宁愿这样说,也不要绕着写。伏龙肝是长期柴灶灶底的焦土,其取义一半在于它经受过火,一半在于它涩而属土。这里有两个问题:其一,这种东西本身已基本消失;其二,一种全部来历都是吸附木烟的材料,在多环芳烃、二噁英与重金属方面存在真实的疑问,而这个疑问并没有我能指出的分析数据来回答。以其他矿物涩药替代的做法是存在的,但本知识库不负责指出是哪一种。 黄芩自有其文献:含黄芩制剂周围有肝损伤的报告,黄芩苷是活跃的研究课题。阿胶为动物来源,带有温经汤条下所述的掺伪问题。白术相对平淡。

清泻肺热、止咳平喘;肺中伏火之咳喘、午后身热 · Drains latent fire from the lung and settles cough and panting; the classic pediatric formula for lung heat with cough and rapid breathing

Xie Bai San (Drain the White Powder) xiè bái sǎn · 泻白散

Composition 组成

  • Lycium root bark (di gu pi)
  • mulberry root bark (sang bai pi)
  • prepared liquorice root (zhi gan cao)
  • polished rice (jing mi).

组成

  • 地骨皮、桑白皮、甘草(炙)、粳米
Source 出处 · Xiaoer Yao Zheng Zhi Jue · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Qian Yi's Xiaoer Yao Zheng Zhi Jue is generally regarded as the earliest extant systematic pediatric monograph in the Chinese tradition, and it reached its surviving form through the editing of his student Yan Xiaozhong rather than Qian Yi's own hand. This formula is one of the shortest things in it, and the name is worth unpacking: in the five-phase correspondences the lung belongs to metal and its colour is white, so draining the white means draining the lung. What it drains is described as latent fire, and that word does real work. It is not written for someone who has just caught a cold. It is written for a heat that has settled in and stayed. The composition states the quiet part out loud. Two root barks, both gentle by the standards of heat-clearing materia medica, plus liquorice and rice. There is no gypsum here, no scutellaria, no coptis. A pediatric author writing for small children built his lung-heat formula out of the mildest materials available and then added cooking rice to it, which is not decoration: rice is there to acknowledge that protecting the stomach matters more in a sick child than clearing heat quickly. Then the part this knowledge base insists on saying first. The presentation the formula addresses - cough, rapid or laboured breathing, fever that runs toward afternoon - is precisely the presentation in which modern pediatrics is least willing to wait. In an infant or small child those signs cover pneumonia, bronchiolitis, croup, asthma, pertussis, foreign body aspiration and cardiac causes, and several of them deteriorate over hours rather than days. Indrawing of the chest wall between or below the ribs, grunting, flaring of the nostrils, pauses in breathing, blue or grey lips, unusual sleepiness or refusal to feed move the timetable from watching to emergency immediately. Fever in a young infant belongs in front of a doctor the same day. A cough lasting more than a few weeks, or one with weight loss, night sweats or blood, needs investigation for tuberculosis, pertussis, asthma and retained foreign body before it needs a pattern diagnosis. That is not an argument against the formula. It is an argument about order. On the individual materials: lycium root bark comes from a Solanaceae plant, the same family as goji berry, and the interaction reports that exist - including the warfarin case reports - concern the fruit; whether the root bark shares them is not something this entry can state. Mulberry root bark should not be confused with mulberry leaf, mulberry twig or mulberry mistletoe, which are separate materia medica with separate names; it is frequently dispensed honey-fried, and raw and honey-fried are not interchangeable. Liquorice carries the glycyrrhizin problem in full: sustained generous intake produces a mineralocorticoid-type picture with fluid retention, raised blood pressure and low potassium, and that hazard is real in children as well as adults. Finally, nothing here is strongly toxic - which is exactly why it gets used at home, and worth remembering that gentle describes the herbs, not the diagnosis.

钱乙的《小儿药证直诀》通常被认为是中国传统医学里现存最早的系统儿科专著,而它传世的形态出于其弟子阎孝忠的整理,并非钱乙亲手定稿。此方是全书中最简短的方子之一,而方名值得拆开讲:在五行对应中肺属金、其色为白,故「泻白」即泻肺。所泻者,书中称「伏火」——这个词不是虚设的闲笔。此方不是为刚受寒的人而设,而是为一团已经安顿下来、不再离去的热而设。 组成把没说出口的那句说了出来:两味根皮,按清热药的标准都属平和,再加甘草与粳米。方中没有石膏,没有黄芩,没有黄连。一位为小儿立论的医家,用他能找到的最温和的材料组成了这张清肺方,还往里加了一把做饭的米——这不是点缀,而是在声明:对一个生病的孩子来说,顾护胃气比快速清热更要紧。 接下来是本站坚持要放在最前面的部分。此方所对应的表现——咳嗽、气急或喘息、午后身热——恰恰是现代儿科最不肯等待的那类表现。在婴幼儿身上,这些表现覆盖肺炎、毛细支气管炎、哮吼、哮喘、百日咳、异物吸入以及心脏原因,其中几种的恶化以小时计而非以日计。胸骨上窝、肋间隙或剑突下在吸气时凹陷、呻吟、鼻翼扇动、呼吸暂停、口唇发青或发灰、异常嗜睡或拒奶,会把时程立刻从「观察」推进到「急症」。小婴儿发热,应当当天就诊。咳嗽超过数周,或伴体重下降、盗汗、咯血者,需要先排查结核、百日咳、哮喘与气道异物,而不是先辨证。这些都不是不用此方的理由,而是关于次序的理由。 单味药:地骨皮来源于茄科植物,与枸杞子同科,而现有相互作用的报告——包括那些与华法林相关的个案报告——是针对果实而言的;根皮是否同样如此,本条不能断言。桑白皮不可与桑叶、桑枝、桑寄生相混,那是各自有名、各为一物的药材;它常以蜜炙品入药,生品与炙品不可互代。甘草的问题在甘草酸:长期较大量的摄入会造成类似盐皮质激素过多的表现——水钠潴留、血压升高、低钾——而在儿童身上同样成立。最后一点:这里没有一味猛毒之品,这正是它进了家庭药箱的原因;而「平和」说的是药,不是那个诊断。

清肺化痰、逐瘀排脓;肺痈,咳吐腥臭脓血痰、胸痛 · Clears the lung and transforms phlegm, dispels stasis and discharges pus; the Sun Simiao formula for lung abscess

Wei Jing Tang (Reed Stem Decoction) wěi jīng tāng · 苇茎汤

Composition 组成

  • Reed stem (wei jing
  • very often dispensed today as reed rhizome
  • lu gen)
  • coix seed (yi yi ren)
  • wax gourd seed (dong gua ren)
  • peach kernel (tao ren).

组成

  • 苇茎(现代多以芦根代)、薏苡仁、冬瓜仁(原作「瓜瓣」)、桃仁
Source 出处 · Beiji Qianjin Yaofang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Sun Simiao's Beiji Qianjin Yaofang gives this for lung abscess, and the clinical picture it describes is unmistakable and unpleasant: cough bringing up foul-smelling blood-streaked sputum, chest pain, and a febrile state that will not settle. The logic can be stated once and then it is visible - clear the lung and open the passages (the reed stem itself, a hollow aquatic stem, carries a little of that reasoning on its face), drain damp and let pus find its way out (coix seed, wax gourd seed), and move what has congealed (peach kernel). The honest part is the whole of the safety note. A condition that produces foul purulent sputum is one of the places where classical and modern medicine differ least in how dangerous they think it is and most in what they can do about it. Lung abscess before antibiotics carried a high mortality, and what it corresponds to in a modern clinic is still serious: lung abscess proper, necrotising pneumonia, empyema, bronchiectasis with superinfection, aspiration, post-obstructive pneumonia lying behind a tumour, and tuberculosis presenting with cavitation. These are separated by imaging and by microbiology, not by the character of the sputum. Some need a drain placed, some need months of targeted antimicrobial therapy, and none can be reliably recognised from a description written in the seventh century. Tuberculosis earns its own sentence because it is the one still being transmitted to other people in the household while it is worked out, and because cavitating tuberculosis and lung abscess look very much alike when the only instrument available is a description. Then the naming problems, which are real and better stated than tidied away. The source text is read as saying melon petal rather than wax gourd seed, and commentators have variously taken it to mean wax gourd seed, another melon seed, or something else altogether; modern dispensing practice settles it as wax gourd seed. Reed stem likewise is today overwhelmingly dispensed as reed rhizome - a different part of a related plant with a different name - which is a substitution most practitioners know about and which a reader is entitled to know too. Peach kernel is a Rosaceae stone seed and therefore carries the cyanogenic glycoside question it shares with bitter apricot kernel, and it is a blood-moving material that the tradition treats as unsuitable in pregnancy. Coix seed carries that same traditional caution about slippery, downward-moving materials in pregnancy, and it is a grass, so gluten is not a concern here. Coix seed oil has in modern China been developed into an injectable preparation used alongside cancer treatment; that concerns a concentrated extract given by another route, and whatever its evidence is, it belongs to a different question from anything in this decoction. And the closing point, which is the one that matters: this knowledge base cannot tell you whether what is being described is lung abscess, tuberculosis or a tumour, and neither can the formula. Foul-smelling sputum, or blood in the sputum, gets looked at.

孙思邈《备急千金要方》以此方主肺痈,而它描写的临床画面清楚而不体面:咳吐腥臭、带脓带血的痰,胸痛,以及不肯平复的热势。它的理路只要说一遍就能看清——清肺开窍者是苇茎(一根中空的草本水茎,这个形象本身就把那层意思写在脸上),排脓利湿者是薏苡仁与冬瓜仁,推动已凝滞之物者是桃仁。 诚实的部分构成了整则安全提示。一个会咳出腥臭脓痰的病位,恰是古典与现代两头在「危险程度」上判断最一致、而在「能做什么」上差别最大的地方。抗生素之前的肺痈死亡率很高;而它在现代诊所里所对应的,至今仍然严重:肺痈本身、坏死性肺炎、脓胸、支气管扩张合并感染、吸入性病变、肿瘤阻塞后方的阻塞性肺炎,以及表现为空洞的结核。把它们分开的是影像与微生物检查,不是痰的样子。其中有的需要置管引流,有的需要数月的针对性抗微生物治疗,而没有任何一种可以凭七世纪的一段描述可靠地认出来。结核值得单独一句:它是别人还在旁边共处时就能传染的那一种,而且在没有影像手段的时候,空洞性结核与肺痈看起来非常像。 然后是命名问题,那也是真实的,说出来比抹平要好。原文据读作「瓜瓣」,注家或以为冬瓜子、或以为别的瓜子、或以为另有其物;现代调剂习惯把它定为冬瓜仁。苇茎同理——今天绝大多数以芦根入药,那是近缘植物的另一个部位、另一个药名;这是业内共知的代用,读者也有权知道。桃仁是蔷薇科李属的种子,因此带有与苦杏仁相同的氰苷问题,且它活血,传统认为孕期不宜。薏苡仁亦带同一类关于滑利下行之物在孕期慎用的传统告诫;它是禾本科种子,故麸质在这里不是问题。现代中国把薏苡仁油开发成注射剂用于肿瘤治疗的配合,那是浓缩提取物、另一条给药途径,无论证据如何,它属于与本方无关的另一个问题。 最后是那句要紧话:本站无法告诉你正在描述的究竟是肺痈、结核还是肿瘤,此方也不能。痰有腥臭,或痰中有血,就应当去检查。

清热解毒、凉血止痢;热毒血痢,腹痛、里急后重、肛门灼热 · Clears heat and resolves toxin, cools the blood and stops dysentery; the Shanghan Lun formula for heat dysentery with blood and pus, abdominal pain and tenesmus

Bai Tou Weng Tang (Pulsatilla Decoction) bái tóu wēng tāng · 白头翁汤

Composition 组成

  • Pulsatilla root (bai tou weng)
  • phellodendron bark (huang bai)
  • coptis rhizome (huang lian)
  • ash bark (qin pi).

组成

  • 白头翁、黄柏、黄连、秦皮
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The Shanghan Lun places this in its discussion of the terminal yin stage, with a line that is short even by that text's standards: where there is heat diarrhoea with heaviness below, Bai Tou Weng Tang governs it. Later tradition reads the indication as heat toxin dysentery, and the four ingredients sit comfortably under that reading - pulsatilla as chief, two berberine-bearing materials doing most of what sounds antimicrobial to modern ears, and ash bark binding. Two things have to be said before anything else about it. The first is that berberine is genuinely antimicrobial in vitro, and that this is not the same claim as this formula being a treatment for dysentery. Bloody diarrhoea with fever carries a differential that includes Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, shiga-toxin-producing E. coli, Clostridioides difficile, Entamoeba histolytica, and a first presentation of inflammatory bowel disease. Several need specific antimicrobials. Amoebic dysentery needs a different drug class entirely and does not improve under the wrong one. STEC has the particular property that slowing the gut raises the risk of haemolytic uraemic syndrome, a life-threatening kidney and clotting complication seen mostly in children. Shigella is extremely infectious - a very small inoculum is enough - needs scrupulous hand hygiene, is notifiable in many jurisdictions, and can produce seizures and a toxic state in children quickly. Dehydration is what actually kills in paediatric dysentery. And there is this, which belongs in any honest account: a partly effective remedy that reduces how often someone opens their bowels without clearing the organism can make them feel better while they go on infecting others. Dysentery with blood is a stool-culture question first. The second is the herb the formula is named for. Pulsatilla chinensis is Ranunculaceae, and that family's signature is ranunculin, which converts on bruising to protoanemonin - an acrid irritant that blisters skin and mucosa. The dried root as dispensed is a different proposition from the fresh plant, but this is not a case of an innocent weed being maligned: the genus is genuinely irritant, European Pulsatilla species included, and it is not something to gather by eye. Several other plants circulate under names resembling bai tou weng in different regions, so the substitution question comes up every time the name appears on a label. On the remaining three: phellodendron and coptis both supply berberine, so the berberine cautions apply twice over. It displaces bilirubin from albumin, which is why it is not given to a jaundiced newborn or to someone with G6PD deficiency; it inhibits several drug-metabolising enzymes and transporters and therefore raises the blood levels of a long list of medicines; and it lowers blood glucose. Both are harvested from trees and rhizomes, and harvesting bark and wild rhizome raises real supply questions. Ash bark contains aesculin, a coumarin glucoside, and sharing the word coumarin with warfarin does not make it an anticoagulant - though several Fraxinus species circulate under the one name, so identity matters here as it does everywhere else.

《伤寒论》把它放在厥阴病篇,用了一句即便在该书中也算简短的话:热利下重者,白头翁汤主之。后世把它读作热毒血痢,而四味药在这个读法下摆得很顺——白头翁为君,两味含小檗碱的材料承担了现代听来最像「抗菌」的那部分工作,秦皮收涩。 有两件事必须先说。 第一件:小檗碱在体外确实有抗菌活性,而这与「此方是痢疾的治疗方法」是两个不同的断言。伴发热的脓血便,其鉴别范围包括志贺菌、沙门菌、弯曲菌、产志贺毒素大肠杆菌、艰难拟梭菌、溶组织内阿米巴,以及炎症性肠病的首发表现。其中若干需要针对性的抗微生物药;阿米巴痢疾需要完全不同的一类药,用错只会拖延。产志贺毒素大肠杆菌有一个特别的麻烦:**减慢肠蠕动会增加溶血性尿毒综合征的风险**,那是一种危及生命的肾脏与凝血并发症,以儿童最多见。志贺菌的传染性极强,很小的接种量即可致病,需要严格的洗手措施,在许多地区属法定报告病种,且在儿童中可迅速出现惊厥与中毒状态。儿童痢疾真正致命的是脱水。还有一句必须写下的实话:一种让排便次数减少却未清除病原体的部分有效之物,可以让人感觉好转,同时继续传染给别人。脓血便应当首先是粪便培养的问题。 第二件事说的是方名里那一味。白头翁是毛茛科植物,而这一科的标志性成分是毛茛苷,它在植物破损时转化为原白头翁素——一种辛辣的刺激物,可使皮肤与黏膜起疱。调剂所用的干燥根与鲜植株不是一回事,但这不是「无辜野草被冤枉」的情形:这个属确实是刺激性的,欧洲的白头翁属同样如此,它不是可以凭眼力自行采来的东西。不同地区还有若干植物以近似的名称流通,所以每一次标签上出现这个名字,基原问题都存在。 其余三味:黄柏与黄连都提供小檗碱,因此小檗碱的注意事项这里要算两遍。它会把胆红素从白蛋白上置换下来,故不用于有黄疸的新生儿或葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏者;它抑制若干药物代谢酶与转运体,因而会升高一长串药物的血中浓度;它还会降低血糖。两者分别取自树皮与根茎,而剥取树皮与采挖野生根茎本身就伴随着真实的供给问题。秦皮含秦皮甲素(七叶苷),是一种香豆素苷——与华法林共用「香豆素」这个词并不意味着它有抗凝作用;不过有多个白蜡树属物种共用同一药名,所以此处的基原问题和其他地方一样重要。

养阴透热;温病后期邪伏阴分之夜热早凉、热退无汗 · Nourishes yin and vents the heat; Wu Jutong's formula for the late stage of warmth disease with the pathogen lying hidden in the yin level - fever at night, coolness by morning, fever settling without sweating

Qing Hao Bie Jia Tang (Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction) qīng hāo biē jiǎ tāng · 青蒿鳖甲汤

Composition 组成

  • Sweet wormwood herb (qing hao)
  • turtle plastron (bie jia)
  • unprepared rehmannia root (sheng di huang)
  • anemarrhena rhizome (zhi mu)
  • moutan bark (mu dan pi).

组成

  • 青蒿、鳖甲、生地黄、知母、牡丹皮
Source 出处 · Wenbing Tiaobian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Wu Jutong's Wenbing Tiaobian is the mature statement of the warmth disease tradition, and this is among its most-quoted formulas. Its indication is a shape rather than a list of symptoms: fever that arrives at night and has cleared by morning, and - the detail that carries the diagnosis - fever that settles without sweating. That last clause is the hinge, because a fever that breaks with sweat is read as a different situation altogether. Here the heat is understood to lie too deep for surface-releasing methods to reach and too entrenched for simple clearing, so the formula nourishes the yin that is being consumed while a light aromatic herb draws the residual heat outward to where it can leave. It is a genuinely elegant construction and it reads well. Whether any of it corresponds to an identifiable modern entity is not something this entry can settle, and saying so is better than implying otherwise. Four things then follow, and the first two matter more than the pattern. One. This formula contains qing hao, and qing hao is where artemisinin comes from. Those two facts invite a conclusion that is false and dangerous. Artemisinin was isolated from Artemisia annua by Chinese researchers in the 1970s, work for which Tu Youyou received the 2015 Nobel Prize, and the line that steered it - take a handful of qing hao, soak it in two sheng of water, wring out the juice and drink all of it - comes from Ge Hong's Zhouhou Beiji Fang. That sentence describes a cold preparation rather than a decoction, which is precisely why the modern isolation worked. Artemisinin today is given as artemisinin-based combination therapy with a partner drug, and that combination and schedule exist specifically to prevent resistance. This formula is not that. It is not an antimalarial in this sense, its composition and preparation belong to a different purpose, and treating malaria with it would mean treating a life-threatening parasitic disease with the wrong thing. The World Health Organization has advised against Artemisia infusions and teas for malaria, on the grounds that the amount of artemisinin they deliver is unpredictable and that sub-therapeutic exposure encourages resistance. That warning attaches to the herb on its own, and it bears with more force on a five-ingredient decoction. Two. The name is also a botany problem worth knowing. In modern Chinese materia medica qing hao is Artemisia annua - but Artemisia annua is the plant that classical botany calls huang hua hao, while the plant identified as qing hao in older sources is generally taken to be a different species. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia resolved the mismatch in favour of the modern usage. So the classical record and the modern dispensary label may not point at the same plant, and this is one of the better-documented cases of that divergence. Either way it is Asteraceae, which is a genuinely allergenic family - the same family that makes mugwort and ragweed pollens a problem. Three. Bie jia is turtle plastron. The Chinese softshell turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, is listed in CITES Appendix II and assessed as Vulnerable by the IUCN, so trade in it is regulated. It is also farmed on an enormous scale for food, and farmed material overwhelmingly supplies the materia medica market, so the practical answer to most sourcing questions is a farm rather than the wild - but the question is legitimate and this entry will not pretend otherwise. It is also not a vegetarian product, and no one should meet it unannounced. Four. Fever at night and cool by morning has a modern differential that includes tuberculosis, lymphoma, endocarditis, brucellosis, HIV and malaria among others, and tuberculosis is the one that matters most here. It is contagious, it needs months of specific antimicrobial therapy, and night fever with drenching sweats is how it classically presents. Persistent unexplained fever is investigated before it is patterned.

吴鞠通《温病条辨》是温病学派成熟形态的表述,而此方是书中被引用最多的一首。它的主治不是一个症状清单,而是一个形状:夜热早凉,以及——承载诊断的那一点——热退而无汗。最后这一句是枢纽,因为汗出热退在书中被读作另一种情形。这里的热被认为是伏得太深,解表之法够不着,又胶固到单纯清热难以拔除,于是此方一边补益正在被消耗的阴,一边用一味轻清芳香之品把残余的热引到表浅处让它有路可退。这是一个确实精巧的结构,读起来也漂亮。至于它是否对应任何可以被现代归类的实体,本条无法裁决,而承认这一点比暗示相反要好。 接着有四件事,而前两件比那个证候更要紧。 其一:此方含青蒿,而青蒿正是青蒿素的来源。这两个事实会诱出一个错误而危险的结论。青蒿素是中国研究者在二十世纪七十年代从黄花蒿中分离出来的,屠呦呦因此获得 2015 年诺贝尔奖;而指引这项工作的那句话——「青蒿一握,以水二升渍,绞取汁,尽服之」——出自葛洪《肘后备急方》。这句话描述的是冷浸取汁而非水煎,这正是现代分离能够成功的原因。今天青蒿素以青蒿素类复方给药,配伍另一种药物,而这个组合与时程的存在本身就是为了防止耐药。此方不是那个东西。它不是这个意义上的抗疟方,它的组成与制法属于另一个目的,用它来对付疟疾,等于用错的东西去处理一种危及生命的寄生虫病。世界卫生组织也已建议不要用青蒿的浸剂或茶饮来治疗疟疾,理由是它们能提供的青蒿素量不可预测,而低于治疗水平的暴露会助长耐药。这一警告针对的是单味草药本身,而它施加于一首五味药的汤剂时只会更有分量。 其二:这个名字本身也是一个值得知道的植物学问题。在现代中药学里,青蒿是黄花蒿 Artemisia annua;但 Artemisia annua 恰恰是古典植物学称作「黄花蒿」的那种植物,而旧籍中被认作「青蒿」的一般被认为是另一种。《中国药典》的选择是把这个错位按现代用法了结。因此古典记载与现代调剂标签未必指向同一株植物,而这正是此类错位里记载得较好的例子之一。无论如何它属菊科,而菊科是确实容易致敏的一科——让艾蒿与豚草花粉成为问题的正是这一科。 其三:鳖甲是鳖的腹甲。中华鳖 Pelodiscus sinensis 被列入 CITES 附录二,并被国际自然保护联盟评估为易危,故其贸易受管制。它同时以极大的规模养殖供食用,而药材市场供应的绝大多数来自养殖,所以对大多数来源问题而言实际的答案是养殖场而非野外——但这个问题是正当的,本条不会装作它不存在。它也不是素食者可用的东西,不应有人意外地遇到它。 其四:「夜热早凉」在现代有一个鉴别目录,其中包括结核、淋巴瘤、心内膜炎、布鲁氏菌病、HIV 感染与疟疾等,而这里最要紧的是结核。它传染,需要数月的针对性抗微生物治疗,而夜间发热伴大汗正是它的典型起病方式。持续不明原因的发热,应当先查,再谈辨证。

泻热破瘀、散结消肿;《金匮要略》治肠痈之方,经文所界定的适用在脓未成之前 · Drains heat and breaks blood stasis, disperses the mass and reduces swelling; the Jingui Yaolüe formula for intestinal abscess (chang yong) at the stage before pus has formed

Da Huang Mu Dan Tang (Rhubarb and Moutan Decoction) dà huáng mǔ dān tāng · 大黄牡丹汤

Composition 组成

  • Rhubarb root and rhizome (da huang)
  • tree peony root bark (mu dan pi)
  • peach kernel (tao ren)
  • wax gourd seed (dong gua ren
  • written in the source as melon petal)
  • mirabilite (mang xiao
  • a crystalline sodium sulfate mineral).

组成

  • 大黄、牡丹皮、桃仁、冬瓜仁(原文作「瓜瓣」)、芒硝
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The Jingui Yaolüe handles sores, abscesses and intestinal abscess together in one chapter, and its treatment of the last of those is unusual for how carefully it splits a single condition into two moments in time. The description runs: a swelling and a feeling of blockage in the lower abdomen, painful on pressure like the pain of urinary strangury yet with urination undisturbed, fever coming and going, spontaneous sweating, and then aversion to cold with it. Then comes the line that carries all the weight here. Where the pulse is slow and tight, pus has not formed and draining downwards is permissible, and there will be blood; where the pulse is surging and rapid, pus has formed and draining downwards must not be done. This formula belongs to the first of those two states. That distinction is worth dwelling on because it is the classical text itself writing its own contraindication, and because it agrees with something modern practice would recognise. A violent purge aimed at a collection that has already walled itself off is not attacked from the bowel lumen, and several of the disasters it could cause are exactly the ones that follow in a real abdomen. What the condition corresponds to now is not one disease. Right lower quadrant pain and fever cover acute appendicitis, yes - this is the pair-wise identification everyone makes and it holds well enough as a starting point - but they equally cover caecal or sigmoid diverticulitis, terminal ileitis from Crohn's disease, pelvic inflammatory disease and tubo-ovarian abscess, Meckel's diverticulitis, mesenteric adenitis and intussusception in children, renal and ureteric colic, epiploic appendagitis, and appendiceal and caecal tumours. In women of childbearing age they also cover ectopic pregnancy and ovarian torsion. The old text's insistence that urination was unaffected was a genuine differential move for its era, an attempt to separate the condition from urinary disease with nothing but observation. It cannot do the separating that has to be done now; imaging and laboratory work do that, and they do not ask about the pulse. Then the sequencing, which is the part this knowledge base puts before the formula every time. Sudden right lower quadrant pain with fever is a same-day assessment. Appendix perforation raises mortality and converts a contained problem into peritonitis and abscess, and it does so over hours rather than days. Foreign travel aside, this is also why laxatives, enemas and anything that increases peristalsis are withheld from an undiagnosed acute abdomen: if there is obstruction or a friable, distended viscus, forcing the bowel is one of the reliable ways to turn a survivable condition into a catastrophe. There is a peculiar poetry in the source having reached the same prohibition a very long time ago from completely different premises. On the materials. Rhubarb is an anthraquinone stimulant laxative, and taken repeatedly over time it produces the expected consequences: fluid and potassium loss, dependence, and melanosis coli, with the potassium loss carrying a secondary hazard for anyone taking digoxin or a potassium-wasting diuretic. It is also a high-oxalate material, which is why kidney stones appear in its warnings. Mirabilite is the one to notice because it is not a plant at all but a mineral salt, essentially sodium sulfate, and it works osmotically. What that means practically is that it brings a substantial sodium load into a body that may be retaining sodium already: heart failure, hypertension, renal impairment and ascites are all places where that matters more than the bowel. Peach kernel is a Prunus seed, so it carries both halves of that family's baggage - cyanogenic glycosides of the same kind that make bitter apricot kernel dangerous, and the traditional caution against blood-moving materials in pregnancy. Moutan bark is tree peony root bark; despite sharing the genus Paeonia with white and red peony root, it is a different part and a different item and should not be substituted for them. Wax gourd seed is close to food. Note that the source word read as melon petal has been argued over for centuries, and that what is dispensed today is settled by practice rather than by proof. Whether this formula has any role alongside appendectomy, percutaneous drainage and culture-directed antibiotics is not something this entry can settle. Chinese clinical literature reports it as an adjunct in conservative management, and that literature is consistently rated low-certainty when the trials are appraised. What this knowledge base will say without hedging is that using it is never a reason to postpone being examined.

《金匮要略》把疮、痈、肠痈放在同一篇里讨论,而它对最后那种病的处理有一处少见的地方:它非常仔细地把同一个病拆成了两个时间点。它的描写是这样:少腹肿起而痞塞,按上去痛得像淋证,小便却自调,不时发热、自汗出,同时又恶寒。接着才是那句挑分量最重的话——脉迟紧者脓未成、可下之,当有血;脉洪数者脓已成,不可下也。本方属于前一种状态。 这个区分值得多说一句,因为它是古典文本在写自己的禁忌,也因为它与现代实践所认得的一点相合:对着一处已经包裹成形的脓肿,从肠腔一侧发动猛烈的攻下,是打不到它身上的,而它可能造成的几种祸事,恰好就是真实腹腔里会发生的那几种。 它今天对应的是什么,并不是一种病。右下腹痛伴发热确实覆盖急性阑尾炎——这是人人都会做的那个对位,作为起点也够用——但它同样覆盖盲肠或乙状结肠憩室炎、克罗恩病的末端回肠炎、盆腔炎性疾病与输卵管卵巢脓肿、梅克尔憩室炎、儿童的肠系膜淋巴结炎与肠套叠、肾输尿管绞痛、肠脂垂炎,以及阑尾与盲肠的肿瘤。在育龄女性身上它还包括异位妊娠与卵巢扭转。旧文本强调「小便自调」,在它所处的时代是一个真的鉴别动作:只用观察,试图把它与泌尿道的病分开。但今天需要做的那种区分它做不了;影像与化验做得到,而它们不问脉。 然后是次序,那是本站每次都放在方子前面的部分。突发右下腹痛伴发热是当日就诊的事。阑尾穿孔会抬高死亡率,把一处局限的问题变成腹膜炎与脓肿,而这件事以小时计而不是以日计。这也是为什么对一个尚未判明的急腹症不给泻药、不给灌肠、不给任何增加肠蠕动的手段:若存在梗阻或一个胀得发脆的脏器,逼它动是把一个可活的病推进灾祸的可靠办法之一。有意思的是,那句禁忌在很久以前就被原书从完全不同的前提推出了同一结论。 单味药:大黄属蒽醌类刺激性泻药,反复久服带来预期中的后果——水与钾的丢失、依赖、结肠黑变病,而失钾对服用地高辛或排钾利尿剂的人还有第二层风险;它同时是高草酸药材,所以肾结石出现在它的告诫里。芒硝是这里需要留意的一味,因为它根本不是植物,而是一种矿物盐,主要就是硫酸钠,靠渗透起效——实用含义是它把一份不小的钠负荷带进一个可能已经在潴钠的身体里:心衰、高血压、肾功能不全与腹水,都是这件事比通便更要紧的地方。桃仁是蔷薇科李属的种子,所以带着这个科两样东西都有的包袱:与苦杏仁同源的氰苷问题,以及活血之物在孕期的传统禁忌。牡丹皮是牡丹的根皮;它与白芍、赤芍虽然同是芍药属,却是另一个部位、另一味药,不可互代。冬瓜仁几乎就是食物。另需说明的是,原文那个被读作「瓜瓣」的词,争论了上千年,今天调剂给它定了什么更多的是习惯而不是证明。 至于此方在阑尾切除、经皮引流与按培养选抗生素的旁边是否还有位置,本条无法裁决。中文临床文献把它作为保守治疗中的辅用,而这类文献一旦被严格评价,确定性一贯被评为低。本站可以不含糊地说的是:用它从来不是推迟去看病的理由。

排脓消肿、温阳行滞;《金匮要略》治肠痈脓已成之方,与大黄牡丹汤分居那条界线两侧 · Discharges pus and reduces swelling, warms and moves the stagnation; the Jingui Yaolüe formula for intestinal abscess once suppuration has set in, forming a pair with Da Huang Mu Dan Tang on either side of that line

Yi Yi Fu Zi Bai Jiang San (Coix, Aconite and Patrinia Powder) yì yǐ fù zǐ bài jiàng sǎn · 薏苡附子败酱散

Composition 组成

  • Coix seed (yi yi ren)
  • processed aconite accessory root (fu zi)
  • patrinia herb (bai jiang cao).

组成

  • 薏苡仁、附子、败酱草
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Three ingredients, and on the face of it an odd trio: a cereal grain, an aconite root, and a herb whose Chinese name means rotted sauce - the herb is named for the smell of its crushed leaves. That naming habit is itself worth noticing, because it tells the reader how much of classical materia medica was identified by hand and nose before anyone had a laboratory. The line in the Jingui Yaolüe describes the patient with dry, scaly skin like fish scales, the abdominal wall held tight, and yet soft rather than rigid when pressed, no palpable mass, an absence of fever over the body, and a rapid pulse; by its reading this is pus and abscess within the bowel. Set that beside the picture attached to Da Huang Mu Dan Tang - the earlier man is feverish and his pain is sharp - and the two entries resolve into one narrative of a single disease told in two chapters. This is the late, walled-off one. How much of that survives contact with a CT scanner is a fair question and the honest answer is that the overlap is partial. What a modern service would call the corresponding picture includes periappendiceal phlegmon and abscess, perforated diverticulitis with a contained collection, tubo-ovarian abscess, postoperative infected collections, actinomycosis, abscess complicating Crohn's disease, and - the one that gets missed because everyone is relieved the fever settled - an underlying tumour presenting as an abscess cavity. There is a standing recommendation that after an appendiceal abscess treated conservatively the colon be examined, because a proportion turn out to be right-sided colonic cancer. Whether pus has formed, and where, and whether anything underneath it is the reason it formed, are three questions imaging answers and one of them used to be answered at autopsy. There is also the pleasant irony that the contraindication recorded in the neighbouring formula - once the pus has formed, do not purge - is the reason a formula like this exists at all. The modern equivalent of that advice is not gentler: these collections are drained under image guidance or operated on, and antibiotics alone reach them poorly. Time spent waiting is measured in risk of rupture and sepsis. And then the material that determines how this entry has to be written. This formula contains aconite. Aconitum is the single most hazardous item in ordinary Chinese materia medica and it has a poisoning literature to match: aconitine and related diester alkaloids hold voltage-gated sodium channels open, and poisoning presents with numbness and tingling of the mouth and limbs, nausea and vomiting, a slow or an erratic ventricular rhythm, and arrest. The reported cases cluster around material that was inadequately processed, decoctions that were not boiled long enough, self-medication, and misuse of raw material or alcoholic extracts. Ordinary practice deals with this two ways and both are non-negotiable: only the processed accessory root is used, and it is decocted for a long time, which hydrolyses the diester alkaloids into far less toxic products. This is not a tonic with a footnote attached. It is an emergency-level poison that happens to be extremely useful to people who know exactly what they are doing, and the combination of it in a formula aimed at heat and pus is a tension the tradition itself has never stopped arguing about. A reader should also know that several jurisdictions restrict or have restricted the sale of aconite-containing materia. The herb is not clean either, but for a different and duller reason: the label covers more than one plant depending on the region, and those plants are not interchangeable, so every time the name appears on a label the identity question is live rather than settled. Coix seed, finally, is the one ingredient most readers have eaten; it is a grass seed so gluten is not at issue, and it carries a traditional caution in pregnancy for which modern evidence is thin - which is exactly the sort of claim this knowledge base states rather than either amplifies or deletes. So: three ingredients, one an emergency poison, one a supermarket grain, one a name shared by several plants - and the thing it addresses is now, before anything else, a question for imaging.

三味药,而且是看起来很别扭的三味:一味粮食、一味附子、一味名字意为腐烂酱料的草——那草是因揉碎的叶子散发出来的气味得名的。这个命名习惯本身值得留意,因为它说明古典本草里有多少东西是在任何人拥有实验室之前,用手和鼻子认出来的。 《金匮要略》的那句是这么描写的:身体肌肤甲错,腹皮绷紧,按下去却是软的,腹内没有可触及的积聚,身无热,脉数;按它的读法,这是肠内有痈脓。把它与大黄牡丹汤那幅画面并排——那位病人发热、痛得锐利——两首方就合成同一个病在两个章节里的叙述。这是偏晚期、已经包裹起来的那一个。 至于这个描述在与一台 CT 相遇之后还剩下多少,是个正当的问题,诚实的回答是重合是部分的。现代会列为对应画面的包括:阑尾周围蜂窝织炎与脓肿、憩室炎穿孔后被局限的积液、输卵管卵巢脓肿、术后感染性积液、放线菌病、克罗恩病并发的脓肿,以及——恰恰因为大家都松了一口气说烧退了才被漏掉的那一种——以脓肿空腔面貌出现的潜在肿瘤。有一条长期存在的建议是:保守治疗后愈的阑尾脓肿应当检查结肠,因为其中一部分最后是右半结肠癌。脓成没成、在哪里、下面是否还有别的东西才是它形成的原因——这是影像回答的三个问题,而其中一个从前是在尸体病理解答的。 还有一处不算刺眼的巧合:邻方那句「脓已成,不可下」的禁忌,正是这类方得以存在的原因。而这条告诫的现代版本并不更温和:这类积液是在影像引导下引流或手术处理的,单靠抗生素进不去。等待的时间,是用破裂与脓毒症的风险来量的。 再下来是决定本条该怎么写的那一味——附子。乌头属是常用中药中危险性最高的一味,也有与之相称的中毒文献:乌头碱及相关双酯型生物碱使电压门控钠通道持续开放,中毒表现为口唇与四肢麻木刺痛、恶心呕吐、心率慢或不齐的室性心律,直至停搏。报道的病例集中在炮制不足的药材、煎煮时间不够的汤剂、自行用药,以及生品或醇提物的滥用。常规做法用两条来处理,而两条都不是可以商量的:只用炮制过的附子,并且久煎,久煎会把双酯型生物碱水解成毒性低得多的一串产物。这不是一味带脚注的补药。它是一种急救级别的有毒之物,碰巧对完全清楚自己在做什么的人极有用;而把它放进一首对准热与脓的方子里,是传统自身至今没有停止争论的一处张力。读者也应当知道,若干司法辖区对含乌头类药材的销售有限制或曾经有限制。 另外两味各有各的不干净,但原因不同也更平淡:败酱草这个名称在不同地区指向不止一种植物,而它们不可互代,所以这个名字每次出现在标签上,基原问题都是活的而不是已了结的。薏苡仁是多数读者吃过的一味;它是禾本科种子,所以麸质在这里不是问题,它另有孕期的传统告诫,而支撑它的现代证据很薄——这恰恰是本站宁可写出原状、既不放大也不删掉的那一类说法。 于是:三味药,一味是急救级别的毒,一味是超市里买得到的谷物,一味是几种植物的共用名字——而它要治的那件事,在今天首先是影像的问题。

温脏安蛔;《伤寒论》治蛔厥(阵发腹痛、吐蛔)之方,后世扩展用于久利久泻 · Warms the viscera and quiets roundworms; the Shanghan Lun formula for roundworm reversal (hui jue) with paroxysmal abdominal pain and vomiting of worms, extended by later tradition to enduring diarrhoea and dysentery

Wu Mei Wan (Mume Pill) wū méi wán · 乌梅丸

Composition 组成

  • Smoked mume fruit (wu mei)
  • asarum (xi xin)
  • dried ginger (gan jiang)
  • coptis rhizome (huang lian)
  • Chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • processed aconite accessory root (fu zi)
  • Sichuan pepper pericarp (shu jiao)
  • cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • ginseng root (ren shen)
  • phellodendron bark (huang bai).

组成

  • 乌梅、细辛、干姜、黄连、当归、附子、蜀椒、桂枝、人参、黄柏
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The Shanghan Lun gives this in its discussion of the terminal yin stage, and it takes the trouble to separate two things that look alike. Cold reversal of the viscera is a quiet, deepening collapse. Roundworm reversal has the same cold limbs and the same faint pulse but a different signature: the patient quietens and then becomes agitated again, and then quietens, the agitation comes from worms moving up against the diaphragm, it passes, and on eating it returns with vomiting, because the worms have smelled food and come out, which is why the patient is known to bring them up. There follows one short sentence tradition has taken up and run with: it also governs enduring diarrhoea. Structurally the ten ingredients are arranged in four parties, and the classical account of why is one of the tidier pieces of reasoning anywhere in the literature. The roundworm, the line runs, is quietened by sour, made to lie down by pungent, and driven downward by bitter. So there is a sour chief in the smoked plum flesh; a pungent and hot party in asarum, dried ginger, aconite, Sichuan pepper and cinnamon twig; a bitter and cold pair in coptis and phellodendron; and behind them restorative pairs in ginseng and angelica. Whatever one makes of the mechanism, the construction is genuinely elegant and deserves to be described rather than smirked at. Then the part that has to come first. The organism is Ascaris lumbricoides, and ascendariasis is not a nuisance condition. Migrating adult worms produce biliary colic, acute cholangitis, gallstones formed around worm remnants, pancreatitis and liver abscess; and a tangled bolus of worms obstructs bowel, most often in children, with volvulus, intussusception and perforation behind it. All of that has a straight and well-evidenced modern answer. Albendazole and mebendazole are highly effective single-agent anthelmintics and the basis of both individual treatment and the school-based deworming programmes that hundreds of millions of children receive. Worms in the bile duct are removed endoscopically. Obstruction and perforation go to theatre. Against that, nothing justifies relying on a ten-ingredient pill instead, and nothing establishes this formula as an anthelmintic by modern standards. This knowledge base says so plainly rather than leaving the reader to infer it from silence. The second thing worth saying first concerns the later extension, because it is why most people meet this formula today. Enduring diarrhoea has its own long list, and it is a list rather than a diagnosis: inflammatory bowel disease, microscopic colitis, bile acid diarrhoea, coeliac disease, pancreatic insufficiency, thyroid disease, medication effects, chronic giardiasis, Clostridioides difficile, HIV-related enteropathy, colorectal cancer, and irritable bowel syndrome, which is the commonest thing on the list and the one that has to be arrived at rather than assumed. One item on it deserves naming because it kills people by surprise: Strongyloides stercoralis can persist for decades and then produce fatal hyperinfection if immunity is suppressed, which is why screening before immunosuppression is standard practice in endemic areas and in anyone with unexplained eosinophilia. There is a considerable Chinese-language literature using this formula for ulcerative colitis, diarrhoeal irritable bowel patterns and even type 2 diabetes. Those trials exist and the reviews that appraise them consistently rate the evidence low-certainty, largely on design. Existing and weak is the honest summary, and it is more useful than either repeating the claims or pretending the trials were never run. The individual materials carry their own load, and one of them twice over. Asarum belongs to the birthwort family, Aristolochiaceae, whose members contain aristolochic acid; the nephropathy and upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma associated with that compound class come from cumulative exposure for which no safe threshold has been established, and this is why the Chinese pharmacopoeia restricts its medicinal part to root and rhizome rather than the aerial parts. Aconite is the same emergency-level poison described in Yi Yi Fu Zi Bai Jiang San and everything said there applies here with equal force. Coptis and phellodendron both supply berberine, so the berberine cautions count twice: inhibition of several drug-metabolising enzymes and transporters with raised blood levels of a long list of medicines, displacement of bilirubin in jaundiced neonates, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and lowering of blood glucose. Both also come from bark and rhizome, so supply pressure is part of their story. Sichuan pepper is ordinary Sichuan pepper, the same thing in the kitchen jar; noting that is not reassurance, it is a reminder that this is the only ingredient you could season a dish with. Angelica contains coumarin-type constituents - sharing a word with warfarin does not make something an anticoagulant, but there are case reports of raised INR when the two are combined, and ginseng has been reported to shift INR in both directions, so anyone on warfarin is in monitoring territory rather than in dispute territory. Finally, the mume: the material used is the processed fruit, while the kernels of Prunus species are the part that holds cyanogenic glycosides - the distinction is the whole point and it is why the fruit is food and the kernel is not.

《伤寒论》把此方放在厥阴篇,并且花力气把两件看起来像的东西分开。脏厥是一片安静而持续加深的衰败。蛔厥有同样的手足冷、同样的脉微,却有不同的签名:病人安静下来,然后又烦,然后又安静;那阵烦躁来自虫上行顶住膈,它会过去;一吃东西它又回来并伴呕吐,因为虫闻到了食物的气味就出来——这也是患者常常把虫吐出来的原因。后面跟着一句被后世接过去并且发扬光大的短句:它又主久利。 从结构上看,十味药分成四组,而关于为什么这么分的古典说法是全书里最条理的那类推理之一。那句话是这样的:蛔得酸则静,得辛则伏,得苦则下。于是有酸味的君药乌梅肉;有辛热的一组:细辛、干姜、附子、蜀椒、桂枝;有苦寒的一对:黄连、黄柏;底下还有补益的一组:人参、当归。不论人们怎么评价它的机制,这个构造确实是精巧的,值得被描述而不是被嗤笑。 然后是必须先说的部分。这个病原体是似蚓蛔线虫(人蛔虫),而蛔虫病不是一件小事。成虫窜行会造成胆绞痛、急性胆管炎、以虫体残骸为核形成的结石、胰腺炎与肝脓肿;而一团绞在一起的虫会堵住肠管,以儿童最多见,其后跟着肠扭转、肠套叠与穿孔。这一切都有一个直接且证据充分的现代答案:阿苯达唑与甲苯咪唑是高效的单味驱虫药,既是个体治疗的基石,也是数亿儿童接受的学校驱虫项目的基础;胆管里的虫靠内镜取出;梗阻与穿孔进手术室。与此相比,没有什么理由可以支持用一首十味药的丸剂去替代它,也没有证据按现代标准确立此方是驱虫药。本站宁可把话说白,而不让读者从沉默中去推测。 第二件要先说的是那一句后世扩展,因为今天多数人是从这里遇到此方的。久泻有自己的长清单,而它是一份清单而不是一个诊断:炎症性肠病、显微镜下结肠炎、胆汁酸性腹泻、乳糜泻、胰腺外分泌不足、甲状腺疾病、药源性因素、慢性贾第虫病、艰难拟梭菌感染、HIV 相关肠病、结直肠癌,以及肠易激综合征——清单上最常见的一项,也是必须走到而不是假定到的那一项。清单上有一项值得点名,因为它会出其不意地杀人:粪类圆线虫可以潜伏数十年,一旦免疫被抑制就可能引发致命的重度感染,所以在流行地区以及任何原因不明的嗜酸粒细胞增多者身上,免疫抑制之前的筛查是常规做法。中文有大量用此方处理溃疡性结肠炎、腹泻型肠易激乃至 2 型糖尿病的文献。这些试验确实存在,而评价它们的综述一贯把确定性评为低,理由多半在于设计脆弱。「有证据,但很弱」是诚实的概括,它比复述那些主张、也比假装试验从未做过都要有用。 单味药各自的负担,其中一对还是双份:细辛属马兜铃科,该科植物含马兜铃酸;与这一类化合物相关的肾病与上尿路上皮癌来自累积暴露,而没有确定过任何安全阈值,这也是《中国药典》把它的药用部位限定为根及根茎而不是地上部分的原因。附子就是薏苡附子败酱散那一条里所说的那种急救级别的毒,那里写的一切在这里同样成立。黄连与黄柏都提供小檗碱,所以小檗碱的注意事项要算两遍:抑制若干药物代谢酶与转运体而抬高一大串药物的血中浓度、在有黄疸的新生儿身上置换胆红素、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏,以及降低血糖;两者分别取自根茎与树皮,所以供给压力也是它们故事的一部分。蜀椒就是寻常的花椒,厨房罐子里那一种;指出这一点不是为了让人放心,而是提醒这是十味里唯一可以用来调味的一味。当归含香豆素类成分——与华法林共用「香豆素」这个词并不意味着它是抗凝药,但确有两者合用使 INR 升高的个案报告;而人参也双向都有影响 INR 的报告,所以服用华法林的人处在需要监测的位置,而不是需要争论的位置。最后是那枚乌梅:所用的是加工过的果实,而李属植物的种仁才是含氰苷的部位——这个区分正是关键,也是为什么果实是食物而种仁不是。

辛凉宣泄、清肺平喘;《伤寒论》太阳病发汗后汗出而喘、身热不解之方 · Disperses the lung and clears lung heat, settles cough and panting; the Shanghan Lun formula for panting with sweating after sweating has already failed, with heat that will not settle

Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang (Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction) má xìng shí gān tāng · 麻杏石甘汤

Composition 组成

  • Ephedra herb (ma huang)
  • bitter apricot kernel (ku xing ren)
  • honey-fried liquorice root (zhi gan cao)
  • gypsum (shi gao).

组成

  • 麻黄、苦杏仁、炙甘草、石膏
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The Shanghan Lun line is short and it reads like a correction rather than a discovery: after sweating has been induced, Gui Zhi Tang must not be given again; where there is sweating and panting and no great heat, Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang may be given. There is a parallel line for the case after purgation. What everybody learns from this pair of lines is the edit itself. Take Ma Huang Tang and exchange its cinnamon twig for gypsum, and a formula built to make a person sweat becomes one built to clear heat from the lung without driving sweat. Almost the entire teaching apparatus of Chinese formula study - chief, deputy, assistant, envoy, and the idea that one substitution redirects the whole - can be taught from this single swap, and it usually is. The clause rendered above as no great heat has been argued about for a long time, and this knowledge base is not going to pretend otherwise. Readings take it variously as indicating that the heat is internal rather than at the surface, or as contrasting with the great heat of the yang brightness stage. The argument is recorded rather than resolved, because substituting a confident reading for an old disagreement is precisely the thing this site declines to do. Then the two notes that determine how this entry has to be written, because two of these four materials are among the most heavily regulated herbal items in the English-speaking world and both got that way through bodies rather than arguments. Ephedra is the source of the ephedrine alkaloids. They are sympathomimetic: they raise blood pressure and heart rate, and the adverse event reports attached to them include myocardial infarction, stroke, serious ventricular arrhythmias, sudden death, seizures and psychiatric reactions. In 2004 the United States Food and Drug Administration declared dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids adulterated; litigation narrowed some edges of that rule, and the practical position since is that such supplements are not lawfully marketed in the United States, with controls in other countries besides. Ephedrine is also prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency. There is an extra point that belongs specifically to this formula rather than to the herb: the person being treated is short of breath, and breathlessness has a differential that includes heart failure, pulmonary embolism, arrhythmia and anaphylaxis, in all of which a sympathomimetic is the wrong class of drug. Many such patients are already taking beta-blockers, antihypertensives, decongestants, stimulants, theophylline or monoamine oxidase inhibitors, or have hyperthyroidism, glaucoma or prostatic enlargement. And it is worth knowing that ephedrine is also a regulated precursor in the synthesis of methamphetamine, which is why this herb carries supply controls in several countries. That last fact has nothing to do with anyone taking this formula and everything to do with what the plant happens to contain. Bitter apricot kernel contains amygdalin, and on hydrolysis amygdalin releases cyanide. Poisoning has been reported repeatedly and disproportionately in children and after unprocessed kernels, which is why Chinese materia medica classifies the item as slightly toxic and requires processing, and why the sweet apricot kernel sold as food is not the same thing. The laetrile story belongs here too, because it is the reason regulators are firm rather than merely cautious: the claim that amygdalin selectively destroys cancer was tested and not supported, while cyanide poisoning from it is well documented. No demonstrated benefit plus a real and severe harm is about as unfavourable as a risk-benefit ratio gets. The other two are milder but not inert. Liquorice brings the glycyrrhizin problem - enough of it over long enough produces the picture of apparent mineralocorticoid excess, with fluid retention, raised blood pressure and low potassium. Gypsum is a mineral, and mineral drugs carry a documented risk of heavy metal contamination, so for this one the source of the material is not a footnote. Clinically, the presentation this formula addresses is the presentation emergency medicine most wants to see early: cough, breathlessness, fever that will not settle. Red flags move it out of the clinic and into an emergency department: chest pain, breathlessness at rest or inability to speak in full sentences, coughing up blood, blue lips, a swollen painful calf with sudden pleuritic pain, drowsiness or confusion. In children the list is different and faster - bronchiolitis, croup, inhaled foreign body, epiglottitis - and it is measured in hours. In China this formula is used very widely today for pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma and COPD in children and adults, and there is a large Chinese-language clinical literature around it; the systematic reviews that have appraised those trials generally conclude that the evidence is low-certainty, chiefly because of risk of bias and heterogeneous outcomes. Widely used, plausibly useful, not established is the honest summary, and it is what this entry will say. One sentence is offered without any hedge at all: anyone who is breathless at rest, or has chest pain, or is coughing up blood, needs assessment now, and no herbal preparation changes that.

《伤寒论》那句话很短,读起来像一句更正而不是一项发现:发汗后不可更行桂枝汤;汗出而喘、无大热者,可与麻黄杏仁甘草石膏汤。攻下之后的那一条与之平行。人人都从这两句学到的是那个「改」的动作本身:把麻黄汤里的桂枝换成石膏,一首用来发汗的方就变成一首清肺而不逼汗的方。中医方剂学几乎整套教学装置——君臣佐使,以及「换一味就改全局」这个观念——都可以从这个替换讲清楚的,通常也确实是这么讲的。 上面译作「无大热」的那个从句,争论了很久,本站不打算假装它有定论:注家或读作热在里而不在表,或读作与阳明病的大热相对。这里把争论记下来而不是替它裁决,因为用一种自信的读法去替换一个古老的歧见,正是本站明确不做的事。 接下来是决定本条该怎么写的两条注释,因为这四味里有两味恰是英语世界里监管最重的草药之二,而它们都不是靠争论变重的,是靠后果。 麻黄是麻黄碱类生物碱的植物来源。这类生物碱是拟交感胺类:升高血压与心率,而与它联系在一起的不良事件报告包括心肌梗死、脑卒中、严重室性心律失常、猝死、惊厥与精神症状。2004 年美国食品药品管理局判定含麻黄碱的膳食补充剂为掺假品;诉讼削掉了这条规则的一些边缘,而此后的实际状态是这类补充剂在美国不得合法销售,此外其他国家也有管制。麻黄碱同时被世界反兴奋剂机构列为体育运动中的禁用物质。还有一点专属于此方而不属于这味药:被治的人正在喘,而气促的鉴别范围包括心衰、肺栓塞、心律失常与过敏性休克——在这几种情形里,拟交感胺类都是错的一类药物;而这类患者里很多人已在服用 β 受体阻滞剂、降压药、减充血剂、兴奋剂、茶碱或单胺氧化酶抑制剂,或有甲状腺功能亢进、青光眼、前列腺增生。还有一件值得知道的事:麻黄碱也是合成甲基苯丙胺的受管制前体,这正是若干国家对这个药材实施供给管制的原因。最后这个事实与服用此方的人毫无关系,只与这株植物恰好含了什么有关。 苦杏仁含苦杏仁苷,水解之后释放氰化物。中毒的报告反复出现,且以儿童与未经处理的种仁不成比例地居多,这也是为什么本草把它定为有小毒并要求炮制,也是为什么作为食物出售的甜杏仁不是同一个东西。苦杏仁苷的另一个名字 laetrile(所谓的维生素 B17)那段故事也属于这里,因为它是监管者态度坚定而不只是谨慎的原因:那种「苦杏仁苷选择性杀死癌细胞」的说法被检验过而没有得到支持,而由它导致的氰化物中毒是记录充分的。没有证实的获益加上真实而严重的伤害,风险收益比大概坏到了不能再坏。 另外两味较缓,但不是没有话要说:甘草带来甘草酸的问题——足够多、足够久会出现类似盐皮质激素过多的表现,水钠潴留、血压升高、低钾。石膏是矿物,而矿物药有文献记载的重金属污染风险,所以对这一味来说,来源不是脚注。 临床上,此方所对的表现恰恰是急诊最想早点看到的那类:咳嗽、气促、热不肯退。红旗会把病人从诊所推到急诊室:胸痛、静息下气促或说不成完整的句子、咯血、口唇发青、单侧小腿肿痛伴突发的胸膜性疼痛、嗜睡或意识混乱。儿童的清单不同而且更快——毛细支气管炎、哮吼、气道异物、急性会厌炎——而且以小时计。在中国,今天此方被广泛用于儿童与成人的肺炎、支气管炎、哮喘与慢阻肺,围绕它有相当庞大的中文临床文献;而评价这些试验的系统综述一般得出的结论是证据确定性低,主要因为偏倚风险与结局指标不一致。「广泛使用、或许有用、尚未确立」是诚实的概括,也就是本条要说的那句话。 有一句本站毫不含糊地写出来:任何在静息状态下气促、或胸痛、或咯血的人,都需要现在就去检查,而没有任何一种草药制剂能改变这一点。

轻下热结、破气导滞;三承气汤中居中一方,用于里实已成而燥坚未甚者 · Lightly purges bound heat and breaks up qi stagnation; the middle member of the three Cheng Qi formulas, for the stage where the interior has become bound but the full picture has not declared itself

Xiao Cheng Qi Tang (Minor Purgative Decoction) xiǎo chéng qì tāng · 小承气汤

Composition 组成

  • Rhubarb root and rhizome (da huang)
  • magnolia bark (hou po)
  • immature bitter orange fruit (zhi shi).

组成

  • 大黄、厚朴、枳实
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The three Cheng Qi formulas of the Shanghan Lun are the standard illustration of how much of Chinese formula study is really the study of small differences. All three contain rhubarb. Da Cheng Qi Tang adds mirabilite, and its indications are described with the four words pi, man, zao, shi - blockage, fullness, dryness and hardness - which is about as compressed a clinical picture as the literature ever produces. Xiao Cheng Qi Tang has no mirabilite and no liquorice; it has magnolia and bitter orange, so it moves qi more than it softens what is dry. Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang keeps the mirabilite and drops the qi-moving pair, and is aimed at dryness and heat rather than at distension. Remove one ingredient and the target of the formula moves. That is the teaching point, and it is a real one. There is a second and more uncomfortable passage attached to this formula, and it deserves to be quoted rather than quietly dropped. The text describes a patient who has not opened his bowels for six or seven days and says that if one suspects dry stool is present, there is a way to find out: give a small amount of Xiao Cheng Qi Tang, and if wind is passed after the decoction goes down, dry stool is indeed there and the attack may proceed; if no wind is passed, it is only the head of the stool that is hard, and one must not attack. In other words the purge is being used as a diagnostic instrument. It is a genuinely clever piece of reasoning from a tradition with no imaging and no laboratory, and this entry will not pretend it is not there. It is also not a practice to reproduce, and the reason is not prudishness. Today, a person who has not opened his bowels for a week is either obstructed or not, and the two cases have opposite treatments: an obstructed bowel is made worse by stimulant laxatives, and if it is distended and friable the outcome can be perforation. Ultrasound and plain film answer in minutes what the decoction answered in hours. Alongside that, the modern differential for what the old text called bound interior is not one thing: severe constipation with abdominal distension covers faecal impaction, sigmoid volvulus, obstructing colorectal tumour, paralytic ileus, opioid-induced constipation, hypothyroidism, hypercalcaemia, and medication effects from anticholinergics, calcium channel blockers, iron and several psychiatric drugs. On the materials. Rhubarb is an anthraquinone stimulant laxative; used repeatedly and over time it produces dependence, fluid and potassium loss, and melanosis coli, and the potassium loss matters specifically for anyone taking digoxin or a potassium-wasting diuretic. Magnolia bark is the hou po of many formulas and is read today through honokiol and magnolol; wild stands of Magnolia officinalis have been heavily harvested and the species is subject to protection measures, so provenance is not a decorative detail here. Immature bitter orange is the third, and it is the one that should be described plainly rather than reassuringly: it contains p-synephrine, and extracts of bitter orange came under close regulatory attention in the years after ephedra alkaloids were withdrawn from the supplement market in the United States, with cardiovascular adverse events reported for stimulant combinations. Note also that zhi shi and zhi ke are not the same item - one is the immature fruit, the other the nearly mature one - and that traditional practice distinguishes them. The summary this knowledge base will stand behind: the three Cheng Qi formulas are the clearest worked example in the literature of what a substitution does, the diagnostic use recorded in the source belongs to its own century, and a week without a stool is a clinical question, not a formula selection.

《伤寒论》的三首承气汤是「中医方剂学究竟在研究什么」的标准例证:它们其实都在研究微小的差别。三首都用大黄。大承气汤加了芒硝,它的主治用「痞、满、燥、实」四个字来写,大概是这份文献里最压缩的一幅临床画面。小承气汤没有芒硝也没有甘草,而有厚朴与枳实,所以它行气的成分多于软燥的成分。调胃承气汤留住芒硝、去掉行气的一对,对准的是燥与热而不是胀。抽掉一味,方的靶子就移动了。这是教学要点,而且是一个真的要点。 另有一段更不好处理的记载也挂在此方上,值得引出来而不是悄悄跳过去。原文描写一位六七日不大便的病人,说若怀疑有燥屎,有个办法可以探明:给少量小承气汤,汤入腹中转矢气者,是有燥屎,可以攻之;若不转矢气,只是初头硬,便不可攻。换句话说,这里是把泻下当成诊断工具来用的。它确实是一个没有影像、没有化验的传统里相当聪明的推演,本条不打算假装它不存在。 它同样不是今天应当复现的做法,而理由并不是拘谨。今天一个七天未解大便的人,属于肠梗阻或者不属于,而这两种情形的处理正好相反:梗阻的肠管会被刺激性泻药加重,若它已经胀得发脆,结局可以是穿孔。超声与腹部平片用几分钟就能回答那剂汤药要用几个小时回答的问题。与此同时,旧文本所谓「里实」今天的鉴别也不是一件事:严重便秘伴腹胀覆盖粪便嵌塞、乙状结肠扭转、梗阻性结直肠肿瘤、麻痹性肠梗阻、阿片类所致便秘、甲状腺功能减退、高钙血症,以及抗胆碱药、钙通道阻滞剂、铁剂与若干精神类药物的药源性作用。 单味药:大黄属蒽醌类刺激性泻药,反复久服会带出依赖、水与钾的丢失和结肠黑变病,而失钾对正在服用地高辛或排钾利尿剂的人尤其要紧。厚朴是许多方里都出现的那一味,今天主要通过和厚朴酚、厚朴酚来读它;野生厚朴(Magnolia officinalis)被采伐得很重,这个物种受到相应的保护措施,所以药材来源在这里不是可有可无的装饰。第三味枳实是应当被如实描述而不是被安抚的那一味:它含对辛弗林;在麻黄碱类生物碱退出美国补充剂市场之后的那些年里,枳实属苦橙提取物受到密切的监管关注,而兴奋剂组合的心血管不良事件有报告。另需说明,枳实与枳壳不是同一味——前者是幼果,后者是近成熟的果实——传统是区分的。 本站愿意为之负责的概括是这样的:三首承气汤是文献里最清楚的一个「换一味会怎样」的范例;原书里那段诊断用法属于它自己的世纪;而一周不解大便是一个临床问题,不是一次选方。

温里散寒、通便止痛;《金匮要略》治寒积里实腹痛之方,也是「温下法」的样本方 · Warms the interior and purges the cold accumulation; the Jingui Yaolüe formula for the bound, painful abdomen belonging to cold rather than heat, and the type case of the warm purge

Da Huang Fu Zi Tang (Rhubarb and Aconite Decoction) dà huáng fù zǐ tāng · 大黄附子汤

Composition 组成

  • Rhubarb root and rhizome (da huang)
  • processed aconite accessory root (fu zi)
  • asarum (xi xin).

组成

  • 大黄、附子、细辛
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This is the formula that establishes the category of the warm purge, and the reason it is interesting is that on the face of it the combination is a contradiction. Purging is the method for heat bound in the interior; warming is what one does when there is cold. Putting a cold-natured purgative and a hot-natured emergency poison into three ingredients looks less like a prescription than like an argument, and the tradition has never entirely stopped having that argument. What the Jingui Yaolüe describes is pain under the ribs spreading to the side, with fever, and a pulse that is tight and wiry; its reading is that this is cold accumulating in the interior, and that the treatment is to warm it and move it out rather than to clear heat. The later textbook category that grew around the formula is the warm purge, and it is small: this is the type case and there are not many others. Whether the condition corresponds to anything one would recognise now is worth saying carefully, because the overlap is suggestive rather than tidy. The picture most often mapped onto it in modern terms includes severe constipation with colicky pain, faecal impaction, postoperative or opioid-induced ileus, and - the one that gets people into trouble - the right clinical presentations that look like constipation and are not. It is also worth noting that the source itself pairs this with a neighbouring line on what to do when the pain is accompanied by a pulse picture indicating something else entirely, which is the text again writing its own boundary. The sequencing point has to come before the formula, as it does everywhere in this knowledge base. Abdominal pain with a distended abdomen and no stool or wind passing is a same-day assessment, because the two branches are obstruction and non-obstruction and their treatments are opposite. Stimulant laxatives, enemas and anything that increases peristalsis are withheld in an undiagnosed acute abdomen for a reason that has nothing to do with caution as a disposition: if there is a mechanical obstruction or a distended, ischaemic or friable bowel, forcing it is one of the dependable ways to produce perforation and peritonitis. In older adults the presentation that mimics simple constipation most convincingly is faecal impaction, which can present as overflow diarrhoea and is therefore regularly misread. And then the materials, which is where this entry has to be uncompromising. Two of the three ingredients are the two most serious hazard stories in ordinary Chinese materia medica. Aconite is first. Aconitum is the single most hazardous item in routine use and it has a poisoning literature to match: aconitine and the related diester alkaloids hold voltage-gated sodium channels open, and poisoning presents with numbness and tingling of the mouth and limbs, nausea and vomiting, a slow or erratic ventricular rhythm, and arrest. Reported cases cluster around inadequately processed material, decoctions not boiled long enough, self-medication, and misuse of raw material or alcoholic extracts. Practice answers with two requirements and neither is negotiable: only processed accessory root is used, and it is boiled for a long time, which hydrolyses the diester alkaloids into far less toxic products. Several jurisdictions restrict or have restricted the sale of aconite-containing material. Asarum is second and it is serious for a quieter reason that accumulates rather than announces itself. It belongs to the birthwort family, Aristolochiaceae, whose members contain aristolochic acid; the nephropathy and upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma associated with that compound class come from cumulative exposure for which no safe threshold has been established. This is why the Chinese pharmacopoeia restricts the medicinal part of asarum to root and rhizome rather than the aerial parts, and why the part used is not a technicality. Anything containing asarum is, for this knowledge base, a reason for a reader to want the source of the material named. Rhubarb is the mildest of the three and it is still an anthraquinone stimulant laxative, with dependence, fluid and potassium loss, and melanosis coli on long repeated use. So: a formula that works by putting the most dangerous herb in common use next to a purgative, in order to purge what cold has bound. It is worth understanding as a piece of reasoning. It is not something to assemble at home, and the abdominal picture it is aimed at is, first and always, a question for an emergency department.

这一首方确立了「温下」这个类别,而它有意思的地方在于:表面上看,这个组合本身就是一个矛盾。攻下是对里热的方法;温是面对寒的时候做的事。把一味寒性的泻药和一味热性的急救级毒物放进三味药里,看起来与其说是一张方,不如说是一场争论——而传统自己也从未完全停止这场争论。《金匮要略》描写的是胁下偏痛、发热、脉紧弦;它的读法是寒积在里,治法是温而散之,不是清热。后世围绕此方长出来的教科书类别就是温下法,而这个类别很小:它是样本方,别的成员不多。 至于它今天对应什么,值得谨慎地说,因为那种重合是启发性的而不是严丝合缝的。现代最常被对上去的画面包括:严重便秘伴绞痛、粪便嵌塞、术后或阿片类所致的肠麻痹,以及——恰恰是最让人出事的那一类——看起来像便秘而并不是便秘的那些临床表现。也值得一提的是,原书自己在旁边写了一句「脉象另是一回事时应当怎么处理」的文字,那是文本又一次在写自己的边界。 顺序问题必须放在方子前面,正如本站处处所做的那样。腹痛、腹胀、不排便也不排气,是当日就诊的事,因为两条分支是梗阻与非梗阻,而它们的处理正好相反。对一个尚未判明的急腹症不给泻药、不给灌肠、不给任何增加肠蠕动的手段,理由与「谨慎」这种性格无关:如果存在机械性梗阻,或一段已经胀大、缺血、发脆的肠管,逼它动是把可活的病推进穿孔与腹膜炎的可靠办法之一。在老年人身上,把「普通便秘」模仿得最像的其实是粪便嵌塞,而它可以表现为溢液性腹泻,因此经常被读错。 接下来是单味药,这也正是本条不能退让的地方:三味里有两味是常用中药中最严重的两段风险故事。 第一是附子。乌头属是常规使用里危险性最高的一味,也有与之相称的中毒文献:乌头碱及相关双酯型生物碱使电压门控钠通道持续开放,中毒表现为口唇与四肢麻木刺痛、恶心呕吐、心率慢或不齐的室性心律,直至停搏。报道的病例集中在炮制不足的药材、煎煮时间不够的汤剂、自行用药,以及生品或醇提物的滥用。常规做法用两条来回应,而两条都不可以商量:只用炮制过的附子,并且久煎——久煎会把双酯型生物碱水解成毒性低得多的一串产物。若干司法辖区对含乌头类药材的销售有限制或曾经有限制。 第二是细辛,它严重的原因更安静,是一条累积而不是当场宣告的线。它属马兜铃科,该科植物含马兜铃酸;与这一类化合物相关的肾病与上尿路上皮癌来自累积暴露,而没有确定过任何安全阈值。这也是为什么《中国药典》把细辛的药用部位限定为根及根茎而不是地上部分,也是为什么「用哪个部位」不是技术细节。对本站来说,任何含细辛的东西都构成读者应当要求标明来源的理由。 大黄是三味里最缓的,但它仍然是蒽醌类刺激性泻药,反复久服会带来依赖、水与钾的丢失和结肠黑变病。 于是:一首靠把最常用的最危险的药与一味泻药放在一起、去攻下被寒所结之物的方。作为一个推理它是值得理解的。它不是可以在家里配出来的东西,而它所对的那幅腹部画面,首先并且永远是一个急诊问题。

润肠泻热、行气通便;《伤寒论》治脾约、大便硬之方,也是「润下法」的样本方 · Moistens the intestine and moves the stool, clears heat and moves qi; the Shanghan Lun formula for spleen constraint with hard stool, and the type case of the moistening purge

Ma Zi Ren Wan (Hemp Seed Pill) má zǐ rén wán · 麻子仁丸

Composition 组成

  • Hemp seed (ma zi ren
  • huo ma ren)
  • peony root (shao yao)
  • immature bitter orange fruit (zhi shi)
  • rhubarb root and rhizome (da huang)
  • magnolia bark (hou po)
  • apricot kernel (xing ren).

组成

  • 麻子仁(火麻仁)、芍药、枳实、大黄、厚朴、杏仁
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The Shanghan Lun introduces this with a word that has caused a great deal of commentary, pi yue, usually rendered as spleen constraint. The description is precise in an unexpected way: the patient's urine is frequent, yet the stool is hard and difficult, and the text says that in this case a purge should not be applied. The classical explanation is that the fluid has been diverted to the bladder, so the intestine is dry, and the reading is genuinely interesting because it explains a counterintuitive clinical observation - a person who is urinating a great deal and cannot open his bowels - by moving a single substance, fluid, from one place to another. Whether that mechanism is one a modern reader can accept as stated is another matter, and this entry is not going to settle it; what it will say is that the observation itself, frequent urination alongside hard stool, is real and worth noticing, and that the pair today points in several directions at once, including diabetes mellitus with polyuria, hypercalcaemia, and the diuretic effect of a medicine the patient has not mentioned. The formula is the type case of the moistening purge, which is the branch of the purging method aimed at dryness rather than at heat: an oily seed to moisten, a small amount of the purgative to move, and qi-moving and descending pairs behind them. It is also, practically, the formula most people have heard of for constipation in older adults, in pregnancy and after childbirth, and in anyone recovering from illness, which is precisely why the safety half of this entry has to be written carefully rather than briefly. Start with the red flags, because chronic constipation is a symptom with a long differential and a short list of things that must not be missed. New constipation beginning after middle age without an obvious cause is a reason to exclude colorectal cancer, and so is constipation accompanied by blood in the stool, unexplained weight loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, or a change in stool calibre that persists. Constipation also has a long medication list behind it - opioids first, then anticholinergics, calcium channel blockers, iron, some antacids, several antidepressants and antipsychotics, and over-the-counter antihistamines - and thyroid disease, hypercalcaemia, hypokalaemia, pregnancy, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord lesions and depression each appear on it. In older adults, the presentation that most reliably fools everyone is faecal impaction presenting as overflow diarrhoea, treated as diarrhoea, and made worse. And acute constipation with abdominal distension, vomiting and no passage of wind is obstruction until imaging says otherwise, which is a different and more urgent thing altogether. On the materials. Hemp seed is Cannabis sativa seed, and it is worth being exact about what that does and does not mean. The seed is a food, is low in the psychoactive constituents that come from the flowering tops, and is used for its oil and protein; it is not a way to consume cannabis. What it can do, however, is produce a positive urine test for cannabinoid metabolites in some people, and that consequence falls on the person who ate it rather than on the plant. Peony brings the shao yao ambiguity that appears throughout this knowledge base: white peony root and red peony root are handled differently in practice and the name alone does not settle which is meant. Bitter orange brings p-synephrine, and extracts of it drew regulatory attention in the years after ephedra alkaloids left the supplement market in the United States, with cardiovascular adverse events reported for stimulant combinations; zhi shi and zhi ke are not the same item. Rhubarb is an anthraquinone stimulant laxative, and although it appears here in a supporting role, repeated use over time still brings dependence, fluid and potassium loss, and melanosis coli - which is the reason a moistening formula containing a stimulant is not automatically a gentle long-term option. Magnolia bark is the same conservation-sensitive Magnolia officinalis described in Xiao Cheng Qi Tang. Apricot kernel contains amygdalin, which releases cyanide on hydrolysis, and poisoning from it is reported repeatedly and disproportionately in children and with unprocessed kernels; the sweet kernel sold as food is a different item. Finally, laxatives of any kind are not a good idea in pregnancy or breastfeeding without a clinician's involvement, because the choice among them matters and because dehydration and electrolyte shifts do not stay contained to the person taking them. The honest summary: this is the classic formula for the dry type of constipation, the old observation behind it is worth knowing, and the modern list behind constipation is long enough that starting with it rather than with the formula is the safer order.

《伤寒论》用了一个引来大量注释的词来介绍此方:脾约。它的描写有一种出人意料的精确:病人小便数,大便却硬而难解,而原文说这种情况不可用攻下。古典解释是津液被偏渗到膀胱,所以肠道失润;这个读法确实有意思,因为它用一个东西——津液——从一处移到另一处,解释了一个反直觉的临床观察:一个人小便很多,同时又解不出大便。至于这个机制现代读者能否照字面接受是另一回事,本条不打算裁决它;本站要说的是:那个观察本身——小便频数伴大便硬——是真的,值得留意,而且这一对症状今天同时指向好几个方向,其中包括多尿的糖尿病、高钙血症,以及某种患者没有提起的药物的利尿作用。 此方是润下法的样本方,而润下是攻下法里对准「燥」而不是对准「热」的那一支:一味油润的种子来润,少量泻下药来行,后面跟着行气与降气的一对。它在实践上也确实是多数人听说过的、用于老年人便秘、孕期产后便秘以及病后体弱者便秘的那一首方——这也正是为什么本条的安全部分必须写得仔细而不是简短。 先从红旗开始,因为慢性便秘是一个鉴别清单很长、而绝不能漏掉的条目很短的症状。中年后无明确原因新发的便秘,是排除结直肠癌的理由;便秘伴便血、不明原因的体重下降、缺铁性贫血,或粪便变细且持续存在,同样是。便秘背后还有一张长长的药物清单——阿片类居首,其后是抗胆碱药、钙通道阻滞剂、铁剂、某些抗酸药、若干抗抑郁药与抗精神病药,以及药店自购的抗组胺药;甲状腺疾病、高钙血症、低钾血症、妊娠、帕金森病、脊髓病变与抑郁也各在其列。在老年人身上最可靠地骗过所有人的,是表现为溢液性腹泻的粪便嵌塞:被当成腹泻处理,并被越弄越糟。而急性便秘伴腹胀、呕吐、不排气,在影像作出别的判定之前就是梗阻,那是一件不同而且更急的事。 单味药:火麻仁是大麻(Cannabis sativa)的种子,值得把「是什么、不是什么」说准。种子是食物,源自花穗的精神活性成分在它里面含量很低,人们用的是它的油与蛋白;它不是一种摄入大麻的方式。但它能做的一件事是:在部分人身上让尿液的 cannabinoid 代谢物检测呈阳性——而这个后果落在吃它的人身上,不落在植物身上。芍药带来本站处处出现的那个歧义:白芍与赤芍在实践中用法不同,光凭名字不能决定指的是哪一个。枳实带来对辛弗林问题;在麻黄碱类生物碱退出美国补充剂市场之后的那些年里,苦橙提取物受到监管关注,兴奋剂组合的心血管不良事件有报告;而枳实与枳壳不是同一味。大黄是蒽醌类刺激性泻药,虽然在这里只是辅佐,但反复久服仍会带来依赖、水与钾的丢失与结肠黑变病——这正是为什么一首含刺激性泻药的润下方并不自动等于温和的长期选择。厚朴就是小承气汤那条里提到的、来源敏感的 Magnolia officinalis。杏仁含苦杏仁苷,水解后释放氰化物,中毒报告反复出现,且以儿童与未经处理的种仁不成比例地居多;作为食物出售的甜杏仁是另一回事。最后:孕期与哺乳期在没有医生参与的情况下不宜使用任何一类泻药,因为选哪一种大有讲究,而脱水与电解质紊乱不会只停留在服药的人身上。 诚实的概括是:这是燥型便秘的经典方,它背后的那个旧观察值得知道,而便秘背后的现代清单长到足以让人——先从它、再从方子开始,是更安全的顺序。

温肾益精、润肠通便;《景岳全书》治老年肾虚便秘之方,也是「欲降先升」思路最著名的一例 · Warms the kidney and supplements essence, moistens the intestine and frees the stool; the Jingyue Quanshu formula for constipation of the depleted type in older adults, and the best-known example of a purge built upward-looking

Ji Chuan Jian (Ferry the Stream Decoction) jì chuān jiān · 济川煎

Composition 组成

  • Chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • achyranthes root (niu xi)
  • cistanche herb (rou cong rong)
  • alisma rhizome (ze xie)
  • cimicifuga rhizome (sheng ma)
  • bitter orange fruit (zhi qiao).

组成

  • 当归、牛膝、肉苁蓉、泽泻、升麻、枳壳
Source 出处 · Jingyue Quanshu · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The name means ferrying a stream, and the metaphor is a decent one: what is being carried across is a bowel that has run out of the fluid and the motive force to move. Zhang Jiebin's formula comes from the Ming dynasty and it is aimed at a picture his text describes in terms of kidney depletion - an older person, a dry stool, difficult evacuation, and none of the heat, distension and agitation that characterise the purging formulas of the Shanghan Lun. It belongs to the same broad branch as Ma Zi Ren Wan, the moistening purge, but it adds two things: warming and supplementing, because the failure it addresses is read as a failure of resources rather than an accumulation of something hostile. The construction is the interesting part, and it is worth describing rather than paraphrasing, because it contains a piece of reasoning that appears elsewhere in the literature but rarely so plainly. A formula meant to move the bowels downward contains two ingredients that lift. Sheng ma, cimicifuga, is the herb of raising; zhi qiao, bitter orange, descends; and the classical account of why both are there is the phrase yu jiang xian sheng - to send it down, first raise it. The reading is that clear yang rising is what allows turbid yin to descend, which sounds like wordplay until one notices that the same shape of argument is used throughout the tradition for cough, for urination and for labour. Whether or not one accepts the mechanism, the move is deliberate and it is worth naming. There is also a plainer reading available: zhi qiao moves qi in the middle and cimicifuga appears in small quantity beside a large one of cistanche, and formulas are rarely built from one idea alone. Then the part that has to come first, which is that constipation in an older adult is not a diagnosis and the formula is not a substitute for asking why. New constipation beginning after middle age without an obvious cause is a reason to exclude colorectal cancer, and so is constipation with blood in the stool, unexplained weight loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, or a persistent change in stool calibre. The medication list behind constipation is long - opioids first, then anticholinergics, calcium channel blockers, iron, some antidepressants and antipsychotics, and over-the-counter antihistamines - and thyroid disease, hypercalcaemia, hypokalaemia, Parkinson's disease, depression and immobility each appear on it. In older adults specifically, faecal impaction presenting as overflow diarrhoea is the presentation that most reliably gets treated the wrong way round. And acute constipation with distension, vomiting and no passage of wind is obstruction until imaging says otherwise, which is a different and far more urgent matter. On the materials. Cistanche is a desert parasitic plant and it is the ingredient most likely to be described to a reader as gentle; it is worth knowing that wild desert cistanche has been harvested to the point of conservation concern, that supply is now substantially cultivated, and that the plant on a label is not always the plant one imagines. Angelica contains coumarin-type constituents, and although sharing a word with warfarin does not make something an anticoagulant, case reports of a raised INR when the two are combined exist, so anyone on warfarin is in monitoring territory rather than dispute territory. Achyranthes root, niu xi, is the one whose traditional cautions matter most here: it is a blood-moving and downward-directing herb and it is classically contraindicated in pregnancy, and it is also one of the names covering more than one plant - Achyranthes bidentata and Cyathula officinalis are the two usually meant - so the identity question is live each time the label is written. Alisma is a diuretic rhizome, and the caution that follows is not about toxicity but about arithmetic: a formula for dryness that contains something which increases urine output is a formula that has to be considered in a person who is already dry, dehydrated, or taking a diuretic. Cimicifuga is the one that deserves a specific note, because the genus Actaea, which includes black cohosh, has been associated with reports of liver injury, mostly for the North American species and mostly from supplement use; the Chinese material is not the same species, but the identity matters and a reader with liver disease or unexplained jaundice is not in a place to be casual about it. Bitter orange, finally, brings p-synephrine and the same stimulant concerns recorded for Ma Zi Ren Wan; zhi qiao and zhi shi are the nearly mature and immature fruit respectively and are not interchangeable. What this knowledge base will say without hedging: the formula is the clearest worked example in the literature of a purge that is built by looking upward, and a person of eighty who has suddenly stopped opening his bowels needs a clinician before he needs a metaphor.

方名的意思是「渡过一条河」,这个比喻不坏:被渡过去的,是一副已经耗尽了津液与推动力的肠道。张介宾这首方出自明代,对准的是他的书里以「肾虚」来描述的一幅画面:一位老年人,大便干,排出困难,而没有《伤寒论》那些攻下方所对应的热、胀与烦躁。它与麻子仁丸同属润下这一大支,但多加了两条:温与补——因为它所对的那次失败被读作资源的亏耗,而不是某种敌对之物的停积。 有意思的是它的构造,值得描述而不是转述,因为它含有一处推理:这个推理在文献别处也出现,但很少这么明白地摆出来。一首要把大便往下送的方里,有两味是往上升的。升麻是升提之药,枳壳是降气之药;关于为什么两味都在,古典说法是那句「欲降先升」。读法是:清阳得升,浊阴才得降。这听起来像文字游戏,直到人注意到同一个论证形状被传统用在咳嗽上、用在小便上、用在难产上。不论是否接受这个机制,这个动作是刻意的,值得点出来。也另有一个更平实的读法:枳壳在中焦行气,升麻在小量上出现在大剂量肉苁蓉的旁边,而一首方很少只由一个观念构成。 然后是必须先说的部分:老年人的便秘不是一个诊断,而这首方也不是「为什么」的替代品。中年后无明确原因新发的便秘,是排除结直肠癌的理由;便秘伴便血、不明原因的体重下降、缺铁性贫血,或粪便变细且持续,同样是。便秘背后的药物清单很长——阿片类居首,其后是抗胆碱药、钙通道阻滞剂、铁剂、某些抗抑郁药与抗精神病药,以及药店自购的抗组胺药;甲状腺疾病、高钙血症、低钾血症、帕金森病、抑郁与长期卧床也各在其列。在老年人身上,表现为溢液性腹泻的粪便嵌塞,是最可靠地会被反向处理错的那一种。而急性便秘伴腹胀、呕吐、不排气,在影像作出别的判定之前就是梗阻,那是一件不同而且急得多的事。 单味药:肉苁蓉是一种荒漠寄生植物,也是这一方里最容易被描述成「缓和」的一味;值得知道的是野生荒漠肉苁蓉被采伐到成为保护关注对象,今天的货源很大程度来自栽培,而标签上的那株植物并不总是人们想象的那一株。当归含香豆素类成分;与华法林共用「香豆素」这个词并不意味着它是抗凝药,但确有两者合用使 INR 升高的个案报告,所以服用华法林的人处在需要监测的位置,而不是需要争论的位置。牛膝是这里传统禁忌最要紧的一味:它是活血而引下行的药,古典上孕期禁用;它同时是一个覆盖不止一种植物的名称——通常指的是牛膝(Achyranthes bidentata)与川牛膝(Cyathula officinalis)——所以每次写标签时基原问题都是活的。泽泻是利水的根茎,跟着它的告诫与毒无关,与算术有关:一首对准「燥」的方里含一味增加尿量的药,对于一个本来就干、已经脱水或正在服利尿剂的人来说,是要重新算一遍的。升麻值得专门写一条,因为 Actaea(升麻属,含北美黑升麻)这一个属有过肝损伤的报告,主要来自北美种、主要来自补充剂使用;中国所用不是同一种,但基原要紧,而一个有肝病或不明原因黄疸的读者没有余裕对这件事随便。最后是枳壳,它带来对辛弗林以及麻子仁丸那条里记下的同样的兴奋剂顾虑;枳壳与枳实分别是近成熟与幼嫩的果实,不可互代。 本站可以不含糊地写的是:这首方是文献里「通过往上看去造一首泻下方」最清楚的范例;而一位八十岁、忽然不再解大便的人,需要先有医生,再要这个比喻。

清热利湿退黄;《伤寒论》治阳黄之祖方 · Clears heat, drains damp and reduces jaundice; the source formula for the pattern the literature calls yang jaundice

Yin Chen Hao Tang (Artemisia Capillaris Decoction) yīn chén hāo tāng · 茵陈蒿汤

Composition 组成

  • Virgate wormwood herb (yin chen hao)
  • gardenia fruit (zhi zi)
  • rhubarb root and rhizome (da huang).

组成

  • 茵陈蒿、栀子、大黄
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Yin Chen Hao Tang is the reference formula for the picture the classical literature calls yang jaundice: yellowing that arrives with heat, a heavy and full body, bitter taste in the mouth, dark scanty urine, and a yellow greasy tongue coating. Three ingredients carry it. Yin chen hao drains damp; zhi zi clears the heat and, together with the rhubarb, pushes it downward; da huang opens the bowel so the heat has a way out. The design is transparent, and this entry will not pretend it is not. The problem is not the design. The problem is the presenting sign. Jaundice is not a disease. It is a finding, and the list behind it is long: viral hepatitis A through E, alcoholic and autoimmune hepatitis, drug-induced liver injury - herbal preparations included - gallstone disease, obstruction of the bile duct by stone or by tumour, pancreatic head cancer, haemolysis, congestive hepatopathy from heart failure, and Gilbert syndrome, which needs no treatment at all. Several of these are urgent or surgical. Obstructive jaundice and acute cholangitis, the second announced by fever and rigors alongside the pain, belong to endoscopy and surgery rather than to a decoction. In a newborn, jaundice is a separate problem again with a separate time course, and kernicterus is the reason it is assessed urgently rather than managed at home. Modern medicine has also changed what jaundice means. Chronic hepatitis B is now managed with antivirals and chronic hepatitis C is cured in most people by direct-acting antiviral drugs; neither achievement has an herbal equivalent, and no formula in this library should be read as a substitute for a causal treatment. Yin chen hao is a genuine diuretic and choleretic herb with a long clinical record in China and, as inchinkoto, a place in the Japanese Kampo formulary as a prescription pharmaceutical preparation. What the classical sources promise - that the yellow recedes - is a traditional outcome description, and the controlled evidence for meaningful clinical endpoints is not something this entry can assert. Practical cautions follow from the ingredients. Rhubarb contains anthraquinones and is a stimulant laxative: it should not be used in suspected bowel obstruction or an undiagnosed acute abdomen, and long-term use is associated with electrolyte disturbance and dependence. Gardenia fruit has been reported to cause liver injury in preclinical studies and in case reports, which is an uncomfortable fit for a formula given for jaundice, and it is why this entry records the signal rather than smoothing it away. Yin chen hao is an Artemisia, and Artemisia pollen is one of the more common aeroallergens; the species used also varies by pharmacopoeia and region, so the plant named in a text is not always the plant in the packet. Pregnancy and breastfeeding are reasons not to take a formula built partly on a stimulant laxative.

茵陈蒿汤是古典文献所说「阳黄」的标准方:身黄而伴热象、身重腹满、口苦、小便短赤、舌苔黄腻。三味各司其职:茵陈蒿利湿,栀子清热并与大黄同引热下行,大黄通腑使热有出路。这个方义是清楚的,本条目不去掩饰它。 问题不在方义,而在它所对的那个症状。黄疸不是一种病,而是一个体征,它背后的清单很长:甲至戊型病毒性肝炎、酒精性与自身免疫性肝炎、药物性肝损伤(草本制剂也在其列)、胆石症、结石或肿瘤造成的胆道梗阻、胰头癌、溶血、心衰导致的充血性肝病,以及完全不需要处理的 Gilbert 综合征。其中若干项属于急症或外科范畴。梗阻性黄疸与急性胆管炎(后者以腹痛伴寒战高热为标志)属于内镜与外科处理,不属于汤药。新生儿黄疸则完全是另一条时间线,胆红素脑病是它必须被紧急评估而不是居家处置的理由。 现代医学也已经改变了黄疸的含义:慢性乙型肝炎已由抗病毒药物控制病程,慢性丙型肝炎在大多数人身上可被直接抗病毒药物清除。这两项成就没有草药对应物,本库任何方剂都不应被读作对因治疗的替代品。茵陈蒿确有真实的利胆与利尿记载,在日本汉方体系中,同名方(茵蔯蒿湯)作为医疗用汉方制剂被使用。古典文献所承诺的「黄退」是传统疗效描述,而达到有意义临床终点的对照证据,本条目不作断言。 具体注意事项来自三味药本身。大黄含蒽醌,属刺激性泻药:疑似肠梗阻或未判明的急腹症不宜使用,长期服用与电解质紊乱及依赖性相关。栀子在临床前研究与病例报告中均有肝损伤记载,这对一首用于黄疸的方而言是个令人不安的巧合,本条目因此把这个信号记下来而不是抹平它。茵陈蒿是蒿属植物,而蒿属花粉是常见的气传过敏原之一;所用物种又随药典与地区而变,故书里写的植物与包里的植物并不总是一回事。孕期与哺乳期不适合服用部分由刺激性泻药构成的方剂。

利水渗湿、清热养阴;立意在于利水而不伤阴 · Promotes urination and drains damp, clears heat and protects the yin; the design point is draining water without damaging the fluids

Zhu Ling Tang (Polyporus Decoction) zhū líng tāng · 猪苓汤

Composition 组成

  • Polyporus sclerotium (zhu ling)
  • poria sclerotium (fu ling)
  • water plantain rhizome (ze xie)
  • talc (hua shi)
  • donkey-hide gelatin (e jiao).

组成

  • 猪苓、茯苓、泽泻、滑石、阿胶
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Zhu Ling Tang is unusual among the water-draining formulas, and the reason is one ingredient. Polyporus, poria, water plantain and talc all increase urine; that is ordinary. The fifth ingredient, e jiao, is donkey-hide gelatin - a substance used to nourish blood and yin and to stop bleeding, and not something one would expect in a formula whose job is to remove fluid. Putting it there is the argument: draining water tends to damage the yin, so the formula pays for the drainage in advance. Classical commentaries also note that e jiao here is doing a second job, since the pattern includes blood in the urine. Whether one reads that as elegant or as ad hoc, it is what the text does, and it is worth describing rather than defending. The Shanghan Lun itself supplies the caution. Immediately beside the passage that recommends the formula for floating pulse, fever, thirst and difficult urination, there is a line saying that in a yangming patient who sweats profusely and is thirsty, Zhu Ling Tang must not be given - because heavy sweating has already dried the stomach and the formula would drain further through the urine. A source text that writes its own contraindication next to its own indication is doing something modern labels rarely do, and this entry will not flatten that into a simple indication list. Difficult urination is a symptom with a differential, and the differential matters more than the formula. It covers urinary tract infection, prostatism, renal impairment, medication effect, pregnancy, and diabetes. Burning pain with frequency in a young woman is often uncomplicated cystitis, but fever, flank pain or nausea suggest upper tract involvement; in men, in pregnancy, in diabetes and in the immunosuppressed, urinary infection is classified as complicated for good reasons and is assessed differently. Visible blood in the urine is a reason for urological evaluation regardless of whether it hurts, because it is also how bladder and kidney tumours present. No herbal diuretic should occupy the space where that assessment belongs. Three cautions follow from the ingredients. Talc is a mineral, and the safety question for any mineral that goes into the body is what else was in the seam: asbestos-form fibres occur naturally alongside talc deposits, and pharmaceutical and cosmetic grades are both specified as asbestos-free for that reason. Donkey-hide gelatin is an animal product with a well-documented adulteration history - cheaper hides and non-hide proteins have repeatedly been found in material sold as e jiao - and it is unsuitable for vegetarian readers for the obvious reason. Water plantain has reports of kidney and liver toxicity in animal studies at prolonged high intake; this entry records that as an uncertain signal rather than an established human harm. Finally, a formula that increases urine output is additive with diuretic medicines, and in someone already taking a thiazide or a loop diuretic for heart failure, the combination is an arithmetic problem worth raising with the prescriber.

猪苓汤在利水诸方里有些特别,原因只有一味药。猪苓、茯苓、泽泻、滑石四味都增加尿量,这并不稀奇;第五味阿胶是驴皮胶,用以养血滋阴、止血,完全不像会出现在一首以去水为职的方里。把它放在那里,就是方论本身:利水容易伤阴,所以这方先把代价付了。古典注解还指出阿胶在此兼有第二重任务,因为所主之证包含尿血。无论把它读作精巧还是读作权宜,原文确实如此,值得描述而不是辩护。 《伤寒论》自己给出了禁忌。在「脉浮发热、渴欲饮水、小便不利者,猪苓汤主之」这一段旁边,紧接着写着阳明病汗出多而渴者不可与猪苓汤 —— 因为汗多已令胃中燥,此方复利其小便。一部原始文献把禁忌写在主治旁边,是现代标签很少做的事,本条目不把它压平成一个简单的适应症清单。 小便不利是一个带鉴别诊断的症状,而鉴别比方剂更要紧。它覆盖尿路感染、前列腺增生、肾功能不全、药物影响、妊娠与糖尿病。年轻女性尿痛伴尿频常为单纯性膀胱炎,但发热、腰痛或恶心提示上尿路受累;在男性、妊娠期、糖尿病与免疫抑制者中,尿路感染被归为复杂性有其理由,评估路径也不同。肉眼血尿无论是否疼痛,都构成泌尿外科评估的理由,因为它也是膀胱与肾脏肿瘤的表现方式。没有任何草本利尿方应当占据本属该项评估的位置。 三处注意来自药物本身。滑石是矿物,而任何进入人体的矿物,其安全问题都在于矿脉里还夹着什么:石棉状纤维天然与滑石矿床共生,药用级与化妆品级滑石因此都以「不含石棉」为规格要求。阿胶是动物来源制品,掺伪史有充分记载 —— 以廉价皮料或非皮蛋白冒充阿胶的情况多次被检出;对素食读者而言它也显然不适用。泽泻在动物实验中长期大剂量给药有肝肾毒性报道,本条目将其记为不确定性信号而非已确立的人体危害。最后,增加尿量的方剂与利尿药是相加的:对已在服用噻嗪类或袢利尿剂的心衰患者而言,这种叠加是个值得向自己的主诊医生提出的算术问题。

益气祛风、健脾利水;主治表虚之风湿、风水,汗出恶风、身重 · Supplements qi, dispels wind, strengthens the spleen and drains water; for wind-damp with sweating, aversion to wind and a heavy body on a background of surface deficiency

Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang (Stephania and Astragalus Decoction) fáng jǐ huáng qí tāng · 防己黄芪汤

Composition 组成

  • Stephania root (han fang ji / fen fang ji)
  • astragalus root (huang qi)
  • atractylodes macrocephala rhizome (bai zhu)
  • liquorice root (gan cao)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • jujube fruit (da zao).

组成

  • 防己(汉防己/粉防己)、黄芪、白术、甘草、生姜、大枣
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang pairs two things that are usually kept apart: a herb that drains water and a herb that is given to people who are tired and depleted. Huang qi raises and secures the exterior; fang ji drains damp; bai zhu, ginger, jujube and liquorice hold the middle. The pattern it is written for is specific and slightly counter-intuitive - a person who is damp and heavy and who is also sweating and cannot tolerate a draught. Classical reading explains that as surface deficiency: the exterior is not holding, so sweating and wind-aversion come together with retention of fluid. Whether one finds that explanation satisfying or not, it is what the formula is aimed at, and this entry reports it as a description of the tradition rather than as a claim about physiology. One ingredient carries a safety issue that outranks everything else on this page. Fang ji is a name covering more than one plant. Han fang ji, also called fen fang ji, is Stephania tetrandra of the Menispermaceae family and does not contain aristolochic acid. Guang fang ji is Aristolochia fangchi, a member of the birthwort family, and does contain it. The two were traded under the same name, and the consequences of that are documented: in the nineteen-nineties a Belgian slimming clinic that used an aristolochia species in place of the intended herb produced a cluster of rapidly progressive kidney failure, and a substantial share of those patients later developed urothelial cancer. Aristolochic acid causes interstitial nephropathy that does not reverse, and it is a carcinogen with cumulative exposure and no established safe threshold. Chinese authorities withdrew the aristolochia species from medicinal use in the early two-thousands. Any modern preparation of this formula must use Stephania root. If a source, a supplier or a label says fang ji without saying which fang ji, that is not a detail. The remaining cautions are smaller but real. Liquorice in sustained amounts produces a syndrome that looks like excess aldosterone - raised blood pressure, low potassium, oedema - which is an awkward property in a formula given for oedema, and it interacts with diuretics, digoxin and antihypertensive medicines. Astragalus is immunologically active, and while it is widely used and generally well tolerated, that activity is a reason for caution in people on immunosuppressive treatment or with autoimmune disease. Oedema is also a sign with a differential: heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, venous insufficiency, deep vein thrombosis, hypothyroidism and several common drugs - calcium channel blockers, NSAIDs, corticosteroids - all produce it, and unilateral leg swelling raises the question of a clot. New or worsening breathlessness with oedema belongs to an emergency department, not to a decoction. Weight loss and joint symptoms are modern applications that have been attached to this formula; this library records the traditional indication and does not assert those modern ones.

防己黄芪汤把两样通常分开的东西放在一起:一味利水的药,与一味给乏力虚损者用的药。黄芪益气固表,防己利水,白术、生姜、大枣、甘草守中。它所主之证具体而略反直觉:人既湿且重,同时又汗出、恶风。古典解释把它说成表虚 —— 外不固,故汗出与恶风同见,而水湿留滞。无论这解释是否令人满意,它就是此方的指向,本条目把它作为对传统的描述来写,而不是作为对生理机制的断言。 一味药身上带着一个压过本页其余内容的安全问题。防己是覆盖不止一种植物的名称。汉防己又称粉防己,是防己科的粉防己(Stephania tetrandra),不含马兜铃酸;广防己是马兜铃科的广防己(Aristolochia fangchi),含马兜铃酸。两者曾以同一名称流通,其后果有记载:二十世纪九十年代,比利时一家减肥诊所用马兜铃属植物替代了原本应当使用的药材,造成一批快速进展的肾衰竭,其中相当比例的患者日后发生尿路上皮癌。马兜铃酸导致的肾小管间质肾病不可逆转,且是具累积暴露、无确定安全阈值的致癌物。中国药政部门在两千年代初取消了马兜铃属相关品种的药用标准。此方的任何现代制剂都必须使用防己科粉防己。若来源、供应商或标签只写「防己」而不写哪一种防己,那就不是细节问题。 其余注意事项较小但并不虚假。甘草持续服用会产生类似醛固酮增多的表现 —— 血压升高、低钾、水肿;这对一首用于水肿的方而言是个尴尬的属性,并且它与利尿剂、地高辛及降压药存在相互作用。黄芪具免疫活性,虽应用广泛且一般耐受良好,但该活性构成对接受免疫抑制治疗者或自身免疫病患者的谨慎理由。水肿本身也是带鉴别的体征:心衰、肾病综合征、肝硬化、静脉功能不全、深静脉血栓、甲状腺功能减退,以及若干常用药物(钙拮抗剂、非甾体抗炎药、糖皮质激素)都可致水肿,单侧下肢肿胀则需要考虑血栓。新发或加重的水肿伴呼吸困难属于急诊范畴,不属于汤药。减重与关节症状是后来附加到此方之上的现代应用;本库只记载传统主治,不对这些现代应用作断言。

清热泻火、利水通淋;《太平惠民和剂局方》治热淋之祖方 · Clears heat, drains fire, promotes urination and frees the painful urinary pattern; the source formula for the picture the literature calls hot strangury

Ba Zheng San (Eight Corrections Powder) bā zhèng sǎn · 八正散

Composition 组成

  • Plantago seed (che qian zi)
  • dianthus herb (qu mai)
  • knotgrass herb (bian xu)
  • talc (hua shi)
  • gardenia fruit (zhi zi)
  • rhubarb root and rhizome (da huang)
  • akebia or clematis stem (mu tong)
  • liquorice root (gan cao)
  • with juncus pith (deng xin cao).

组成

  • 车前子、瞿麦、萹蓄、滑石、栀子、大黄、木通、甘草
  • 加灯芯草
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Ba Zheng San is the formula the tradition reaches for when urination burns. Its name - eight corrections - refers to the eight ingredients that straighten out the passage: plantago seed, dianthus, knotgrass, talc, gardenia, rhubarb, mu tong, and liquorice, with juncus pith added to guide it downward. The intent is stated plainly in the classical category it belongs to: clear heat, drain fire, and open the water passages. It is a coherent formula, and for a reader trying to understand how the tradition reasons about urinary symptoms, it is the one to look at. It is also a formula built on a naming problem that has caused real harm. Mu tong is not one thing. Guan mu tong is Aristolochia manshuriensis, a birthwort relative that contains aristolochic acid; Chinese authorities cancelled its medicinal standard in two thousand and three because of aristolochic acid nephropathy and the urothelial cancers that follow it. Chuan mu tong is a Clematis species of the buttercup family, and mu tong proper is Akebia of the Lardizabalaceae family; neither is an aristolochia. A modern preparation should use akebia or clematis stem, and a package that says mu tong without saying which is not acceptable. This is the same failure that produced the Belgian slimming-clinic outbreak of kidney failure in the nineteen-nineties, and it is the reason this library treats one-herb-many-species as a safety issue rather than a footnote. The symptom the formula is named for also needs a wider frame. Strangury - lin - is a traditional disease name that covers what we would now separate into urinary tract infection, stone disease, prostatism and urethral syndrome, and the classical sources had no way to tell them apart. Today they are told apart, and the difference changes management. Urinary infection in men, in pregnancy, in children, in diabetes and in the immunosuppressed is complicated by definition and is assessed differently; fever, flank pain and vomiting point to the kidney rather than the bladder; visible blood needs urological evaluation even when it is painless; and burning on urination is also how chlamydia and gonorrhoea present. Recurrent symptoms deserve a structural explanation, and persistent pain with sterile urine is a recognised entity that is not an infection and does not respond to antibiotics. The remaining cautions are the ones attached to its ingredients: rhubarb as a stimulant laxative should not be used in undiagnosed abdominal pain or suspected obstruction; gardenia has reported liver toxicity in preclinical studies and case reports; talc is a mineral whose safety depends on being free of asbestos-form fibres; dianthus is recorded in the classical literature as disturbing pregnancy and is listed as a contraindication in it. And the general point stands: repeated or prolonged urinary symptoms are a reason to be examined, not a reason to keep clearing heat at home.

八正散是传统面对小便灼痛时所取之方。方名「八正」指八味药使水道归于正:车前子、瞿麦、萹蓄、滑石、栀子、大黄、木通、甘草,另加灯芯草以引下行。其立意从它所属的古典类别中直接写明:清热泻火、利水通淋。这是一首自洽的方,对想理解传统如何推演小便症状的读者而言,它是最该看的一首。 它同时也建立在一个曾造成实际伤害的命名问题之上。木通不是一种东西。关木通是马兜铃科的东北马兜铃(Aristolochia manshuriensis),含马兜铃酸;中国药政部门于二〇〇三年取消其药用标准,原因正是马兜铃酸肾病及其后的尿路上皮癌。川木通是毛茛科铁线莲属,木通则指木通科的木通属(Akebia),两者均非马兜铃属。现代制剂应使用木通或川木通,只写「木通」而不写哪一种的包装不可接受。这正是二十世纪九十年代比利时减肥诊所那批肾衰竭事件的同一类失效,也是本库把「一名多物」当作安全问题而非脚注的原因。 此方所主的症状同样需要更大的框架。淋证是传统病名,它覆盖了今天会被分开的尿路感染、结石、前列腺疾病与尿道综合征,而古典文献无从区分。今天能区分,而区分会改变处理。男性、妊娠期、儿童、糖尿病与免疫抑制者的尿路感染按定义属复杂性,评估路径不同;发热、腰痛与呕吐指向肾而非膀胱;肉眼血尿即使无痛也需泌尿外科评估;而排尿灼痛同样是衣原体与淋球菌感染的表现方式。反复发作的症状应当去寻找结构性解释,而持续性疼痛伴尿培养阴性是已被认识的独立实体,它不是感染,也不会对抗生素产生反应。 其余注意事项来自药物本身:大黄作为刺激性泻药,不宜用于未判明的腹痛或疑似肠梗阻;栀子在临床前研究与病例报告中均有肝毒性记载;滑石是矿物,其安全性取决于不含石棉状纤维;瞿麦在古典文献中被记载为动胎,在孕期列为禁忌。而总的原则依然成立:反复或迁延的小便症状是应当去接受检查的理由,不是在家持续清热的理由。

温中补虚、降逆止呕 · Warms the middle and supplements deficiency, directs counterflow downward and settles vomiting

Wu Zhu Yu Tang (Evodia Decoction) wú zhū yú tāng · 吴茱萸汤

Composition 组成

  • Evodia fruit (wu zhu yu)
  • ginseng root (ren shen)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • jujube fruit (da zao).

组成

  • 吴茱萸、人参、生姜、大枣
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Wu Zhu Yu Tang is built around a single movement: sending what has gone upward back down. Four ingredients do it. Wu zhu yu is acrid and hot and warms the middle; ren shen supplements; sheng jiang, in a larger proportion than most formulas carry, settles the stomach; da zao harmonises and buffers. The classical text attaches the same composition to three separate tract discussions - yangming, shaoyin and jueyin - and that is worth noticing. The picture behind all three is one picture: vomiting, or vomiting together with diarrhoea, cold in the middle, and a head that aches on top of it. The line most often quoted is the jueyin one - dry retching, spittle, and headache. What makes the formula interesting is that one composition is being read across three different frameworks; what makes it necessary to read it carefully is that the symptom it addresses is vomiting, and vomiting has one of the longest differential lists in medicine. That list has to come first. Vomiting is produced by gastroenteritis, by gastric outlet obstruction and intestinal obstruction, by pregnancy, by uraemia, by raised intracranial pressure, by inferior-wall myocardial infarction, by ketoacidosis, and by a long line of drugs - digoxin, opioids, antibiotics, chemotherapy among them. Projectile vomiting in an infant, vomiting of bile or of blood, and vomiting with colicky pain but no passage of stool or flatus are all reasons to be assessed rather than to have the middle warmed. Headache accompanied by vomiting carries its own list. A thunderclap headache that is maximal from the first second, headache with neck stiffness or fever or altered consciousness, and a new and different headache in someone past fifty, are the presentations behind subarachnoid haemorrhage, meningitis and intracranial space-occupying lesions. Jueyin headache is a category inside the classical framework. It is not a modern diagnosis, and this entry does not present it as one. Three cautions follow from the herbs themselves. Wu zhu yu is the fruit of Evodia (Tetradium), and it is among the herbs the Chinese pharmacopoeia annotates as having minor toxicity; liver injury has been reported in association with it, and constituents of the herb including rutaecarpine inhibit several cytochrome P450 enzymes in laboratory work, which is the reason for caution where other medicines depend on those enzymes for clearance. It is not the same plant as wu tou, whatever the resemblance in sound suggests. Ren shen is immunologically active and has documented case reports of interaction with warfarin; the direction and size of that effect are not settled, and saying the evidence is mixed is more honest than repeating either claim as established. Fresh ginger is well tolerated in food quantities and the antiplatelet concern is theoretical and weak - a small signal, not a prohibition. Jujube fruit is sugar, and this is a formula given to people who are not eating.

吴茱萸汤只做一件事:把上逆的东西送回去。四味药各司其职:吴茱萸辛热温中,人参补虚,生姜用量在诸方中偏大而重在降逆和胃,大枣调和。古典文献把同一首方挂在三处不同的讨论里 —— 阳明、少阴、厥阴,这一点值得注意。三处背后其实是同一个画面:呕吐,或吐而兼利,中焦有寒,上面还伴着头痛。被引用最多的是厥阴那一条:干呕、吐涎沫、头痛。此方有意思之处在于一首方被三个不同框架同时解读;必须谨慎读它的原因在于,它所对的是呕吐,而呕吐是医学里鉴别清单最长的症状之一。 这份清单必须排在前面。呕吐可由胃肠炎引起,也可由幽门梗阻与肠梗阻、妊娠、尿毒症、颅内压升高、下壁心肌梗死、酮症酸中毒引起,还可由一长串药物引起 —— 地高辛、阿片类、抗生素、化疗药都在其中。婴儿的喷射性呕吐、呕出胆汁或血液、以及绞痛伴不排便不排气,这些都属于应当接受评估而不是去温中的情形。头痛伴呕吐另有清单:起病瞬间即达峰值的雷击样头痛、伴颈项强直或发热或意识改变的头痛、以及五十岁以上新出现的性质不同的头痛,其背后是蛛网膜下腔出血、脑膜炎与颅内占位。厥阴头痛是古典框架内的一个类别,它不是现代诊断,本条目不把它当作诊断来呈现。 三处注意来自药物本身。吴茱萸是吴茱萸属(Evodia / Tetradium)的果实,属中国药典标注「小毒」的药材之列;与之相关的肝损伤有病例报告,其所含成分(如吴茱萸次碱)在实验研究中抑制若干细胞色素 P450 酶,这是与其他经这些酶清除的药物同用时须谨慎的理由。它读音虽近,却不是乌头。人参具免疫活性,与华法林相互作用的病例报告有文献记载,但作用方向与大小并未定论 —— 说证据混杂比把任何一方的说法当成定论更诚实。生姜在食物量级上耐受良好,抗血小板方面的顾虑是理论性的且证据较弱:这是个小信号,不是禁令。大枣是糖,而这首方恰恰是给吃不下东西的人用的。

温经散寒、养血通脉;主治手足厥寒、脉细欲绝者 · Warms the channels and disperses cold, nourishes the blood and unblocks the vessels; for cold hands and feet on a background of blood deficiency

Dang Gui Si Ni Tang (Angelica Decoction for Cold Extremities) dāng guī sì nì tāng · 当归四逆汤

Composition 组成

  • Angelica sinensis root (dang gui)
  • cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • peony root (shao yao)
  • asarum herb (xi xin)
  • liquorice root (gan cao)
  • tong cao (tetrapanax pith or akebia stem)
  • jujube fruit (da zao).

组成

  • 当归、桂枝、芍药、细辛、甘草、通草、大枣
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Dang Gui Si Ni Tang answers one sentence in the classical text: hands and feet that are cold, and a pulse that is thin and on the point of vanishing. The design is easy to follow. Dang gui and shao yao nourish and hold the blood; gui zhi warms the channels and moves; xi xin is acrid and reaches into the deep cold; gan cao and da zao support the middle; tong cao opens the passage. What the formula is arguing is that cold in the extremities is not always a problem of too little fire - it can be a problem of too little of what carries the warmth outward. That is a genuinely different reading from the one behind si ni tang, which answers the same cold hands with aconite and dried ginger, and the two formulas sitting side by side is the clearest short lesson the tradition offers on how it reasons about cold. Cold hands and feet are also, today, a sign with a differential, and the differential is the part that matters. Raynaud phenomenon, peripheral arterial disease, hypothyroidism, anaemia, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, orthostatic hypotension, sepsis, hypothermia and frostbite, systemic sclerosis with its calcinosis and sclerodactyly, and ordinary anxiety with overbreathing all produce it. Most are chronic and most are assessed electively. One is not: a limb that becomes cold, painful, pale and pulseless over hours is acute limb ischaemia, and it is a vascular surgical emergency measured in hours, not a pattern to be warmed. A sudden cold, painful, pulseless limb is the version of this symptom that has a clock attached, and this entry says so because the classical wording - hands and feet cold - does not distinguish between the two. The safety notes here are mostly about names. Xi xin is Asarum, a member of the birthwort family, and it contains aristolochic acid: the same compound behind irreversible interstitial nephropathy and the urothelial cancers that follow it, with cumulative exposure and no established safe threshold. This is why the pharmacopoeia restricts the herb to root and rhizome - the aerial parts carry more of it - and why a preparation that does not say which part it used is not acceptable. Tong cao is the second naming problem: it may be tetrapanax pith, it may be the stem of Stachyurus or Helwingia, and in the classical text it is a subject of genuine disagreement that this entry will not adjudicate. What it must never be is guan mu tong, the aristolochia species whose medicinal standard was cancelled in two thousand and three. Gui zhi contains coumarin, for which European food-safety authorities have set a tolerable daily intake on the basis of liver toxicity in susceptible people, and cassia cinnamon carries considerably more coumarin than the Ceylon species. Shao yao in modern practice is usually white peony root with the bark removed, which is not interchangeable with red peony. Finally, sustained liquorice produces a syndrome that looks like aldosterone excess - raised blood pressure, low potassium, oedema - and interacts with diuretics, digoxin and antihypertensives.

当归四逆汤回应的是古典文献里的一句话:手足厥寒,脉细欲绝者。方义不难循:当归与芍药养血和血,桂枝温经通脉,细辛辛散入深寒,甘草与大枣补中,通草通其道。此方所论的是:四肢之寒未必都是火不足,也可能是把温运送出去的东西不足。这与四逆汤对同一「手足寒」的回答 —— 用附子与干姜 —— 是两条不同的读法,两方并列正是传统如何推演「寒」这一件事最简短的一课。 而手足冰冷在今天同样是一个带鉴别的体征,鉴别才是要紧的部分。雷诺现象、周围动脉疾病、甲状腺功能减退、贫血、糖尿病周围神经病变、体位性低血压、败血症、低温与冻伤、伴钙质沉着与指端硬化的系统性硬化症,以及单纯的焦虑伴过度换气,都可致手足冰冷。其中多数是慢性的、可以择期评估;有一种不是:在数小时内转为冷、痛、苍白、无脉的肢体是急性肢体缺血,属血管外科急症,以小时计,不是需要温的证。突然发作的冷、痛、无脉,是这个症状里挂了钟的那一种,本条目之所以写明,是因为古典原文「手足厥寒」这一句并不区分这两者。 安全提示几乎全在名称上。细辛是细辛属(Asarum)植物,属马兜铃科,含马兜铃酸 —— 正是导致不可逆转的肾小管间质肾病及其后尿路上皮癌的同一类成分,具累积暴露且无确定安全阈值。这正是药典把该药限定为根及根茎的理由(地上部分含量更高),也是不写用哪个部位的制剂不可接受的理由。通草是第二个命名问题:它可能是通脱木的茎髓,也可能是旌节花或青荚叶的茎髓,古典原文究竟指何物历来有争议,本条目不作裁决。但绝不可是关木通 —— 那味在二〇〇三年被取消药用标准的马兜铃属药材。桂枝含香豆素,欧洲食品安全机构基于易感人群的肝毒性已为其设定每日可耐受摄入量,而中国肉桂(cassia)所含香豆素显著高于锡兰肉桂。芍药在现代习用中多为去外皮的白芍,与赤芍不可互代。最后,甘草持续服用会产生类似醛固酮增多的表现 —— 血压升高、低钾、水肿,并与利尿剂、地高辛及降压药存在相互作用。

益气温经、和血通痹;主治血痹,身体不仁 · Supplements qi and warms the channels, harmonises the blood and unblocks the impediment; for the pattern the literature calls blood impediment

Huang Qi Gui Zhi Wu Wu Tang (Astragalus and Cinnamon Five-Substance Decoction) huáng qí guì zhī wǔ wù tāng · 黄芪桂枝五物汤

Composition 组成

  • Astragalus root (huang qi)
  • cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • peony root (shao yao)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • jujube fruit (da zao).

组成

  • 黄芪、桂枝、芍药、生姜、大枣
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Huang Qi Gui Zhi Wu Wu Tang is a well-known formula with a well-known pedigree, and the pedigree is the quickest way into it: take gui zhi tang, remove the liquorice, add huang qi, and increase the fresh ginger. That is all. Five ingredients, and the change is the argument. Removing gan cao takes away the sweet, slowing, harmonising centre; adding huang qi puts the emphasis on raising and on the surface; more ginger pushes outward. What the source text points it at is blood impediment - a body that feels numb or insensitive, described there as being like wind impediment but without the pain of it. The traditional reading is that the surface is not being nourished and the channels are not being moved, and that the remedy is to warm and move rather than to drain. Whether one accepts that account or reads it as a pre-modern description of a circulation problem, the formula is coherent, and the way it is derived from its parent is worth understanding as a piece of reasoning. Numbness is a symptom, and it is one of the symptoms where the differential has a time-critical branch. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy, cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, vitamin B12 deficiency, hypothyroidism, alcohol and chemotherapy neuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and multiple sclerosis all present with numbness or altered sensation. Most are assessed electively. Three are not: a cord or cauda equina lesion with numbness around the saddle and new bladder or bowel difficulty, Guillain-Barre with ascending weakness, and - by far the most common - sudden one-sided numbness or weakness with slurred speech or facial droop, which is stroke and belongs to the emergency system, because the treatments that change the outcome are bounded by the clock. Traditional blood impediment covers numbness; it does not sort it, and this library will not pretend otherwise. The cautions are the familiar ones from this family of herbs, plus one specific to huang qi. Astragalus is immunologically active. That activity is why it is used, and it is also why people on immunosuppressive medicines, people with autoimmune disease and transplant recipients have a reason to raise it with their own clinician before taking it; the theoretical risk of stimulating the immune system in the wrong direction is not a trivial one even though the herb is widely used and generally well tolerated. Gui zhi contains coumarin, for which European food-safety authorities have set a tolerable daily intake on the grounds of liver toxicity in susceptible people, and cassia cinnamon contains considerably more of it than Ceylon cinnamon. Large amounts of fresh ginger are well tolerated in food and the antiplatelet concern is weak and largely theoretical. Shao yao in modern practice is usually white peony root, not red. The modern application of this formula to diabetic peripheral neuropathy is something this entry records as a modern use and does not assess.

黄芪桂枝五物汤是一首来源清楚的方,而来源正是理解它最快的路:取桂枝汤,去甘草,加黄芪,倍生姜。仅此而已。五味药,改动本身就是论证。去掉甘草,是去掉甘缓守中;加入黄芪,是把重点放到升与表;生姜加量,是助其外行。原文所指的是血痹 —— 身体麻木不仁,原文形容它「如风痹状」而不伴其痛。传统的读法是:表失所养、脉道不行,故治在温与通,不在攻与泻。无论接受这套说法,还是把它读作前现代对循环问题的描述,此方都是自洽的,而它从母方衍化出来的方式本身,作为一段推理值得理解。 麻木是一个症状,而且是鉴别清单里带时间急迫分支的那一类症状之一。糖尿病周围神经病变、颈椎神经根病与脊髓病、腕管综合征、维生素 B12 缺乏、甲状腺功能减退、酒精性与化疗性神经病、吉兰-巴雷综合征、多发性硬化,都以麻木或感觉异常起病。其中多数可择期评估;有三种不能:伴鞍区麻木与新发二便障碍的脊髓或马尾病变、伴上行性无力的吉兰-巴雷综合征,以及远为常见的 —— 突发的单侧麻木或无力伴言语不清或口角歪斜,那是卒中,属于急救系统,因为能改变结局的治疗是受时间限定的。传统血痹覆盖了麻木,但不区分它,本库不会假装它区分了。 注意事项是这个药族里熟悉的那几条,另加一条属于黄芪自己的。黄芪具免疫活性。这一活性正是它被使用的理由,也正因此,正在接受免疫抑制治疗者、自身免疫病患者与移植受者在使用前有向自己的主诊医生提出的理由:朝错误方向刺激免疫系统这一理论风险并不轻微,尽管此药应用广泛且一般耐受良好。桂枝含香豆素,欧洲食品安全机构基于易感人群的肝毒性为其设定每日可耐受摄入量,中国肉桂所含显著高于锡兰肉桂。生姜在食物量级上耐受良好,抗血小板方面的顾虑较弱且多为理论性。芍药在现代习用中多为白芍而非赤芍。此方用于糖尿病周围神经病变的现代应用,本条目只记为现代用法,不作评估。

温中补虚、降逆止痛;主治心胸中大寒痛、呕不能食、上下痛而不可触近 · Warms the middle and supplements deficiency, directs counterflow downward and relieves pain; for severe cold pain in the chest and abdomen with vomiting

Da Jian Zhong Tang (Major Decoction to Strengthen the Middle) dà jiàn zhōng tāng · 大建中汤

Composition 组成

  • Sichuan pepper (shu jiao / hua jiao)
  • dried ginger (gan jiang)
  • ginseng root (ren shen)
  • malt sugar syrup (jiao yi).

组成

  • 蜀椒、干姜、人参、饴糖(胶饴)
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Da Jian Zhong Tang is the most severe of the middle-warming formulas, and the source text is unusually vivid about what it is for: great cold pain in the chest and abdomen, vomiting that prevents eating, and - in the phrase that has made the passage famous - pain running up and down that cannot be touched. Four ingredients: shu jiao is acrid and hot and drives the cold; gan jiang warms the middle and holds it; ren shen supplements what has been depleted; jiao yi, malt sugar syrup, is sweet and slow-acting and is there for the pain. Building a pain remedy around a sugar is the part that surprises modern readers, and the classical reading is straightforward - the sweetness is doing the easing. This entry describes that and does not defend it. The phrase that cannot be touched is where this entry has to stop describing and start cautioning, because what the classical text records as the signature of the pattern is, in modern terms, the signature of the emergency. Tenderness that makes a patient refuse to be examined - guarding, rigidity, rebound - is peritoneal irritation, and peritoneal irritation means perforation, ischaemia, or an inflammatory process that surgeons need to see. The acute abdomen list behind severe abdominal pain runs through appendicitis, cholecystitis and biliary colic, perforated peptic ulcer, intestinal obstruction, diverticulitis, pancreatitis, ruptured or dissecting aortic aneurysm, ectopic pregnancy, testicular torsion, mesenteric ischaemia - the one whose pain is out of proportion to the examination and which should be thought of first in atrial fibrillation - inferior-wall myocardial infarction, which presents as upper abdominal pain, and ketoacidosis. The standing modern rule for undifferentiated acute abdominal pain is not to purge, not to apply heat, and not to cover it with analgesia before someone has seen it. Nothing in this entry is an exception to that rule. Three specific cautions follow. Shu jiao is Zanthoxylum - Sichuan pepper - and it is not the same plant as black pepper; the tingling compound hydroxy-alpha sanshool is what gives it its character, and a concentrated decoction is not the same exposure as a seasoning. Gan jiang is dried ginger, hotter and less dispersing than the fresh root, and not interchangeable with it. Jiao yi is malt sugar, made by sprouting grain; the grain used varies with the maker, and for anyone who must avoid gluten that is a question to ask rather than an assumption to make. It is also, plainly, a sugar load - and this matters more here than in most formulas, because the syrup is a principal component rather than a trace. Ren shen is immunologically active and has documented case reports of interaction with warfarin, with the direction and size of the effect unsettled.

大建中汤是温里诸方中最峻烈的一首,原文对它所主的情形写得异常生动:心胸中大寒痛,呕不能饮食,以及最著名的那一句 —— 上下痛而不可触近。四味药:蜀椒辛热以逐寒,干姜温中而守,人参补其已虚,胶饴甘缓以止痛。把一味糖放进一首止痛方里,是现代读者最意外的地方,而古典解释很直白:甘能缓。本条目描述这一点,不为它辩护。 「不可触近」这四个字,正是本条目必须停止描述、开始提示的地方 —— 因为古典文献把它当作此证的指征,而在今天的语言里,它恰恰是急症的指征。拒按、肌紧张、反跳痛,是腹膜刺激征;而腹膜刺激征意味着穿孔、缺血,或外科需要亲眼看到的炎症过程。剧烈腹痛背后的急腹症清单贯穿急性阑尾炎、胆囊炎与胆绞痛、消化性溃疡穿孔、肠梗阻、憩室炎、胰腺炎、腹主动脉瘤破裂或夹层、异位妊娠、睾丸扭转、肠系膜缺血(其痛与体征不成比例,房颤患者应首先想到),以及表现为上腹痛的下壁心肌梗死与酮症酸中毒。对未判明病因的急性腹痛,现代通行原则是:不攻下、不热敷、不在有人看过之前用镇痛把它盖住。本条目所述没有任何一条构成该原则的例外。 三处具体注意:蜀椒是花椒属(Zanthoxylum),不是胡椒;产生麻感的羟基-α-山椒素是它的特征成分,而浓煎的汤液与作料级别的暴露不是一回事。干姜是干燥姜根,性更热而较不发散,与生姜不可互代。胶饴是麦芽糖,由谷物发芽制成 —— 所用谷物随制法而变,对必须避免麸质的人而言,这是应当去问的问题,不是可以默认的前提;同时它明明白白是一份糖负荷,而这一点在大建中汤里比其他方更要紧,因为胶饴在此是主药之一而非点缀。人参具免疫活性,与华法林相互作用的病例报告有文献记载,作用方向与大小尚未定论。

滋阴补肾、填精益髓 · Enriches yin and supplements the kidney, fills essence and marrow

Zuo Gui Wan (Left-Restoring Pill) zuǒ guī wán · 左归丸

Composition 组成

  • Prepared rehmannia root (shu di huang)
  • Chinese yam rhizome (shan yao)
  • goji berry (gou qi zi)
  • cornelian cherry fruit (shan zhu yu)
  • cyathula root (chuan niu xi)
  • dodder seed (tu si zi)
  • deer antler glue (lu jiao jiao)
  • tortoise shell glue (gui ban jiao).

组成

  • 熟地黄、山药、枸杞子、山茱萸、川牛膝、菟丝子、鹿角胶、龟板胶
Source 出处 · Jingyue Quanshu · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Zuo Gui Wan comes from Jingyue Quanshu, the collected work of Zhang Jiebin (Zhang Jingyue), a Ming-dynasty physician who rebuilt kidney theory around the idea of the gate of life. The name is a paired one: Zuo Gui Wan, the left-restoring pill, and You Gui Wan, the right-restoring pill. The left and right here are not anatomy. In the classical framing the left kidney governs water and stores essence, the right governs fire and the gate of life; the two pills are the two halves of one argument. Zhang stated it in a line that is still quoted: to supplement yang well one must seek yang within yin, and to supplement yin well one must seek yin within yang, because yin that is lifted by yang does not run dry. Read against Liu Wei Di Huang Wan, the composition is instructive. Zuo Gui Wan keeps the three supplementing herbs of that formula - prepared rehmannia, Chinese yam, cornelian cherry - and drops the three draining ones (alisma, poria, moutan). In their place it adds goji berry, dodder seed, cyathula, and the two animal glues. Zhang called this supplementing without draining, and it is the reason this formula is described as heavier and more cloying than the six-ingredient pill. Three things are worth saying plainly. First, the kidney in this tradition is a functional system, not the anatomical organ and not the nephrology clinic. Fatigue, sore lower back, dizziness, tinnitus and failing memory are the picture the formula is aimed at, and every one of them is also produced by anaemia, thyroid disease, depression, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnoea, low testosterone and deficiency of vitamin B12 or D. Several of those are separated from the classical picture by a single blood test. Second, the two glues are animal products. Deer antler glue comes from a farmed cervid and tortoise shell glue from a chelonian; most turtle species are listed in the CITES appendices, and both materials are subject to wildlife and customs control. That is a practical matter when carrying or shipping them across borders, and it is a reason for vegetarian readers to look elsewhere. Third, goji berry has published case reports of interaction with warfarin. Cyathula is one of two herbs traded as niu xi and it is contraindicated in pregnancy. Prepared rehmannia is not the same material as raw rehmannia, and cornelian cherry (shan zhu yu) is unrelated to evodia (wu zhu yu) despite the similar name. Honey pills carry sugar. A thick, cloying formula of this kind is traditionally avoided where the digestion is weak, the appetite poor or the stool loose, and it is not used during an acute illness.

左归丸出自《景岳全书》,作者张介宾(张景岳)是明代把肾与命门学说重新整理过一遍的医家。方名是成对的:「左归」与「右归」。这里的左右不是解剖:古典框架里左肾属水主藏精,右肾属火属命门,两首方是同一个论证的两半。张氏有一句常被引用的话 —— 善补阳者必于阴中求阳,善补阴者必于阳中求阴,阴得阳升而泉源不竭。 拿它与六味地黄丸对读最能看出意图。左归丸保留了六味里「三补」的熟地、山药、山茱萸,去掉「三泻」的泽泻、茯苓、丹皮,改配枸杞、菟丝、牛膝与龟鹿二胶。张氏称此为「补而无泻」,这也是它被认为比六味更滋腻厚重的原因。 三件事必须说清。第一,这里的「肾」是藏象功能系统,不是解剖器官,也不是肾内科。腰膝酸软、头晕耳鸣、疲乏健忘是它所对的画面,而这些表现同样由贫血、甲状腺疾病、抑郁、糖尿病、慢性肾病、睡眠呼吸暂停、低睾酮、维生素 B12 或 D 缺乏引起,其中若干项与古典画面之间只隔着一次血液检查。第二,两味胶是动物制品:鹿角胶取自养殖鹿类,龟板胶取自龟类;多数龟种列入 CITES 附录,两种材料都受野生动物与海关监管,跨境携带或邮寄是实际会遇到的问题,也是素食者应当考虑的一点。第三,枸杞子与华法林相互作用的病例报告有文献记载;牛膝一名两物(牛膝与川牛膝)且孕期禁用;熟地黄与生地黄不是同一物;山茱萸与吴茱萸只是名字相近,来源无关。蜜丸含糖。脾胃虚弱、纳差便溏者传统上忌用此类滋腻方,外感与急性病期也不适用。

温补肾阳、填精止遗 · Warms and supplements kidney yang, fills essence and checks loss

You Gui Wan (Right-Restoring Pill) yòu guī wán · 右归丸

Composition 组成

  • Prepared rehmannia root (shu di huang)
  • Chinese yam rhizome (shan yao)
  • cornelian cherry fruit (shan zhu yu)
  • goji berry (gou qi zi)
  • dodder seed (tu si zi)
  • deer antler glue (lu jiao jiao)
  • eucommia bark (du zhong)
  • cinnamon bark (rou gui)
  • Chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • prepared aconite lateral root (zhi fu zi).

组成

  • 熟地黄、山药、山茱萸、枸杞子、菟丝子、鹿角胶、杜仲、肉桂、当归、制附子
Source 出处 · Jingyue Quanshu · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. You Gui Wan is the other half of the pair and comes from the same Ming-dynasty source, Jingyue Quanshu. Where Zuo Gui Wan strips out the draining herbs and enriches yin, You Gui Wan starts from the same foundation of prepared rehmannia, yam, cornelian cherry, goji and dodder, and then adds cinnamon bark, prepared aconite, eucommia and angelica. The interesting part is the shape of the idea rather than the list of herbs: a large quantity of yin-enriching material is built in alongside a small quantity of hot, acrid ones. Zhang Jiebin's dictum - seek yang within yin, or the source runs dry - is the theory, and the composition is that theory written out. The safety discussion has to be led by one herb. Prepared aconite carries aconitine-type alkaloids, which hold voltage-gated sodium channels open; poisoning runs from tingling and numbness through ventricular arrhythmia to asystole. In a decoction, prolonged boiling hydrolyses the diester alkaloids into far less toxic monoester and lipo-alkaloids, and that step is the single most important control in traditional practice. A honey pill is swallowed, not boiled. The hydrolysis step is therefore absent, and the safety of the product depends entirely on how well the root was processed before it ever went into the pill, and on how much of it is present - a figure this entry deliberately does not give. That is the honest reason to look for a named, regulated manufacturer and to avoid unlabelled products. Cinnamon bark is the second caution, because cassia cinnamon contains coumarin, a compound with documented hepatotoxicity at sustained intake and an additive effect with anticoagulants. Cinnamon bark (rou gui) and cinnamon twig (gui zhi) come from the same tree but are not the same material. Angelica root and goji berry both have case reports of interaction with warfarin. Deer antler glue raises the same wildlife-control and vegetarian issues noted under Zuo Gui Wan. Prepared aconite, cinnamon and angelica are all traditionally avoided in pregnancy, and this formula is not used in acute illness or where clear heat signs are present. What the formula addresses must also be read forward into the present. Chilliness, cold pain in the lower back, reduced sexual function, frequent night urination, oedema and early-morning diarrhoea are the classical picture, and they are also produced by hypothyroidism, anaemia, depression, low testosterone, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart failure and obstructive sleep apnoea, and by medicines - beta blockers, SSRIs, opioids and glucocorticoids among them. Erectile dysfunction in particular is now recognised as an early marker of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk rather than a local problem. Night urination deserves the same treatment: diabetes, prostatic enlargement, heart failure, sleep apnoea and diabetes insipidus are all on the list. The gate of life is a concept in this tradition, not a structure that can be imaged.

右归丸是这一对的另一半,出自同一部明代著作《景岳全书》。左归丸去泻药而纯补其阴;右归丸则在熟地、山药、山茱萸、枸杞、菟丝这个共同底盘上,加入肉桂、制附子、杜仲、当归。真正有意思的是配伍的思想而非药味清单:大量滋阴填精之品与少量辛热之品同炉。张介宾那句「善补阳者必于阴中求阳」是理论,这个配伍就是把理论写了一遍。 安全性必须从一个药味讲起。制附子含乌头碱类双酯型生物碱,它使电压门控钠通道持续开放;中毒过程从口舌肢体麻木,走到室性心律失常,再走到心脏停搏。汤剂里最重要的控制环节是久煎 —— 双酯型生物碱水解为毒性远低的单酯型与脂型生物碱。而蜜丸是吞服的,不经煎煮,这个水解环节因此缺失,成品安全完全落在「附子入丸之前炮制得如何」以及「方中投了多少」之上;后者本条目不列。这正是应当认准有名称可查、受监管的厂牌,并回避无标签产品的诚实理由。 第二处注意是肉桂。桂皮含香豆素,长期摄入的肝毒性有文献记载,与抗凝药合用有叠加效应。肉桂(树皮)与桂枝(嫩枝)同出一树而非同一物。当归与枸杞都各有与华法林相互作用的病例报告。鹿角胶涉及与左归丸条目相同的野生动物监管与素食问题。附子、肉桂、当归在孕期都属禁忌或慎用之列,外感、急性病与有明显热象者不用此方。 它所对的证也必须往今天推一遍。畏寒、腰膝冷痛、性功能减退、夜尿频多、水肿、五更泻是古典画面,而同样的表现由甲状腺功能减退、贫血、抑郁、低睾酮、糖尿病、慢性肾病、心力衰竭、睡眠呼吸暂停引起,也可由药物引起 —— β 受体阻滞剂、SSRI 类抗抑郁药、阿片类与糖皮质激素都在其中。勃起功能障碍尤其应当重新认识:它今天被视为血管内皮功能与心血管风险的早期标志,而不是一个局部问题。夜尿多同样需要走一遍清单:糖尿病、前列腺增生、心衰、睡眠呼吸暂停与尿崩症都在列。命门是这套传统里的一个概念,不是可以在影像上看到的结构。

滋阴降火 · Enriches yin and descends fire

Da Bu Yin Wan (Great Yin-Supplementing Pill) dà bǔ yīn wán · 大补阴丸

Composition 组成

  • Wine-steamed prepared rehmannia root (shu di huang)
  • roasted tortoise shell (gui ban)
  • dry-fried phellodendron bark (huang bai)
  • dry-fried anemarrhena rhizome (zhi mu)
  • pig spinal marrow (zhu ji sui).

组成

  • 熟地黄(酒蒸)、龟板(酥炙)、黄柏(炒)、知母(炒)、猪脊髓
Source 出处 · Danxi Xinfa · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Da Bu Yin Wan is attributed to Zhu Zhenheng (Zhu Danxi), the Yuan-dynasty physician whose name is attached to the doctrine that yang is regularly in excess while yin is regularly insufficient, and to the related theory of ministerial fire. The formula is usually cited from Danxi Xinfa. Its name promises a great supplement to yin, and it does supply two thick, sweet, enriching materials - prepared rehmannia steamed with wine, and roasted tortoise shell. But the other two herbs are bitter and cold: phellodendron bark and anemarrhena rhizome. The logic is that a fire burning because there is not enough water to hold it down is dealt with by adding water and clearing heat at the same time; clearing the fire is how the yin is preserved. Set beside Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan - the six-ingredient pill with anemarrhena and phellodendron added - the two are close relatives, and the difference is that this one is built for a stronger heat component. The cautions are unusually concrete. Phellodendron contains berberine, and berberine is one of the better-documented herb-drug interaction stories: it inhibits CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and P-glycoprotein, and published work reports raised blood levels of tacrolimus and ciclosporin when it is taken alongside them, with implications as well for warfarin, digoxin and some antidiabetic and statin medicines. Berberine also displaces bilirubin from albumin, which is the reason it is withheld from jaundiced newborns and from people with G6PD deficiency. Two species are traded as huang bai - chuan huang bai and guan huang bai - and phellodendron is not the same herb as astragalus (huang qi), whatever the syllable they share. Tortoise shell is the second caution: most chelonians are listed in the CITES appendices, and the material is subject to wildlife control across borders. The classical recipe also assigns pig spinal marrow a role in the pill, which makes the formula unacceptable for vegetarian, halal and kosher diets and subject to animal-product import rules. Modern commercial pills often omit it; the label is the only way to know. The presenting picture - tidal fever, night sweating, heat in the palms, soles and chest, dry mouth, insomnia, tinnitus - needs reading forward too. Night sweating together with weight loss and low-grade fever is a recognised reason to exclude tuberculosis and lymphoma. The rest of the list runs through thyrotoxicosis, HIV, phaeochromocytoma and menopause, and through medicines: amiodarone, SSRIs, interferons and glucocorticoids all produce it. Bitter-cold herbs are traditionally discontinued when the appetite falls or the stool loosens, and this is not a formula for weak digestion or for acute illness.

大补阴丸归于元代医家朱震亨(朱丹溪),「阳常有余、阴常不足」之论与相火学说都以他的名字为代表,本方通常引自《丹溪心法》。方名是「大补阴」,它也确实给两味厚味滋填之品 —— 酒蒸熟地与酥炙龟板;但另外两味是苦寒的黄柏与知母。它的逻辑是:火之所以旺,是因为水不足以制它,所以要一边加水、一边清热;清了火,阴才留得住。把它和知柏地黄丸(六味加知母、黄柏)放在一起看,两首方是近亲,差别在于本方所对的热象更重。 注意事项相当具体。黄柏含小檗碱,而小檗碱是中药里记载较充分的一类相互作用故事:它抑制 CYP3A4、CYP2D6 与 P-糖蛋白,有文献报告与他克莫司、环孢素同服时升高后者血药浓度,对华法林、地高辛以及部分降糖药与他汀类药物亦有影响。小檗碱还会把胆红素从白蛋白上置换下来,这正是它不用于黄疸新生儿与葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏者的理由。黄柏一名两物(川黄柏与关黄柏),而黄柏与黄芪只是共享一个音节,来源无关。 第二处是龟板:多数龟种列入 CITES 附录,跨境受野生动物监管。原方还把猪脊髓列作丸剂的组成部分之一,这使本方不适合素食与清真、洁食饮食,也受动物制品入境规定约束;现代市售成药多加省略,只有标签能说明。 它所对的画面 —— 潮热、盗汗、五心烦热、口干、失眠、耳鸣 —— 同样要往今天推一遍。盗汗伴体重下降与低热,是排除结核与淋巴瘤的公认理由;其余清单还有甲状腺功能亢进、HIV、嗜铬细胞瘤与更年期,以及药物:胺碘酮、SSRI 类、干扰素与糖皮质激素都能造成同样表现。苦寒之品传统上在食欲下降或大便变溏时即停;脾胃虚弱者与急性病期不用此方。

补益肝肾、乌发壮骨 · Supplements the liver and kidney, darkens the hair and strengthens the sinews and bones

Qi Bao Mei Ran Dan (Seven-Treasure Hair-Beautifying Elixir) qī bǎo měi rán dān · 七宝美髯丹

Composition 组成

  • Prepared fleeceflower root (zhi he shou wu)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • achyranthes root (niu xi)
  • Chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • goji berry (gou qi zi)
  • dodder seed (tu si zi)
  • psoralea fruit (bu gu zhi).

组成

  • 制何首乌、茯苓、牛膝、当归、枸杞子、菟丝子、补骨脂
Source 出处 · Yifang Jijie · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Qi Bao Mei Ran Dan is the formula in this group with the most name recognition and the one that needs the most careful handling. It is traditionally credited to Shao Yingjie of the Ming dynasty and is most often cited from Yifang Jijie, the Qing-dynasty formulary that collected and annotated it. Earlier attributions also circulate, and the honest statement is that the reliable textual record runs through that formulary. Seven ingredients: prepared fleeceflower, poria, achyranthes, angelica, goji, dodder and psoralea. The claim carried in the name belongs to a tradition in which the essence of the kidney shows itself in the hair and the blood of the liver feeds it. The first thing to say is what cannot be claimed. This entry makes no claim that the formula darkens hair. The linkage between kidney essence and hair colour is a correspondence inside the system, not a demonstrated mechanism, and no claim of effect is made here. Hair greying has common and known causes: family pattern and age above all, then vitiligo, alopecia areata, deficiency of B12 or iron or copper or protein, thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia, smoking, and several medicines. Sudden or patchy change, or hair loss accompanied by changes in the scalp, is a reason to be assessed rather than treated by correspondence. The safety material is serious and specific. Prepared fleeceflower is one of the best-documented causes of herb-induced liver injury in China; national drug-safety bulletins have been issued about it more than once, and cases are reported with the processed root as well as the raw one - processing changes the risk, it does not remove it. Published pharmacogenetic work has associated the injury with HLA-B*35:01. The practical instruction is plain: discontinue it and have liver function checked if fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, dark urine, or yellowing of the skin or eyes appears, and be more careful still where other medicines that carry liver risk are already in use - statins, antituberculosis drugs, antiepileptics, methotrexate, or regular paracetamol. Raw fleeceflower additionally contains anthraquinones and acts as a stimulant laxative; it is not the same material as the processed root. Psoralea fruit carries furanocoumarins, the same photosensitising class used deliberately in PUVA photochemotherapy, so photosensitivity and the long-term photocarcinogenesis question come with it, and liver injury has been reported for psoralea as well. Achyranthes is one of two herbs traded as niu xi and is contraindicated in pregnancy, as are the hot and moving herbs in this composition. Angelica and goji both have case reports of interaction with warfarin. Poria is a fungal sclerotium and is not the same herb as Smilax glabra (tu fu ling) despite the shared syllable. Honey pills contain sugar.

七宝美髯丹是这一组里名气最大、也最需要小心处理的一首方。传统归于明代邵应节,最常被引自收录并注解它的清代方书《医方集解》。另有一些更早的归属说法在流传,老实的表述是:可靠的文本记录是经由这部方书传下来的。七味:制何首乌、茯苓、牛膝、当归、枸杞子、菟丝子、补骨脂。方名里的那个说法属于这样一个传统 —— 肾之精华见于发,肝血滋养毛发。 先说不该说的话。本条目不声称此方能乌发;「肾精与毛发颜色」的联系是体系内部的对应关系,不是已被证明的机制,本库不对效果作任何承诺。毛发变白有明确而常见的原因:首先是家族与年龄,其次是白癜风、斑秃、维生素 B12/铁/铜/蛋白质缺乏、甲状腺疾病、恶性贫血、吸烟以及若干药物。突然或片状改变、或伴头皮变化的脱发,属于应当接受评估而不是按对应关系去处理的情况。 安全性内容具体而严重。制何首乌是中国记载最充分的中药肝损伤原因之一,国家药品监管部门不止一次就此发布通报,且制首乌与生首乌都有病例报告 —— 炮制改变风险,不消除风险;已有药物基因组学研究报告该损伤与 HLA-B*35:01 相关。可操作的说法很简单:若出现乏力、纳差、恶心、尿色加深、皮肤或眼白发黄,应立即停止服用并查肝功能;若原本就在用其他有肝风险的药物 —— 他汀类、抗结核药、抗癫痫药、甲氨蝶呤或经常使用对乙酰氨基酚 —— 则更须谨慎。生首乌另含蒽醌类成分并有刺激性泻下作用,与制首乌不是同一物。 补骨脂含呋喃香豆素,正是 PUVA 光化学疗法有意使用的那一类光敏成分,因此伴随光敏与长期光致癌的疑问,补骨脂本身亦有肝损伤报告。牛膝一名两物且孕期禁用,方中辛温走窜之味在孕期同样不宜。当归与枸杞各有与华法林相互作用的病例报告。茯苓是真菌菌核,与土茯苓(Smilax glabra)名字相近而来源无关。蜜丸含糖。

补益气血、气血双补(在八味基础上加黄芪与肉桂) · Supplements qi and nourishes blood; a paired qi-and-blood supplementation with a warming addition

Shi Quan Da Bu Tang (All-Inclusive Great Tonifying Decoction) shí quán dà bǔ tāng · 十全大补汤

Composition 组成

  • Ginseng root (ren shen)
  • atractylodes macrocephala rhizome (bai zhu)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • honey-fried licorice root (zhi gan cao)
  • Chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • ligusticum rhizome (chuan xiong)
  • white peony root (bai shao)
  • prepared rehmannia root (shu di huang)
  • astragalus root (huang qi)
  • cassia bark (rou gui). The classical decoction is cooked with fresh ginger and jujube.

组成

  • 人参、白术、茯苓、炙甘草、当归、川芎、白芍、熟地黄、黄芪、肉桂(传统煎服加生姜、大枣)
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Shi Quan Da Bu Tang comes from Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang, the Song-dynasty official formulary that fixed much of what later generations call a standard formula. Its structure is worth reading before its reputation. Take Si Jun Zi Tang, the four-gentleman qi formula, and Si Wu Tang, the four-substance blood formula, and lay them together; that joining is Ba Zhen Tang, the eight-treasure formula. Add astragalus and cassia bark and you have ten herbs, and the name says exactly that: ten, complete, great, supplementing. The two additions are the whole argument of the formula. Astragalus pushes the qi side upward and outward; cassia bark adds warmth, because the classical reading is that blood that has been depleted needs warmth to move and that a cold formula of this size sits badly in a weak digestion. This is also one of the few formulas in this library that exists in two modern worlds at once. In Japan it is Juzentaihoto, one of the Kampo extract preparations covered by the national health insurance system, and it has been studied there in fatigue, postoperative recovery and cancer supportive care. Small trials exist. The body of evidence is small and heterogeneous, and it has not established a clear benefit in any of those settings, so this library does not claim one. What can be said without overreaching is that it is among the most widely used and most closely watched formulas in Japan, which is itself a reason to take its safety literature seriously. Four safety points deserve plain language. First and most important for a formula people take for months: it contains honey-fried licorice. Glycyrrhizin, the sweet principle in licorice, can produce a syndrome that looks like excess aldosterone - falling potassium, rising blood pressure, oedema, and in bad cases weakness and rhythm problems. It is dose and duration dependent, and the risk climbs with diuretics, digoxin, corticosteroids, and with age. Anyone on those medicines should not add a licorice-containing formula without telling their own doctor. Second, cassia bark is Cinnamomum cassia, the Chinese cinnamon used in cooking, not Ceylon cinnamon; cassia carries appreciable coumarin, and European food-safety authorities set a tolerable daily intake for coumarin on the basis of liver findings. A pinch in a stew and a daily medicinal dose are not the same arithmetic. Third, dang gui has published case reports of potentiating warfarin, and chuan xiong has antiplatelet activity in laboratory work; both are reasons to stop the formula before planned surgery and to tell the surgeon. Fourth, the formula is classically avoided during an acute illness - fever, infection, an active exterior condition - and where the digestion is weak and the stool loose, because prepared rehmannia and the glues of this family are cloying. Ginseng has mixed evidence on warfarin, meaning published studies point in different directions, and this library reports it as mixed rather than picking a side. White peony (bai shao) is not the same material as red peony (chi shao). Honey pill forms contain sugar.

十全大补汤出自《太平惠民和剂局方》—— 宋代官修方书,后世所谓「常用方」有相当一部分是它定下来的。读它的组成比读它的名声更有价值。把补气的四君子汤与补血的四物汤叠在一起,就是八珍汤;再加上黄芪与肉桂,十味药,方名直白:十、全、大、补。加的两味正是此方的全部主张:黄芪把气的一面往上往外推,肉桂加温 —— 古典的读法是血已亏者得温乃行,而这么大一首寒凉方的底子压在弱脾胃上是要出问题的。 它也是本库少数同时活在两个现代世界里的方子之一。在日本它是「十全大補湯」,国民健康保险覆盖的汉方制剂之一,围绕癌性疲乏、术后恢复、肿瘤支持治疗做过研究。有小规模试验。证据体量小且异质性大,在任何一项上都未确立明确获益,故本库不作此声称。可以不夸大地说的是:它是日本使用量与监测强度都排在前列的方剂之一,这本身就是认真对待其安全性文献的理由。 四点安全提示要说白。第一,也是长期服用者最要紧的一点:方中含炙甘草。甘草的甜味成分甘草酸可引起类似醛固酮过多的一组表现 —— 血钾下降、血压升高、水肿,重者乏力与心律问题。它与剂量和疗程相关,与利尿剂、地高辛、糖皮质激素同用以及高龄都会抬高风险;正在用这些药的人不该在医生不知情时自行加服含甘草的方。第二,肉桂是 Cinnamomum cassia(中国肉桂),不是锡兰肉桂;桂皮含较多香豆素,欧洲食品安全机构基于肝脏方面的发现为香豆素设定了可耐受日摄入量。炖肉里的一小撮与每日药用剂量不是同一种算术。第三,当归与华法林相互作用的病例报告有文献记载,川芎在实验研究中显示抗血小板活性;两者都是择期手术前应停用并告知外科医生的理由。第四,外感发热、急性感染期传统上不用此方;脾胃虚弱、大便溏薄者也不宜,因为熟地一类在本方里偏滋腻。人参对华法林的影响证据方向不一致(不同研究结论相左),本库照实写「证据混杂」而不替它下结论。白芍与赤芍不是同一物。蜜丸剂型含糖。

补益气血、养心安神 · Supplements qi and blood, nourishes the heart and settles the spirit

Ren Shen Yang Rong Tang (Ginseng Construction-Nourishing Decoction) rén shēn yǎng róng tāng · 人参养荣汤

Composition 组成

  • Ginseng root (ren shen)
  • astragalus root (huang qi)
  • atractylodes macrocephala rhizome (bai zhu)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • honey-fried licorice root (zhi gan cao)
  • Chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • white peony root (bai shao)
  • prepared rehmannia root (shu di huang)
  • cassia bark (rou gui)
  • aged tangerine peel (chen pi)
  • polygala root (yuan zhi)
  • schisandra fruit (wu wei zi). The classical decoction is cooked with fresh ginger and jujube.

组成

  • 人参、黄芪、白术、茯苓、炙甘草、当归、白芍、熟地黄、肉桂、陈皮、远志、五味子(传统煎服加生姜、大枣)
Source 出处 · Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Ren Shen Yang Rong Tang is conventionally attributed to Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun, compiled by Chen Yan in 1174. Song-dynasty formularies borrowed freely from one another and attributions inside this family of formulas are not always clean, so this library states the conventional one and does not pretend to have settled the question. The most useful way to read the formula is as Shi Quan Da Bu Tang with a substitution: drop chuan xiong, and add tangerine peel, polygala and schisandra. That single exchange moves the target. Out goes the herb that moves blood; in comes one aromatic that keeps a heavy formula from binding the digestion, one that addresses the phlegm-orifice rather than the vessels, and one astringent that holds rather than disperses. The classical indication is therefore not simply depletion but depletion that has reached the heart: palpitations, poor sleep, forgetfulness, a person who is exhausted and cannot rest. Which brings the first thing that has to be said plainly. The picture this formula is aimed at - exhaustion, weight loss, pallor, palpitations, broken sleep, failing memory - is also produced by anaemia, thyroid disease, diabetes, depression, obstructive sleep apnoea, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and by the ordinary grief and overwork of a hard year. Several of those are separated from the classical picture by one blood count, one TSH, one ferritin. A formula that makes someone feel a little more capable while an undiagnosed anaemia or hypothyroidism continues underneath is not a neutral outcome, and this library does not describe it as one. The classical label and the modern differential are two different maps of the same tired person. On safety, three items lead. Schisandra fruit is the one most likely to matter to a specific group of people: its lignans inhibit CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, and the interaction with the immunosuppressants tacrolimus and cyclosporine is documented in human studies, not only in vitro. Anyone taking a transplant regimen, or any drug with a narrow therapeutic window, needs their own doctor to know before schisandra enters the picture. The herb is also traded under two names: northern schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) and southern schisandra (Schisandra sphenanthera) are different materials, and products are not always explicit about which is inside. Polygala root, yuan zhi, is a herb where the processing is not a formality: the raw root irritates the throat and the stomach, with nausea and vomiting as the common result, which is why the pharmacopoeia specifies honey-fried or licorice-water-processed material. Honey-fried licorice is in the formula as well, and with it the glycyrrhizin problem - prolonged intake can produce low potassium, raised blood pressure and oedema, and the risk rises with diuretics, digoxin and corticosteroids. Cassia bark carries coumarin, and the same distinction between a cooking pinch and a daily medicinal amount applies here as elsewhere. The formula is warm, and is traditionally avoided where there is heat from yin deficiency and during an acute illness. Angelica has case reports of potentiating warfarin.

人参养荣汤通行归于《三因极一病证方论》,陈言编于 1174 年。宋代方书互相抄录,这一族方剂的归属并不总是干净,故本库采用通行说法,不假装已把这个考据问题判死。读此方最有用的方式是把十全大补汤拿来做对照:去掉川芎,加陈皮、远志、五味子。这一换,靶子就移了。去的是行血的一味,来的是三味 —— 一味芳香使大补之方不至于滞住脾胃,一味对「痰」与心窍而不对血脉,一味酸收以守而不散。因此它所对应的古典证不只是虚,而是虚到了心:心悸、失眠、健忘、一个疲惫却无法安睡的人。 这就引出了必须先说白的第一件事。此方所对的画面 —— 疲乏、消瘦、面色苍白、心悸、眠差、健忘 —— 同样由贫血、甲状腺疾病、糖尿病、抑郁、睡眠呼吸暂停、慢性肾病、心力衰竭,以及一年沉重劳作与普通哀伤所产生。其中若干项与古典画面之间只隔着一次血常规、一次 TSH、一次铁蛋白。一首方让一个人在未诊断的贫血或甲减持续存在的情况下「感觉好一点」,不是中性结果,本库不把它写成中性结果。古典标签与现代鉴别是同一个疲惫之人的两张不同地图。 安全方面以前三条为主。五味子最可能对特定人群产生影响:其所含木脂素抑制 CYP3A4 与 P-糖蛋白,与免疫抑制剂他克莫司、环孢素的相互作用有人体研究记载,不只是体外实验。正在用移植后抗排异方案、或任何治疗窗窄的药物的人,必须先让医生知道五味子进入了这个组合。此药还有一名两物的问题:北五味子(Schisandra chinensis)与南五味子(Schisandra sphenanthera)是不同材料,产品未必标明是哪一种。远志的炮制不是形式:生远志刺激咽喉与胃,常见恶心呕吐,故药典规定蜜炙或甘草水制。方中另有炙甘草,随之而来的是甘草酸问题 —— 长期服用可引起低钾、血压升高与水肿,与利尿剂、地高辛、糖皮质激素同用则风险更高。肉桂含香豆素,「烹饪用一小撮」与「每日药用剂量」的区别在这里同样成立。本方偏温,阴虚有热者及外感急性病期传统上不用。当归与华法林相互作用的病例报告有文献记载。

益气健脾、养血安胎(传统用于气血虚弱所致胎动不安、滑胎) · Supplements qi and blood, strengthens the spleen, quiets the fetus - the traditional indication is deficiency-type threatened miscarriage and habitual miscarriage

Tai Shan Pan Shi San (Tai Mountain Bedrock Powder) tài shān pán shí sǎn · 泰山磐石散

Composition 组成

  • Ginseng root (ren shen)
  • astragalus root (huang qi)
  • atractylodes macrocephala rhizome (bai zhu)
  • honey-fried licorice root (zhi gan cao)
  • Chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • ligusticum rhizome (chuan xiong)
  • white peony root (bai shao)
  • prepared rehmannia root (shu di huang)
  • dipsacus root (xu duan)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • amomum fruit (sha ren)
  • glutinous rice (nuo mi).

组成

  • 人参、黄芪、白术、炙甘草、当归、川芎、白芍、熟地黄、续断、黄芩、砂仁、糯米
Source 出处 · Jingyue Quanshu · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Tai Shan Pan Shi San comes from Jingyue Quanshu, in the gynaecology section, and the name is a promise: firm as the bedrock of Mount Tai. Read against Ba Zhen Tang its construction is legible. It is the eight-treasure base with poria removed, and with astragalus, dipsacus, scutellaria, amomum and glutinous rice added. Read against Shi Quan Da Bu Tang it is more interesting still: the hot cassia bark comes out and scutellaria, a cold herb, goes in, and amomum goes in to keep the whole thing moving. The classical commentary explains the swap as a matter of the recipient rather than the disease - a pregnancy is a state that the older sources treat as carrying its own heat, so a warming herb that suits depleted qi in general is taken out and a clearing herb is put in its place. Zhang Jiebin's own framing is that the fetus is held by the mother's qi and blood, so the way to hold it is to supplement them. This is the entry in this library where the gap between the classical claim and modern medicine is widest, and it should be stated without softening. Recurrent pregnancy loss has a modern differential, and parts of it are treatable in ways that supplementation is not. Chromosomal abnormality of the embryo is among the most common causes of early loss. Antiphospholipid syndrome is the one that matters most clinically, because it is a diagnosed condition with a treatment that works: low-molecular-weight heparin with low-dose aspirin changes the live-birth rate. Uterine anatomical abnormalities, cervical insufficiency, thyroid disease, uncontrolled diabetes, hyperprolactinaemia and thrombophilia make up much of the rest. Calling that picture qi and blood deficiency and supplementing it is not a neutral act, because it spends the window in which one of those causes could have been found and treated. This library does not say the formula prevents miscarriage. It says the classical indication is what the classical sources say it is, and that a modern workup comes first. Three further points. Vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain in early pregnancy is not a pattern to sort by formula before an intrauterine pregnancy has been confirmed, and ectopic pregnancy is the reason: it can rupture, it is measured in hours, and it is a surgical emergency. Ginseng, ligusticum and angelica are all herbs with real cautions in pregnancy, chuan xiong specifically being a blood-moving herb that traditional sources argue about. Scutellaria has published case reports of liver injury, uncommon but documented. Honey-fried licorice is in the formula, and a Finnish cohort study has linked heavy maternal consumption of licorice confectionery during pregnancy to earlier delivery and to cognitive outcomes in the children - that was food-level intake rather than medicine, but it is a reminder that glycyrrhizin is not an inert sweetness. Dipsacus root and amomum are both sold under names that cover more than one material. Glutinous rice is a food grain and a carbohydrate load. No herb during pregnancy, including this one, should be taken without the obstetric team knowing. This library gives no pregnancy management advice.

泰山磐石散出自《景岳全书》妇人规部分,方名是一个承诺:稳如泰山之磐石。拿它和八珍汤对读,结构很清楚:八珍的底,去茯苓,加黄芪、续断、黄芩、砂仁、糯米。拿它和十全大补汤对读更有趣:辛热的肉桂退出,凉性的黄芩进来,砂仁进来负责让整方行得动。古典注解把这一换解释成「人」而不是「病」的问题 —— 妊娠被旧说认为自带一分热,因此普遍适用于气虚的温药被拿掉,换成一味清药。张景岳自己的框架是:胎系于母之气血,故安胎之道在于补其气血。 这是本库里古典主张与现代医学落差最大的一条,应当不加软化地说清。反复流产在现代有一张鉴别清单,其中一部分是可以治疗的,而治疗方式不是「补」。胚胎染色体异常是早期流产最常见的原因之一。抗磷脂综合征是临床上最要紧的一种,因为它是可被诊断且治疗有效的:低分子肝素加小剂量阿司匹林会改变活产率。子宫解剖异常、宫颈机能不全、甲状腺疾病、未控制的糖尿病、高泌乳素血症与血栓前状态构成其余的大部分。把这幅画面判为气血虚弱而去补,不是中性行为 —— 它消耗掉的正是本可查出并治好其中一个病因的时间窗。本库不说此方能防止流产。本库说的是:古典文献所载的适应症就是古典文献所载的那样,而现代检查应当先做。 另外三点。早孕期阴道流血与腹痛,在宫内妊娠尚未确认前不是可以按方归类的证型,理由是异位妊娠:它会破裂,以小时计,是外科急症。人参、川芎、当归在孕期都有实际禁忌讨论,川芎尤甚 —— 它是行血之药,古典文献内部对它在孕期的使用本就有争论。黄芩有肝损伤病例报告,虽不常见但有记载。方中含炙甘草,而芬兰一项队列研究把孕期大量食用甘草糖与较早分娩及后代认知结局联系起来 —— 那是食物级摄入而非药用,但它提醒甘草酸不是一种中性的甜味。续断与砂仁都有同名多物的销售情况。糯米是粮食,是一份碳水化合物负荷。孕期任何药,包括此方,都应在产科团队知情后使用。本库不提供妊娠处理建议。

大补元气、气血双补、救本培元 · Greatly supplements original qi and blood; the classical indication is profound depletion of qi and blood with the spirit unsettled

Da Bu Yuan Jian (Great Original-Supplementing Decoction) dà bǔ yuán jiān · 大补元煎

Composition 组成

  • Ginseng root (ren shen)
  • prepared rehmannia root (shu di huang)
  • Chinese yam rhizome (shan yao)
  • cornus fruit (shan zhu yu)
  • eucommia bark (du zhong)
  • Chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • goji berry (gou qi zi)
  • honey-fried licorice root (zhi gan cao).

组成

  • 人参、熟地黄、山药、山茱萸、杜仲、当归、枸杞子、炙甘草
Source 出处 · Jingyue Quanshu · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Da Bu Yuan Jian is one of Zhang Jiebin's own formulas, from the supplementation array of his new formula arrangements in Jingyue Quanshu. Zhang did not describe it modestly; he called it the first formula of its kind for turning back what cannot be turned back, rescuing the root and banking the source. Set beside Zuo Gui Wan, which is also his, the relationship is instructive. The two share four herbs - prepared rehmannia, Chinese yam, cornus fruit and goji berry - and that shared four are the kidney-supplementing core of his system. Where they part is where the intent parts. Zuo Gui Wan adds the two animal glues, dodder seed and cyathula, aiming at essence and marrow. Da Bu Yuan Jian adds ginseng, angelica, eucommia and licorice, aiming at qi and blood. One is a formula about the deep store, the other about the person who is upright and depleted now. The picture it is aimed at is extreme: exhaustion that does not lift, weight loss, pallor, coldness, palpitations, dizziness, a person emptied out by long illness. That is precisely why the differential matters more here than for a milder formula. Severe fatigue, unintentional weight loss, pallor and coldness are produced by iron, B12 and folate deficiency; by hypothyroidism; by diabetes; by depression; by chronic kidney disease and heart failure; by chronic infection including tuberculosis, endocarditis and HIV; by malignancy; by adrenal insufficiency; by obstructive sleep apnoea; and by ordinary undernutrition. Several of these are separated from the classical picture by one blood count, one TSH, one ferritin, one chest film. A person can be supplemented for months while a treatable cause runs underneath, and this library will not describe that as harmless. Safety follows the pattern of this family with two additions. Honey-fried licorice is present, so the glycyrrhizin question is live: with sustained intake it can produce low potassium, raised blood pressure and oedema, and it interacts badly with diuretics, digoxin and corticosteroids. Prepared rehmannia is cloying, and formulas of this weight are traditionally withheld from anyone whose digestion is weak, whose appetite is poor or whose stool is loose, and during an acute illness. Ginseng has mixed evidence on warfarin - published studies point in different directions, so this library reports it as mixed - and it can lower blood sugar, which matters for anyone on glucose-lowering medicine. Goji berry has published case reports of interaction with warfarin. Cornus fruit, shan zhu yu, is unrelated to evodia, wu zhu yu, and the two names are confused in trade. Eucommia bark has reported effects on blood pressure in pharmacological work, so co-use with antihypertensive medicines warrants caution; as with any bark material the source should be traceable. This formula is not used in pregnancy or in children on this library's recommendation, and not during an acute illness.

大补元煎是张景岳自制的方,出自《景岳全书·新方八阵》的补阵。张氏自己没写得谦虚,称它为回天赞化、救本培元第一要方。与他的另一首左归丸并读最能看出关系。两方共有四味 —— 熟地、山药、山茱萸、枸杞 —— 这四味正是他体系中补肾的核心。分歧之处正是意图分歧之处:左归丸加龟鹿二胶、菟丝子、牛膝,对准精与髓;大补元煎加人参、当归、杜仲、甘草,对准气与血。一首是讲深层储备的方,一首是讲「此刻站着但已经空了」这个人的方。 它所对的画面极重:久病之后的大虚,疲乏不能复、消瘦、面色苍白、畏寒、心悸、头晕。正因为重,鉴别诊断在这里比在温和的方剂上更要紧。严重疲乏、非自愿的体重下降、苍白与畏寒,可由缺铁与维生素 B12、叶酸缺乏引起;也可由甲状腺功能减退、糖尿病、抑郁、慢性肾病与心力衰竭、慢性感染(含结核、心内膜炎、HIV)、恶性肿瘤、肾上腺皮质功能不全、睡眠呼吸暂停,以及单纯的营养不良引起。其中若干项与古典画面之间只隔着一次血常规、一次 TSH、一次铁蛋白、一次胸片。一个人可以一边被补着几个月,一边让一个可治的病因在底下继续走,本库不会把这种情形写成无害。 安全性沿用这一族的格局,另有两条补充。方中有炙甘草,甘草酸的问题就是活的:持续服用可引起低钾、血压升高与水肿,与利尿剂、地高辛、糖皮质激素同用风险更高。熟地滋腻,如此重量的方在脾胃弱、纳差、便溏时传统上不用,急性病期也不用。人参对华法林影响的证据方向不一致(不同研究结论相左),本库照实写证据混杂;它还能降血糖,对正在用降糖药的人有关系。枸杞子与华法林相互作用的病例报告有文献记载。山茱萸与吴茱萸来源无关,市场上有两个名字混淆的情况。杜仲在药理研究中有降压方面的报道,与降压药同用需谨慎;树皮类药材的来源应当可追溯。本库不推荐在孕期与儿童中使用此方,急性病期也不用。

疏肝理气、行气解郁;传统「肝气郁结」证的代表方 · Spreads liver qi, moves qi and relieves constraint; the formula most often cited for the pattern traditionally named liver qi constraint

Chai Hu Shu Gan San (Bupleurum Powder to Spread the Liver) chái hú shū gān sǎn · 柴胡疏肝散

Composition 组成

  • Bupleurum root (chai hu)
  • cyperus rhizome (xiang fu)
  • ligusticum rhizome (chuan xiong)
  • aged citrus peel (chen pi)
  • bitter orange fruit (zhi qiao)
  • white peony root (bai shao)
  • honey-fried licorice root (zhi gan cao).

组成

  • 柴胡、香附、川芎、陈皮、枳壳、白芍、炙甘草
Source 出处 · Jingyue Quanshu · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Chai Hu Shu Gan San is the formula most often reached for when a practitioner describes the traditional pattern called liver qi constraint — the sense, in classical language, that the free movement of qi has become stuck. Its usual source of record is Jingyue Quanshu, the late-Ming compendium by Zhang Jiebin, whose section on old formulas reorganised earlier prescriptions into eight tactical groups. Some writers trace this prescription back further, to an earlier Ming text, and the attribution is not settled. This library records the Jingyue Quanshu attribution and notes the disagreement rather than picking a winner. The composition is a small lesson in how a formula is argued. Bupleurum and cyperus are the pair that disperse; ligusticum and citrus peel move qi and blood through the chest and flanks; bitter orange presses downward while white peony, sour and astringent, holds something back; honey-fried licorice rounds the middle. What looks like a list of seven herbs is really a set of opposed directions, and the classical claim is that constraint is relieved when movement becomes possible again rather than when everything is pushed one way. What the formula is applied to in traditional terms — flank and chest distension, a sighing disposition, low mood, irregular periods, a wiry pulse — is a cluster that today would be sorted into several different boxes, and that sorting matters more than the formula. Persistent low mood with loss of interest, sleep and appetite change, or any thought of self-harm is not a qi problem to be dispersed; it is a reason to seek proper assessment. Chest or upper abdominal pain can be cardiac, biliary, or reflux, and the first two are time-critical. Right upper quadrant pain with fever is a surgical question. This library does not present the formula as a treatment for depression, hepatitis, or any named disease. Safety, in the order in which it tends to matter. The formula contains honey-fried licorice, and glycyrrhizin can produce a picture resembling aldosterone excess — falling potassium, rising blood pressure, oedema — that depends on amount and duration and rises with diuretics, digoxin, corticosteroids and older age. Bupleurum has a documented safety history in Japan, where interstitial pneumonia and liver injury, including fatal cases, were reported with bupleurum-containing formulas and led to regulatory warnings; someone with existing liver disease should not add bupleurum without the knowledge of the clinician already managing it. Bitter orange (zhi qiao) contains synephrine, a sympathomimetic amine that regulators and sport authorities watch. Chuan xiong is Ligusticum chuanxiong, not the North American species sold under the same genus name. Citrus peel is an agricultural product with pesticide residue and, where drying and storage have been poor, mould and aflatoxin concerns. Cyperus is routinely vinegar-processed in traditional practice. Small studies exist on this formula for functional dyspepsia and as an adjunct in mood disorders; they are small and heterogeneous and do not establish benefit.

柴胡疏肝散通常著录于《景岳全书》—— 明代张介宾所编,其中「古方八阵」把前代方剂按攻补散寒等八类重排。也有文献把此方上溯至更早的明代医籍,归属至今没有定论。本库列出《景岳全书》这个出处,并把这个分歧如实写出来,而不替读者裁断谁对。 读它的组成比读它的名声有用。柴胡与香附是负责疏泄的一对,川芎与陈皮行胸胁的气与血,枳壳往下压而白芍酸收往回拉,炙甘草守住中焦。七味药不是七个同方向的推力,而是一组彼此相反的方向;古典的论证是:郁结之所以解,是因为气机重新能走,而不是因为被强行推向一处。 它在传统语境里对应的是胁肋胀满、善太息、情绪不舒、月经不调、脉弦这一类。这套说法今天会被分进几个完全不同的格子,而分格子比用方更紧要:持续两周以上的情绪低落伴兴趣丧失、睡眠与食欲改变,或任何自伤念头,不是需要「疏」的气滞,而是需要专业评估的状态。胸痛与上腹痛可能是心脏、胆道或反流,前两者按分钟计;右上腹痛伴发热是外科问题。本库不声称此方能治疗抑郁症、肝炎或任何具体疾病。 安全提示按要紧程度排。方中含炙甘草,甘草酸可引起类似醛固酮过多的一组表现 —— 血钾下降、血压升高、水肿 —— 与所用多少和服用时长相关,与利尿剂、地高辛、糖皮质激素同用以及高龄都会抬高风险。柴胡有一条在日本留下的安全史:含柴胡的方剂曾报告间质性肺炎与肝损伤,含致死病例,并引出监管警告;已有肝病者不应在主管医生不知情时自行加服含柴胡的方。枳壳含对辛弗林,属拟交感胺类,是监管机构与运动禁药名单关注的对象。川芎是 Ligusticum chuanxiong,与北美同属同名植物不可互代。陈皮是农产品,有农药残留与(干燥储存不良时)霉变黄曲霉毒素的顾虑。香附传统多用醋制。此方在功能性消化不良与情绪障碍辅助方面有小规模研究,样本小、异质性大,不确立获益。

降逆化痰、益气和胃;《伤寒论》原文所对为「心下痞硬、噫气不除」 · Directs counterflow downward, transforms phlegm and harmonises the stomach; the classical formula for hardness and glomus below the heart with belching that does not settle

Xuan Fu Dai Zhe Tang (Inula and Hematite Decoction) xuán fù dài zhě tāng · 旋覆代赭汤

Composition 组成

  • Inula flower (xuan fu hua)
  • hematite (dai zhe shi)
  • ginseng root (ren shen)
  • processed pinellia rhizome (ban xia)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • jujube (da zao)
  • honey-fried licorice root (zhi gan cao).

组成

  • 旋覆花、代赭石、人参、半夏(炮制品)、生姜、大枣、炙甘草
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Xuan Fu Dai Zhe Tang comes from Shanghan Lun, and its line is unusually concrete: after sweating, or vomiting, or purging has been used and the exterior has resolved, if there is a hard glomus below the heart and the belching does not settle, this is the formula. Two findings, one qualifier — the belching does not settle — and the prescription follows. It is a good example of how narrowly a classical indication could be drawn, and of how much of the reasoning rests on what happened before rather than on the symptoms alone. Structurally it is a stomach formula with a mineral at its centre. Inula flower is the herb traditionally said to send qi downward and soften the glomus; hematite, a heavy iron ore, adds weight in both the literal and the figurative sense; processed pinellia dries and dissipates; ginseng, jujube and honey-fried licorice support the middle that the earlier treatment has worn down. Read plainly, this is a formula built for someone whose digestion has been emptied by treatment and whose stomach now pushes upward instead of down. The modern translation of that picture is not one disease. Persistent belching and a sensation of hardness or a lump under the breastbone sit across gastro-oesophageal reflux, hiatus hernia, functional dyspepsia and oesophageal motility disorders, and — less often, and far more seriously — gastric and oesophageal cancer. The features that change the plan are not the belching: progressive difficulty swallowing, food sticking, unintentional weight loss, vomiting, anaemia, or black stools all point to endoscopy, and none of them is answered by a formula. This library does not present this prescription as a treatment for reflux, cancer, or any named condition. Hematite deserves separate attention. Dai zhe shi is an iron ore, and mineral substances in this tradition are not exempt from the reason modern pharmacopoeias test them: naturally occurring ores carry arsenic, lead and other metals depending on the seam. Traditional preparation specifies calcining and vinegar quenching, and the classical texts themselves caution against long courses and against use in pregnancy. Iron loading is an additional concern for anyone with haemochromatosis or a history of repeated transfusion. A mineral ingredient is a reason to ask what the batch was tested for, not a curiosity. Pinellia must be the processed form; raw pinellia contains calcium oxalate raphides and lectins that can produce severe throat swelling and threaten the airway, and it is traditionally held incompatible with aconite-type herbs. Ginseng has mixed and sometimes contradictory evidence with warfarin and interacts with glucose-lowering medicines. Honey-fried licorice carries the glycyrrhizin risk noted elsewhere in this library. Ginger in food amounts is unremarkable, while concentrated ginger products have reported antiplatelet effects.

旋覆代赭汤出自《伤寒论》,条文难得地具体:伤寒经发汗、或经吐、或经下之后,表已解,若心下痞硬、噫气不除者,旋覆代赭汤主之。两个症状、一个限定词 —— 噫气「不除」—— 方子就跟着来了。它是古典适应证可以写得多么窄的一个样本:论证的支点其实在先前发生过什么,而不只是当下这两个症状。 结构上它是一首以矿物为中心的和胃方。旋覆花是传统所说「降气、消痰、软痞」的一味;代赭石是重坠的铁矿石,字面与比方意义上的「重」都在;半夏燥化散结;人参、大枣、炙甘草扶住已经被先前治法耗掉的中气。直白地读:这首方是给一个被治法掏空、胃气反而往上顶的人准备的。 这个画面翻译成今天的话不是一个病。持续嗳气与胸骨下的硬满或梗塞感,横跨胃食管反流、食管裂孔疝、功能性消化不良、食管动力障碍,以及较少见但更严重的胃与食管肿瘤。改变方案的不是嗳气本身:进行性吞咽困难、食物梗停、不明原因体重下降、呕吐、贫血、黑便,这些都指向内镜检查,也都不是一首方能回答的。本库不声称此方治疗反流、肿瘤或任何具体疾病。 代赭石要单独说。它是铁矿石,而矿物药并不因为「天然」就免于现代药典检测它们的那个理由:矿石随矿脉不同可伴砷、铅等重金属。传统炮制要求煅后醋淬,传统文献本身也提示不宜久服、孕期不宜。对血色病或反复输血者,铁负荷是另一层顾虑。把一味矿物药当作「该问这一批检了什么」的理由,而不是当成趣闻。 半夏必须用炮制品:生半夏的草酸钙针晶与凝集素可致严重咽喉肿痛并威胁气道,传统亦认为不与乌头类同用。人参与华法林的证据混杂且相互矛盾,并与降糖药有相互作用。炙甘草有本库反复写到的假性醛固酮增多风险。食物量的生姜不算什么,浓缩姜制品有抗血小板作用的报告。

降气平喘、温化寒痰;传统病机表述为「上实下虚」之喘咳 · Directs qi downward and calms wheezing, warms and transforms cold phlegm; classically described as treating excess above with deficiency below

Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang (Perilla Fruit Decoction to Direct Qi Downward) sū zǐ jiàng qì tāng · 苏子降气汤

Composition 组成

  • Perilla fruit (zi su zi)
  • processed pinellia rhizome (ban xia)
  • Chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • honey-fried licorice root (zhi gan cao)
  • peucedanum root (qian hu)
  • magnolia bark (hou po)
  • cassia bark (rou gui)
  • classically cooked with fresh ginger
  • jujube and perilla leaf.

组成

  • 紫苏子、半夏(炮制品)、当归、炙甘草、前胡、厚朴、肉桂(传统煎服加生姜、大枣、苏叶)
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang is recorded in Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang, the Song-dynasty official formulary, and it is one of the clearest surviving examples of a formula built around a single directional claim: the breath should go down. Its classical description is excess above, deficiency below — phlegm and congestion filling the chest while the lower source, described as the kidney's grasping of qi, has grown too weak to hold the breath. Perilla fruit and pinellia descend and transform; peucedanum and magnolia open the chest and move what has accumulated; cassia bark warms the lower burner; Chinese angelica appears in a breathing formula, which looks odd until one accepts that classical texts treat the blood aspect as inseparable from the holding of qi; honey-fried licorice guards the middle. What matters for a modern reader is that excess above, deficiency below is a piece of classical mechanism rather than a diagnosis, and that the kidney in this sentence is the kidney of Chinese medicine's functional system, not the organ measured by a creatinine result. The cluster the formula was used for — chronic cough, wheeze, breathlessness worse on lying flat, copious white sputum — is now distributed across COPD, asthma, heart failure, bronchiectasis and interstitial lung disease, and those have very different treatments. Acute breathlessness is an emergency, not a pattern to be differentiated first. Breathlessness that is new, that wakes someone at night, that comes with chest pain, coughing blood, swelling of one leg, or fever needs assessment the same day, because pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and cardiac causes all present this way and none of them waits for a formula. Safety notes. Pinellia must be processed: raw pinellia's calcium oxalate raphides and lectins can cause severe throat swelling and threaten the airway, and it is traditionally held incompatible with aconite-type herbs. Magnolia bark comes from Magnolia officinalis, a species under genuine harvesting pressure; the bark is also used in neighbouring traditions, and the honest statement is that supply chains are not always what the label says. Cassia bark is Cinnamomum cassia rather than Ceylon cinnamon, and carries appreciably more coumarin, for which European food safety bodies have set a tolerable daily intake on liver findings. Dang gui contains furanocoumarins and has case reports of interaction with warfarin; it is sometimes marketed to western buyers as a hormone, and there is no good evidence for that claim. Qian hu is Peucedanum, another furanocoumarin-containing umbellifer with photosensitivity concerns and a long history of substitution between species. Perilla fruit is an oily seed, and the genus contains perilla ketone, which has caused pulmonary oedema in grazing animals, although no corresponding risk has been established for human preparations. And honey-fried licorice again: potassium, blood pressure and oedema, in relation to amount, duration and the other medicines a person is already taking.

苏子降气汤著录于《太平惠民和剂局方》,是「一个方向性主张」保存得最清楚的方剂之一:气该往下走。它的传统病机表述是「上实下虚」—— 痰与壅塞充塞于上,而下面那个被说成「肾主纳气」的本源已经弱到收不住气。紫苏子与半夏降气化痰,前胡与厚朴开胸散壅,肉桂温下元;当归出现在一首治喘的方里显得突兀,原因是古典文献把血这一层与「气之摄纳」看作不可分;炙甘草守中。 今天读它,要紧的是:「上实下虚」是一段古典病机推演,不是诊断;这句话里的「肾」是中医功能系统的肾,不是化验单上肌酐所测的那个器官。它所对应的症状群 —— 慢性咳嗽、喘息、平卧加重、痰多色白 —— 现在分布在慢阻肺、哮喘、心衰、支气管扩张与间质性肺病之间,而这几样的治疗差别很大。急性呼吸困难是急症,不是先辨证的场合。新发的、夜间憋醒的、伴胸痛或咯血或单侧下肢肿或发热的呼吸困难,都要当天评估:肺栓塞、气胸与心源性原因都以这种方式起病,没有一样会等一首方。 安全提示。半夏必须炮制:生品的草酸钙针晶与凝集素可致严重咽喉肿痛并威胁气道,传统亦不与乌头类同用。厚朴为 Magnolia officinalis 之树皮,采伐压力是真实存在的;该树皮在邻近传统里也用,诚实的一句是:供应链并不总是与标签一致。肉桂是 Cinnamomum cassia(中国肉桂)而非锡兰肉桂,香豆素含量明显更高,欧洲食品安全机构基于肝脏方面的发现为其设定了可耐受日摄入量。当归含呋喃香豆素,与华法林有病例报告的相互作用;它有时被当作「植物雌激素」推介给西方买家,这一点没有可靠证据。前胡是 Peucedanum,又一种含呋喃香豆素的伞形科药,有光敏顾虑与种间混用的长久历史。紫苏子是油性的种子,紫苏属含紫苏酮,曾在放牧牲畜中引起肺水肿,而人类制剂是否对应此风险未被证实。炙甘草仍是那一条:血钾、血压、水肿,与所用多少、服用时长以及正在同服的药相关。

降逆止呃、益气清热和胃;出自《金匮要略·呕吐哕下利病脉证治》,原文「哕逆者,橘皮竹茹汤主之」 · Directs counterflow stomach qi downward, clears and harmonises the stomach; the classical formula for hiccup and retching from the chapter on vomiting, hiccup and diarrhoea

Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang (Citrus Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction) jú pí zhú rú tāng · 橘皮竹茹汤

Composition 组成

  • Aged citrus peel (ju pi / chen pi)
  • bamboo shavings (zhu ru)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • honey-fried licorice root (zhi gan cao)
  • ginseng root (ren shen)
  • jujube (da zao).

组成

  • 橘皮(陈皮)、竹茹、生姜、炙甘草、人参、大枣
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang is among the shortest formulas in this library — six ingredients, no minerals, no toxic herbs — and it comes from Jingui Yaolüe, in the chapter dealing with vomiting, hiccup and diarrhoea. Its line is a single clause: for hiccup and counterflow, Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang governs. The classical word being treated, yue, covered hiccup and dry retching in Han-dynasty usage, and later commentators argued over the reading for centuries. That ambiguity is worth keeping rather than resolving, because the symptom this formula addresses is one that modern medicine also treats as trivial until it is not. In composition, aged citrus peel leads, bamboo shavings clear, fresh ginger is the ingredient that would actually settle the diaphragmatic spasm in most modern eyes, and ginseng, jujube and honey-fried licorice rebuild the middle. It is a gentle formula by any standard, and the reason for including it here is not its gentleness but what hiccup can signify. Hiccup lasting more than forty-eight hours is called persistent, and beyond a month intractable, and at that point it is a symptom with a long differential rather than an annoyance. It can arise from the stomach and oesophagus — reflux, hiatus hernia, gastric distension, candidal oesophagitis. It can arise from the chest and diaphragm — pneumonia, empyema, subphrenic abscess, anything irritating the phrenic nerve, and post-operative or post-anaesthetic states. It can be central: stroke, tumour, meningitis, demyelinating disease. It can be metabolic — renal failure, hyponatraemia, hypocalcaemia, diabetes. And it can be drug-induced, with digoxin, benzodiazepines, corticosteroids, dopamine agonists and several chemotherapy agents on the list. Intractable hiccup has been reported as the presenting feature of myocardial infarction and of aortic aneurysm. None of that is answered by six herbs; all of it is the reason a hiccup that will not stop belongs in front of a clinician. Safety notes, proportionate to a formula this mild. Citrus peel is an agricultural product, and the practical concerns are pesticide residue and, where drying and storage have been poor, mould and aflatoxin; it is not in the same risk class as grapefruit, whose furanocoumarin burden is far higher. Bamboo shavings are the dried middle layer of the culm of Bambusa and related genera — the species is not fixed, and processed material is sometimes sulphured or bleached, which is a question to put to a supplier rather than a reason for alarm. Ginger in food amounts is unremarkable; concentrated ginger products carry antiplatelet reports and mixed warfarin evidence. Ginseng brings the same mixed anticoagulant and glucose-lowering cautions noted elsewhere. Honey-fried licorice, even in a small formula, is the ingredient with the real long-course issue: glycyrrhizin can produce low potassium, raised blood pressure and oedema, and that risk rises alongside diuretics, digoxin and corticosteroids. Jujube is a sugar-containing fruit, which is useful to know for anyone counting carbohydrate. This library does not present this formula as a treatment for hiccup of any named cause.

橘皮竹茹汤是本库最短的方剂之一 —— 六味药,无矿物,无毒药 —— 出自《金匮要略》「呕吐哕下利病脉证治」篇。它的原文只有一句:哕逆者,橘皮竹茹汤主之。所治的「哕」在汉代的用法里同时覆盖呃逆与干呕,后世注家为此争了上千年。这个歧义值得保留而不是替它裁断,因为这首方所对的那个症状,在现代医学里同样「小事一桩,直到不是」。 组成上,陈皮为君,竹茹清热,生姜才是今天多数人眼里真正止住膈肌痉挛的那一味,人参、大枣、炙甘草补中。按任何标准它都是一首温和的方。把它收进本库的理由不是温和,而是呃逆可能意味着什么。 持续超过四十八小时的呃逆称为持续性,超过一个月为顽固性;到这时它是一个鉴别清单很长的症状,而不是一件麻烦事。它可以来自胃与食管 —— 反流、食管裂孔疝、胃扩张、念珠菌性食管炎;可以来自胸与膈 —— 肺炎、脓胸、膈下脓肿、任何刺激膈神经的情况、术后与麻醉后状态;可以是中枢的 —— 卒中、肿瘤、脑膜炎、脱髓鞘疾病;可以是代谢性的 —— 肾衰竭、低钠、低钙、糖尿病;也可以是药物性的,地高辛、苯二氮卓类、糖皮质激素、多巴胺激动剂与若干化疗药都在名单上。顽固性呃逆曾被报道为心肌梗死与主动脉瘤的首发表现。这些没有一样是靠六味药回答的,而全部都是「止不住的呃逆该去见医生」的理由。 安全提示,与这首方的温和程度成比例地写。陈皮是农产品,实际顾虑是农药残留,以及干燥储存不良时的霉变与黄曲霉毒素;它不属于柚汁那一类风险,后者的呋喃香豆素负担高得多。竹茹是竹属及近缘属竹秆的干燥中间层,原植物并不固定,加工品有时经硫熏或漂白 —— 这是该向供应商提的问题,不是该惊慌的理由。食物量的生姜不算什么,浓缩姜制品有抗血小板作用的报告与混杂的华法林证据。人参带着同样的抗凝与降糖谨慎。炙甘草即使在小方里也是长期服用真正要紧的那一味:甘草酸可致低钾、血压升高与水肿,与利尿剂、地高辛、糖皮质激素同用风险更高。大枣是含糖果实,需要计算碳水化合物的人知道这一点有用。本库不声称此方治疗任何特定病因引起的呃逆。

疏风止痛;传统用于外感风邪所致头痛,是「分经用药」保存最清楚的样本之一 · Disperses wind and relieves pain; the formula most often cited for headache attributed to externally contracted wind

Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San (Ligusticum Powder Taken with Tea) chuān xiōng chá tiáo sǎn · 川芎茶调散

Composition 组成

  • Ligusticum rhizome (chuan xiong)
  • schizonepeta (jing jie)
  • angelica dahurica root (bai zhi)
  • notopterygium rhizome (qiang huo)
  • honey-fried licorice root (zhi gan cao)
  • asarum (xi xin)
  • saposhnikovia root (fang feng)
  • mint (bo he)
  • classically taken with green tea.

组成

  • 川芎、荆芥、白芷、羌活、炙甘草、细辛、防风、薄荷
  • 传统以清茶调服
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San is recorded in Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang, the Song-dynasty official formulary, and its name carries a piece of instruction that most formula names do not: it is to be taken with tea. The tea is not merely a vehicle. In the classical reading, tea is cooling and descends, and it is there partly to check the drying warmth of what is otherwise a formula made almost entirely of wind-dispersing herbs. A formula that says how to take it inside its own name is worth noticing, because it means the vehicle was understood as part of the action. The composition is the clearest surviving sample of what is called dividing the channels in herb selection. Ligusticum, schizonepeta, angelica dahurica, notopterygium, saposhnikovia, asarum and mint are all herbs said to release the exterior and disperse wind, but each is assigned a region: notopterygium to the greater yang channel at the back of the head, angelica dahurica to the yang brightness at the forehead, ligusticum to the lesser yang and terminal yin at the sides and crown, asarum to the lesser yin. Read as a map, the formula is an argument that headache can be located and that the herb follows the location. Read as pharmacology, seven aromatic herbs with overlapping volatile-oil content is a different object entirely. Both readings are legitimate; this library does not claim the map has been confirmed. What the formula was used for — headache with chills, fever, nasal congestion or a stiff neck, in the classical framing an exterior wind pattern — is where a modern reader needs to stop and separate things. Headache is one of the symptoms with the longest and most time-critical differential in medicine. A headache that reaches full intensity within seconds, the thunderclap headache, is subarachnoid haemorrhage until proven otherwise. A new headache after the age of fifty, a headache with fever and neck stiffness, a headache with papilloedema or focal neurological signs or one that is worst in the morning and worsened by coughing, and a headache in someone who is immunosuppressed or has a cancer history each point to imaging or lumbar puncture rather than to herbs. Temporal arteritis in an older adult, presenting with jaw claudication or visual change, can cause permanent blindness and is measured in days. Headache with high blood pressure in pregnancy is a pre-eclampsia question. This library does not present the formula as a treatment for migraine, tension headache, sinusitis or any named cause of head pain. One further modern point belongs beside any headache formula: medication-overuse headache. Using acute painkillers on ten or more days a month for several months can itself sustain a daily headache, and the way out is supervised withdrawal rather than a stronger remedy. That trap applies to any remedy used repeatedly for head pain, not only to this one. Safety notes. Asarum is the most serious item on this list. Xi xin is a member of the Aristolochiaceae, the birthwort family, and contains aristolochic acid — the compound behind aristolochic acid nephropathy and the associated urothelial cancers. There is no established safe threshold for cumulative aristolochic acid exposure, and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia restricts asarum to the root and rhizome precisely because the aerial parts carry more of it. Traditionally the herb is also decocted for a long time. Mint and its volatile oil contain menthol; menthol-containing preparations applied to the face or chest of infants and very small children have been associated with laryngospasm, which is a reason for caution with concentrated mint products in that age group quite apart from this formula. Ligusticum here is Ligusticum chuanxiong, which is not interchangeable with the North American plants sharing the genus name. Honey-fried licorice carries the glycyrrhizin risk this library repeats: low potassium, raised blood pressure and oedema, worse with longer use and with diuretics, digoxin or corticosteroids. Notopterygium is a wild-harvested root with genuine supply pressure. Schizonepeta and saposhnikovia are comparatively mild. The tea used as the vehicle contains caffeine and tannins, which is a small but real consideration for anyone counting caffeine. This library gives no amounts and no instructions for use.

川芎茶调散著录于宋代官方方典《太平惠民和剂局方》。它的方名里带了一句大多数方名不带的话:以茶调服。茶不只是送服的东西。传统读法是:茶苦寒而降,方中其余各味几乎全是辛温疏散的风药,茶在其中有一层制约温燥的意思。一首把「怎么服」写进自己名字里的方值得多看一眼 —— 这说明送服物当时是被当作方的一部分来理解的。 组成是所谓「分经用药」保存得最清楚的样本之一。川芎、荆芥、白芷、羌活、防风、细辛、薄荷都属疏散外风一类,但各有归属:羌活走太阳(后头痛连项),白芷走阳明(前额眉棱),川芎走少阳与厥阴(头侧与巅顶),细辛走少阴。当一张地图读,这首方在论证「头痛可以定位,而药随位走」;当药理学读,七味含挥发油的芳香药叠在一起是完全不同的另一个东西。两种读法都站得住,本库不声称这张「地图」已被证实。 它的传统适应证 —— 头痛伴恶寒发热、鼻塞或项强,古典框架里属外感风邪 —— 正是现代读者必须停下来分辨的地方。头痛是医学里鉴别清单最长、时间最急的症状之一。数秒内达峰的「雷击样头痛」在没有排除之前就是蛛网膜下腔出血。五十岁以后新发的头痛、伴发热与颈强直的头痛、伴视乳头水肿或局灶神经体征的头痛、清晨最重且咳嗽加重的头痛、以及免疫抑制者或有肿瘤史者的新发头痛,各自指向影像或腰穿,而不是草药。老年人的颞动脉炎可表现为下颌间歇性疼痛或视力改变,能造成永久失明,按天计。妊娠期头痛伴血压升高是子痫前期的问题。本库不声称此方治疗偏头痛、紧张型头痛、鼻窦炎或任何具体病因的头痛。 还有一条现代事实应写在任何头痛方旁边:药物过度使用性头痛。每月十天以上、连续数月使用急性止痛药本身就能维持每日头痛,出路是在指导下撤药而不是换更强的药。这个陷阱属于任何被反复用于头痛的办法,不专属于这一首。 安全提示。细辛是这份名单上最要紧的一味。它是马兜铃科植物,含马兜铃酸 —— 即马兜铃酸肾病及其相关尿路上皮癌背后的那个化合物。马兜铃酸的累积暴露没有确定安全阈值,中国药典把细辛限定为根及根茎,正因为地上部分含量更高;传统亦要求久煎。薄荷及其挥发油含薄荷脑,含薄荷脑的制剂用于婴幼儿面部或胸部曾关联喉痉挛,因此对浓缩薄荷制品在该年龄段的谨慎与此方本身无关也应成立。此处川芎为 Ligusticum chuanxiong,与北美同属同名植物不可互代。炙甘草带着本库反复写到的甘草酸风险:血钾下降、血压升高、水肿,服用时间长或与利尿剂、地高辛、糖皮质激素同用风险更高。羌活是野生采挖的根,采挖压力真实存在。荆芥与防风相对温和。作送服物的茶含咖啡因与鞣质,对需要计算咖啡因的人不是零。本库不列用量,不给服法。

祛风除湿、化痰通络、活血止痛;传统用于风寒湿痹、肢体筋脉挛痛、屈伸不利 · Dispels wind and eliminates damp, transforms phlegm and frees the collaterals, moves blood and relieves pain; the classical pill for wind-cold-damp obstruction with cramping pain of the limbs

Xiao Huo Luo Dan (Minor Collateral-Freeing Pill) xiǎo huó luò dān · 小活络丹

Composition 组成

  • Prepared Sichuan aconite main root (zhi chuan wu)
  • prepared wild aconite root (zhi cao wu)
  • earthworm (di long)
  • prepared arisaema rhizome (zhi tian nan xing)
  • frankincense (ru xiang)
  • myrrh (mo yao)
  • classically made into pills with wine.

组成

  • 制川乌、制草乌、地龙、制天南星、乳香、没药
  • 传统以酒糊为丸
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Xiao Huo Luo Dan is recorded in Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang, and it is the most safety-heavy formula in this library's wind section, because two of its six ingredients are aconite. Prepared Sichuan aconite and prepared wild aconite are the processed forms of Aconitum carmichaelii and Aconitum kusnezoffii. The compound at issue is aconitine, a diester alkaloid that holds voltage-gated sodium channels open. Cells stay depolarised; the consequences show up in conducting tissue and in nerve, as paraesthesia, vomiting, ventricular arrhythmia and, in severe poisoning, asystole. Onset can be within an hour of swallowing, and there is no specific antidote — management is supportive, with antiarrhythmics used for the ventricular rhythm. Two things traditionally stand between this herb and that outcome, and both are non-negotiable. The first is processing: soaking and thorough heating hydrolyse the diester alkaloids into benzoylaconine-type compounds, reducing acute toxicity by one to three orders of magnitude depending on method. The second is long decoction. This matters here more than in most formulas because Xiao Huo Luo Dan is a pill. A pill is swallowed. Whatever hydrolysis was going to happen has to have happened during manufacture, and the safety of the finished product rests entirely on the quality of that processing and on what went into it. This library does not give amounts, and it does not treat processing as a footnote. The wine in the classical vehicle deserves a word: alcohol extracts alkaloids efficiently, and this is a case where the traditional vehicle may increase what is absorbed rather than moderate it. The remaining ingredients carry their own notes. Earthworm is an animal product with fibrinolytic activity that has been studied, and it concentrates heavy metals from the soil it lives in; it is not suitable for vegetarians. Prepared arisaema is only usable because it is processed — the raw rhizome's calcium oxalate raphides cause severe irritation and swelling of the mouth and throat. Frankincense and myrrh are resins that commonly cause stomach upset and contact allergy, and are frequently adulterated. What the formula was applied to — limb pain, cramping, stiffness and difficulty moving, described classically as wind-cold-damp obstruction of the collaterals — is now a set of conditions with very different timelines. Sudden one-sided weakness or numbness with slurred speech is stroke, and it is measured in minutes. Progressive weakness in a limb is nerve compression or motor neuron disease until shown otherwise. A single hot, red, swollen joint needs aspiration to exclude septic arthritis, because infection destroys cartilage in hours. Symmetrical small-joint stiffness lasting more than an hour in the morning is rheumatoid arthritis, where disease-modifying drugs change the outcome and delay costs joints permanently. Back pain with saddle numbness or loss of bladder or bowel control is cauda equina syndrome and is surgical. This library does not present the pill as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, sciatica or any named joint or nerve disease.

小活络丹著录于《太平惠民和剂局方》,它是本库治风一节里安全负担最重的一首方,因为六味药里有两味是乌头。制川乌与制草乌分别是乌头(Aconitum carmichaelii)与北乌头(Aconitum kusnezoffii)的炮制品。问题出在乌头碱:这是一种双酯型生物碱,它把电压门控钠通道撑在开放状态,细胞持续去极化,后果落在传导组织与神经上 —— 口舌四肢麻木、呕吐、室性心律失常,严重中毒时心脏停搏。口服后一小时内即可起病,且没有特效解毒药:处理以支持治疗为主,室性心律用抗心律失常药。 传统上有两道关口挡在这味药与那个结局之间,两道都不可商量。第一道是炮制:浸泡与充分加热把双酯型生物碱水解为苯甲酰乌头原碱一类,急性毒性依方法可降一到三个数量级。第二道是久煎。这一点在本方比在多数方剂里更要紧,因为小活络丹是丸剂 —— 丸是吞下去的。该发生的水解必须在制作过程中已经发生,成品的安全完全落在炮制质量与投料上。本库不列用量,也不把炮制当作脚注。 传统以酒糊为丸这一点也值得一句:酒精对生物碱的提取效率很高,这里的送服物可能是增加吸收而不是缓和药性。 其余几味各有各的注脚。地龙是动物药,其纤溶活性被研究过,且会富集所居土壤中的重金属,素食者不宜。天南星只能用炮制品 —— 生品的草酸钙针晶可致口咽严重刺激与肿胀。乳香与没药是树脂,常见胃部不适与接触性过敏,且掺假频仍。 这首方传统的适应证 —— 肢体疼痛、拘挛、屈伸不利,古典表述为风寒湿痹阻经络 —— 今天是一组时间尺度差别很大的情况。突发的单侧肢体无力或麻木伴言语不清是卒中,按分钟计。进行性肢体无力在没有排除之前是神经压迫或运动神经元病。单个关节红、肿、热、痛需要抽关节液排除感染性关节炎,因为感染在数小时内破坏软骨。对称性小关节、晨僵超过一小时是类风湿关节炎,改变病情的抗风湿药改变结局,拖延造成不可逆的关节破坏。腰痛伴鞍区麻木或二便失控是马尾综合征,属外科。本库不声称此方治疗类风湿关节炎、骨关节炎、坐骨神经痛或任何具体的关节与神经疾病。

滋阴息风;传统用于温病后期真阴耗伤、虚风内动,症见手足瘛疭、神倦、脉气虚弱 · Nourishes yin and extinguishes wind; the classical formula for the late stage of warm disease when true yin is consumed and wind stirs inwardly

Da Ding Feng Zhu (Major Wind-Stabilising Pearl) dà dìng fēng zhū · 大定风珠

Composition 组成

  • White peony root (bai shao)
  • donkey-hide gelatin (e jiao)
  • turtle shell (gui ban)
  • dried rehmannia root (sheng di huang)
  • hemp seed (huo ma ren)
  • schisandra fruit (wu wei zi)
  • oyster shell (mu li)
  • ophiopogon tuber (mai dong)
  • honey-fried licorice root (zhi gan cao)
  • egg yolk (ji zi huang)
  • turtle carapace (bie jia).

组成

  • 白芍、阿胶、龟板、生地黄(原方作干地黄)、麻仁(火麻仁)、五味子、牡蛎、麦冬、炙甘草、鸡子黄、鳖甲
Source 出处 · Wenbing Tiaobian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Da Ding Feng Zhu comes from Wenbing Tiaobian, Wu Tang's nineteenth-century treatise on warm disease, and it sits at the end of a chain rather than standing alone. The base is jia jian fu mai tang — the honey-fried licorice decoction with the warming and moving ingredients removed and white peony added. To that are added the three shells: turtle shell, turtle carapace and oyster shell. Then donkey-hide gelatin and egg yolk are added last. The three shells are heavy, mineralised animal materials traditionally described as anchoring and settling what has risen; the gelatin and the yolk belong to what classical language calls flesh-and-blood products, used because the depletion being addressed is understood as a loss of substance rather than a blockage to be moved. The pattern being treated, wind stirring inwardly from depleted yin, is a piece of classical mechanism and not a diagnosis. In practice what it described was tremor, twitching or carpopedal spasm late in a prolonged febrile illness, with exhaustion and a weak pulse. The honest modern translation is that this is a differential, and a broad one. Twitching and tremor arise from electrolyte disturbance — low calcium, low magnesium, low sodium; from hepatic and renal encephalopathy; from focal seizures; from drugs, including the extrapyramidal effects of antipsychotics, metoclopramide and some antihistamines; from withdrawal states; from hypoglycaemia; and from thyrotoxicosis. In a child a febrile seizure is common and usually benign, but fever with a seizure still has to be distinguished from meningitis and encephalitis, and neck stiffness, altered consciousness or a rash that does not blanch is measured in minutes. A first seizure in an adult is a reason for imaging and electroencephalography, not for a framework about wind. This library does not present the formula as a treatment for epilepsy, Parkinson's disease or any movement disorder. The safety list is dominated by the fact that this is a formula made largely of animal materials. Turtle shell and turtle carapace come from turtles, and most turtle species are listed under CITES, which makes international trade in them a permit matter as well as a conservation one — and means an unlabelled product carries an origin question with it. Donkey-hide gelatin is made by boiling donkey hide; it is an animal product unsuitable for vegetarian, halal or kosher use. Egg yolk is classically added near the end rather than boiled through, and raw or lightly cooked egg carries a salmonella risk that matters most for older adults, pregnant women and immunosuppressed people. Oyster shell is a marine shell, and near-shore bivalves concentrate heavy metals. Hemp seed is the seed of the hemp plant and is a food; it is not a way of consuming cannabis, but it can produce a positive urine test for cannabinoid metabolites in some people. Among the herbs, schisandra has been shown in laboratory work to inhibit CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, and interactions with tacrolimus, ciclosporin and some chemotherapy agents have been studied — that is a reason to tell the prescribing clinician rather than a reason for alarm. White peony and its standardised glucoside fraction have been associated with liver enzyme elevation and diarrhoea. Honey-fried licorice carries the familiar glycyrrhizin risk of low potassium, raised blood pressure and oedema. The rehmannia used here is the unprepared dried root, not the wine-steamed prepared form. This library gives no amounts.

大定风珠出自吴瑭十九世纪的温病学著作《温病条辨》。它不是一首孤立的方,而处在一串加减的末端:底方是加减复脉汤(炙甘草汤减去温通走散之品、加白芍),其上加「三甲」—— 龟板、鳖甲、牡蛎,最后再加阿胶与鸡子黄。三甲是重坠的、含钙质的动物甲壳类,传统说它们潜镇沉降;阿胶与鸡子黄属于古典语言所说的「血肉有情之品」,用它俩的理由是:此处所补之虚被理解为一种「物质之失」,而不是需要被推动的阻滞。 它所对的证 —— 真阴耗伤、虚风内动 —— 是一段古典病机推演,不是诊断。落到临床上,它描述的是久热之后的手足蠕动或瘛疭,伴神倦与脉虚。诚实的现代翻译是:这是一个鉴别清单,而且很宽。抽动与震颤可来自电解质紊乱(低钙、低镁、低钠);来自肝性与肾性脑病;来自局灶性癫痫发作;来自药物,包括抗精神病药、甲氧氯普胺与某些抗组胺药的锥体外系反应;来自戒断状态;来自低血糖;也来自甲状腺毒症。儿童的发热惊厥常见且通常良性,但发热伴抽搐仍需与脑膜炎、脑炎区分,颈强直、意识改变或压之不褪色的皮疹按分钟计。成人首次发作抽搐是做影像与脑电图的理由,而不是谈论「风」的场合。本库不声称此方治疗癫痫、帕金森病或任何运动障碍。 安全提示被一个事实主导:这首方大半由动物来源之物组成。龟板与鳖甲取自龟鳖,而多数龟鳖被列入 CITES,其国际贸易既是许可问题也是保护问题 —— 这意味着来源不明的产品自带一个「它从哪来」的疑问。阿胶由驴皮熬制,是动物制品,素食、清真、洁食均不宜。鸡子黄按传统是后下而非久煮,生的或半熟的蛋带有沙门氏菌风险,对老人、孕妇与免疫抑制者最要紧。牡蛎是海产贝壳,近岸双壳类会富集重金属。火麻仁是大麻的种子,是食物,不是摄入大麻的方式,但可让部分人尿检大麻代谢物呈阳性。 药味方面:五味子在实验室研究中显示抑制 CYP3A4 与 P-糖蛋白,与他克莫司、环孢素及部分化疗药的相互作用被研究过 —— 这是要告知处方医生的理由,不是惊慌的理由。白芍及其标准化的白芍总苷有肝酶升高与腹泻的报告。炙甘草仍是那条熟悉的甘草酸风险:血钾下降、血压升高、水肿。此处地黄用的是干地黄(生地黄),不是熟地黄。本库不列用量。

祛风除湿、温经散寒、滋阴清热;《金匮要略·中风历节病脉证治》原文:「诸肢节疼痛,身体尪羸,脚肿如脱,头眩短气,温温欲吐」 · Dispels wind and eliminates damp, warms the channels and disperses cold, while nourishing yin and clearing heat; the classical line is pain in all the limb joints with a wasted body

Gui Zhi Shao Yao Zhi Mu Tang (Cinnamon Twig, Peony and Anemarrhena Decoction) guì zhī sháo yào zhī mǔ tāng · 桂枝芍药知母汤

Composition 组成

  • Cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • peony root (shao yao)
  • licorice root (gan cao)
  • ephedra (ma huang)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • atractylodes macrocephala rhizome (bai zhu)
  • anemarrhena rhizome (zhi mu)
  • saposhnikovia root (fang feng)
  • prepared aconite root (fu zi).

组成

  • 桂枝、芍药、甘草、麻黄、生姜、白术、知母、防风、附子(炮)
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Gui Zhi Shao Yao Zhi Mu Tang is recorded in Jingui Yaolüe, in the chapter on wind stroke and joint disease, and its line is one of the most clinically evocative in the classical corpus: pain in all the limb joints, the body wasted, the feet swollen as though they might fall off, dizziness and shortness of breath, and a constant desire to vomit. That is a picture of advanced, untreated inflammatory joint disease, and it is worth saying so plainly, because the formula is now mostly read as a formula for arthritis and what the original describes is what arthritis looks like when nothing has been done for years. The composition is the interesting part. Cinnamon twig, ephedra, ginger, atractylodes, saposhnikovia and prepared aconite are warm, acrid, dispersing and drying — a wind-cold-damp formula. Peony and anemarrhena are cooling and moistening. The formula therefore holds both directions at once, and the classical explanation is that wind-damp held for a long time generates heat and consumes yin, so the cooling pair is there to protect against the warming ones. Whether or not one accepts the mechanism, the structural fact is real: this is a formula that deliberately contains its own corrective. It is also, by any modern regulatory reading, the heaviest formula in this library. It contains prepared aconite and it contains ephedra, and those two are among the most heavily regulated botanicals in the English-speaking world, for different reasons. Aconite has been described elsewhere in this library and the description does not soften with repetition: diester alkaloids hold sodium channels open, the effect lands on conducting tissue and nerve, and severe poisoning produces ventricular arrhythmia and asystole. Processing and long decoction are the two things that make it usable and neither is optional. Ephedra is the other half. In 2004 the United States Food and Drug Administration ruled ephedra-containing dietary supplements adulterated, and ephedrine alkaloids have not been lawfully sold in that category since; the herb also appears on prohibited lists in sport. As a sympathomimetic it is the wrong class of agent in heart failure, pulmonary embolism, arrhythmia, uncontrolled hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, prostatic obstruction and some glaucomas. A formula containing both herbs at once is not a gentle option and it is not a self-selection option. What the formula points at clinically is joint pain and swelling, and that is where a modern reader should part company with the classical frame. A single hot swollen joint must be aspirated to exclude infection, because septic arthritis destroys cartilage in hours. Symmetrical small-joint disease with prolonged morning stiffness is rheumatoid arthritis, where disease-modifying treatment changes the long-term outcome and delay permits irreversible erosion. Polyarthritis with fever is a different question again — endocarditis, gonococcal infection, viral illness and Lyme disease all present that way. Gout and pseudogout mimic each other and are distinguished by crystals seen in aspirated fluid. Shoulder and hip girdle stiffness with headache or visual symptoms in an older adult raises temporal arteritis, which causes irreversible blindness if it is not treated within days. The oedema in the classical line has its own differential: heart failure, renal disease, venous insufficiency, lymphatic obstruction, and drugs including calcium channel blockers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids — and unilateral painful calf swelling is deep vein thrombosis until disproven. This library does not present this formula as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, gout, osteoarthritis or any named rheumatic disease, and it gives no amounts. Among the remaining ingredients: the atractylodes here is Atractylodes macrocephala, which is not the same herb as A. lancea; anemarrhena contains mangiferin with laboratory evidence of glucose-lowering effects, which is a reason for caution alongside diabetes medication; peony and licorice together are the classical spasm-relieving pair and carry the glycyrrhizin caution described elsewhere in this library.

桂枝芍药知母汤著录于《金匮要略·中风历节病脉证治》篇,它的原文是古典文献里临床画面感最强的一条:「诸肢节疼痛,身体尪羸,脚肿如脱,头眩短气,温温欲吐」。这是一幅晚期、未经治疗的炎性关节病的画面,值得直白地说出来 —— 因为此方今天多被当作「治关节炎的方」来读,而原文所写的是关节炎拖了许多年之后的样子。 组成是真正有意思的部分。桂枝、麻黄、生姜、白术、防风、附子(炮)是辛温散燥的一路,合起来是一首风寒湿方;芍药与知母则是凉润的一路。这首方因此同时握着两个方向,古典解释是:风湿久郁化热伤阴,凉润的这一对是用来制约温燥的那一组。机制能否接受可以两说,结构上的事实是真的:这是一首自带纠偏的方。 按现代任何监管口径读,它同时是本库安全负担最重的一首方 —— 方中含附子(炮),也含麻黄,而这两味恰好是英语世界监管最重的两味草药,理由各不相同。附子在本库其他条目里已经写过,重述并不会让它变软:双酯型生物碱把钠通道撑开,效应落在传导组织与神经上,严重中毒导致室性心律失常与心脏停搏;炮制与久煎是让它可用的两件事,两件都不可选。麻黄是另一半。2004 年美国食品药品管理局裁定含麻黄碱类的膳食补充剂为掺假,此后麻黄生物碱在该类别中不再合法销售;该药也出现在运动禁药名单上。作为拟交感胺,它在心衰、肺栓塞、心律失常、未控制的高血压、甲状腺毒症、前列腺增生排尿困难与某些青光眼里都属于错的一类。同时含这两味的方不是温和的选择,也不是可以自行选用的选择。 临床上它指向的是关节肿痛,而这正是现代读者该与古典框架分手的地点。单个红肿热痛的关节必须抽液以排除感染,因为感染性关节炎在数小时内破坏软骨。对称性小关节病变伴长时间晨僵是类风湿关节炎,改变病情的治疗改变远期结局,拖延会造成不可逆的骨侵蚀。多关节炎伴发热是另一个问题:感染性心内膜炎、淋球菌感染、病毒感染与莱姆病都以这种方式起病。痛风与假性痛风彼此相似,靠抽出的关节液里看到的结晶区分。老年人肩胛带与骨盆带僵硬伴头痛或视觉症状要想到颞动脉炎,不在数日内处理可致不可逆失明。原文里那个「脚肿如脱」也有自己的鉴别清单:心衰、肾病、静脉功能不全、淋巴回流障碍,以及钙通道阻滞剂、非甾体抗炎药与糖皮质激素等药物;而单侧小腿肿痛在没有排除之前是深静脉血栓。本库不声称此方治疗类风湿关节炎、痛风、骨关节炎或任何具体的风湿性疾病,也不列用量。 其余药味:此处白术为 Atractylodes macrocephala,与苍术(A. lancea)不是同一味;知母含芒果苷,有降血糖作用的实验室证据,与降糖药同用时应谨慎;芍药与甘草同用是古典的缓急止痛一对,并带着本库其他条目里写过的甘草酸风险。

祛风胜湿止痛;传统用于风湿在表之痹证(头痛身重、肩背痛不可回顾) · Disperses wind and overcomes dampness; the formula most often cited for painful obstruction attributed to wind-damp lodged in the exterior

Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang (Notopterygium Dampness-Overcoming Decoction) qiāng huó shèng shī tāng · 羌活胜湿汤

Composition 组成

  • Notopterygium rhizome (qiang huo)
  • pubescent angelica root (du huo)
  • Chinese lovage root (gao ben)
  • saposhnikovia root (fang feng)
  • honey-fried licorice root (zhi gan cao)
  • ligusticum rhizome (chuan xiong)
  • vitex fruit (man jing zi).

组成

  • 羌活、独活、藁本、防风、炙甘草、川芎、蔓荆子
Source 出处 · Neiwaishang Bianhuo Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang is recorded in Neiwaishang Bianhuo Lun, Li Gao's thirteenth-century discussion of how internal damage and external contraction are to be told apart. Its name states the strategy outright: qiang huo is the chief herb, and overcoming dampness is the aim. Seven herbs, almost all pungent and warm, almost all moving upward and outward. The reasoning is that when wind-damp lodges in the exterior, the way out is the way it came in. Two features make it worth reading rather than only cataloguing. The first is the pairing of qiang huo and du huo: qiang huo is classically assigned to the upper body and the taiyang channel, du huo to the lower body and the shaoyin, so a single pair is read as covering the whole body-axis in one gesture. The second is what the formula does not contain. There is not one herb here that drains dampness through urination. It resolves damp by dispersing it, which is exactly why classical commentary restricts it to damp in the exterior and sends the reader to other formulas once water has collected internally. The modern reader should notice what painful obstruction can mean today. Shoulder or upper-back pain that radiates, or that comes with chest tightness, breathlessness, sweating or nausea, belongs on the emergency pathway first: acute coronary syndrome, aortic dissection and pulmonary embolism all present this way, and the classical text has no instrument for separating them from wind-damp. Neck and upper-back pain with numbness, clumsiness of the hands, gait disturbance, or any change in bladder and bowel control suggests cervical myelopathy. A new severe headache with neck stiffness, fever or altered consciousness, or one that reaches maximum intensity in seconds, is a different category altogether and is not a matter for pattern differentiation. On safety: most of the composition is pungent, warm and drying, so this is not a formula for long daily use, and the traditional cautions frame it as unsuitable where there is yin depletion or existing fluid exhaustion. Chuan xiong is used to move blood and is treated with caution alongside anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs, and in pregnancy. Qiang huo, du huo, gao ben and fang feng are all umbellifers, a family associated with furanocoumarin photosensitivity; the family-level association is established, the risk from this particular formula is not. Zhi gan cao, honey-fried licorice, carries the well-described pseudoaldosteronism syndrome of sodium and water retention, potassium loss and rising blood pressure when taken persistently — worth naming in a formula whose stated purpose is to disperse retained fluid. Gao ben is not interchangeable with other ligusticum species that circulate under similar names. This entry makes no claim that the formula treats any named disease.

羌活胜湿汤著录于李东垣《内外伤辨惑论》。方名把策略直接说出来了:以羌活为君,目标是「胜湿」。七味药,几乎全是辛温,几乎都往上往外走。道理是:风湿既在表,出路就是它进来的那条路。 有两点值得读而不只是抄。一是羌活与独活的配对:羌活传统归上身与太阳,独活归下身与少阴,两味并列被读作「一身上下一齐覆盖」的一个手势。二是这方里没有的东西——全方无一味利小便之品。它是「散」湿,不是「分消」湿,这正是古典注释把它限定于湿在表、而水已停于内时改投别方的原因。 今天的读者需要留意「痹」可能指的是什么。肩背痛若放射,或伴胸闷、气短、出汗、恶心,先走急救路径:急性冠脉综合征、主动脉夹层、肺栓塞都是这样起病的,而古典文本没有任何手段把三者与风湿分开。颈项上背痛伴麻木、手笨、步态改变,或二便失控,提示脊髓型颈椎病。新发的剧烈头痛伴颈强直、发热、意识改变,或数秒内达峰的头痛,是另一类问题,不是辨证的场合。 安全上:全方辛温燥烈,不宜长期每日服用;传统禁忌框定为阴亏液耗者不宜。川芎活血,与抗凝、抗血小板药同用及孕期须慎。羌活、独活、藁本、防风均属伞形科,该科与呋喃香豆素光敏相关——科属层面的关联是清楚的,本方本身的风险未被证实。炙甘草的假性醛固酮增多症(钠水潴留、失钾、升压)在久服时已有充分描述;在一首以「散水湿」为职的方里点出这一点是必要的。藁本不可与同名近名的其他藁本属品种互代。本库不声称本方能治疗任何具体疾病。

利湿清热、疏风止痛;传统用于湿热相搏、外受风邪之痹证(遍身肢节烦痛、肩背沉重、脚气肿痛) · Drains damp, clears heat and disperses wind; the classical large formula for painful obstruction where damp-heat and externally contracted wind are present together

Dang Gui Nian Tong Tang (Angelica Pain-Grasping Decoction) dāng guī niān tòng tāng · 当归拈痛汤

Composition 组成

  • Angelica sinensis root (dang gui)
  • notopterygium rhizome (qiang huo)
  • honey-fried licorice root (zhi gan cao)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • virgate wormwood (yin chen)
  • ginseng (ren shen)
  • flavescent sophora root (ku shen)
  • bugbane rhizome (sheng ma)
  • kudzu root (ge gen)
  • atractylodes rhizome (cang zhu)
  • saposhnikovia root (fang feng)
  • anemarrhena rhizome (zhi mu)
  • water plantain rhizome (ze xie)
  • polyporus (zhu ling)
  • white atractylodes rhizome (bai zhu).

组成

  • 当归、羌活、炙甘草、黄芩、茵陈、人参、苦参、升麻、葛根、苍术、防风、知母、泽泻、猪苓、白术
Source 出处 · Yixue Qiyuan · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Dang Gui Nian Tong Tang is attributed to Zhang Yuansu's Yixue Qiyuan; it is also carried in Li Gao's Lan Shi Mi Cang. The double attribution is part of the record rather than a problem to settle, so this entry cites the source-linked attribution and notes the other. Fifteen herbs: one of the larger classical formulas, and the size is the point. Where a small formula aims at one movement, this one works several directions at once — dispersing wind from the exterior, draining damp through urination, clearing heat, and supporting what the tradition calls the upright qi. Two structural details repay attention. It holds cang zhu and bai zhu together: the same genus, one pungent and drying, one sweet and fortifying, treated by the tradition as two different herbs for two different jobs. It also holds three draining herbs — ze xie, zhu ling and yin chen — alongside the wind-dispersing ones, and that combination is the signature of a formula written for a pattern in which damp and heat are tangled rather than sequential. Its classical indications — limb pain of a heavy, troubled quality, weight across the shoulders and back, swelling of the legs — sit directly on a modern differential that includes conditions measured in hours. A single hot, swollen, exquisitely painful joint is septic arthritis until proven otherwise, and that is a same-day emergency; gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition can look nearly identical to it. Fever with joint pain raises infection, endocarditis and systemic rheumatic flare. Unilateral calf swelling and pain raises deep vein thrombosis. And because this is a draining formula, it should be held against a plain arithmetic question: anyone already taking a diuretic, an ACE inhibitor or an NSAID, or living with heart failure or kidney disease, has a fluid and electrolyte balance that a second draining agent perturbs. Safety specifics. Ku shen (Sophora flavescens) has published reports of liver injury and of gastrointestinal adverse effects, and its alkaloid matrine is pharmacologically active rather than inert. Sheng ma is an Actaea species, a genus with reports of hepatotoxicity, chiefly concerning the North American species. Ze xie has an unresolved literature on kidney effects at high exposure. Yin chen is the tradition's herb of choice for jaundice, which means anyone reaching for it is by definition inside the differential for viral hepatitis, biliary obstruction and haemolysis — and obstructive jaundice is a surgical matter, not a matter of pattern. Ren shen has mixed and conflicting evidence regarding warfarin, and mixed is the honest word. Bai zhu and cang zhu are not interchangeable. Zhi gan cao carries the pseudoaldosteronism syndrome. None of this makes the formula a treatment for gout, arthritis or any named disease, and this entry makes no such claim.

当归拈痛汤相传出自张元素《医学启源》,另见李东垣《兰室秘藏》。双重出处是记录的一部分,不是要替读者裁断的问题——本条按可核出处著录《医学启源》,并在正文中并列另一说。十五味,属古典大方之一,而「大」本身就是要点:小方只做一个动作,这一首是同时朝几个方向用力——从表散风、从下利湿、清热,并扶助传统所称的正气。 两处结构值得留意。一是苍术与白术同用:同属而一味辛燥、一味甘补,传统视作分工不同的两味药。二是泽泻、猪苓、茵陈三味利水与前组的疏风药并列——这个组合正是一首为「湿热纠缠」而非「先湿后热」所设之方的签名。 它的传统主治(肢节烦痛、肩背沉重、脚气肿痛)恰好压在今天一张以小时计的鉴别清单上。单个关节红肿热痛在未证实之前就是化脓性关节炎,那是当日急诊;痛风与焦磷酸钙沉积病可以长得几乎一样。发热伴关节痛要想到感染、心内膜炎与系统性风湿活动。单侧小腿肿痛要想到深静脉血栓。又因本方属分利之剂,还要过一遍最朴素的算术:正在服用利尿剂、ACEI、非甾体抗炎药的人,或有心衰、肾病的人,其水电解质平衡会被第二重「利」扰动。 安全分项:苦参有肝损伤与胃肠不良反应的公开报告,其所含苦参碱是活性成分而非惰性物质。升麻为 Actaea(类叶升麻)属,该属有肝毒性报告,主要针对北美种。泽泻在高暴露量下对肾的影响文献未有定论。茵陈是传统治黄疸的要药——这意味着取用它的场合本身就在病毒性肝炎、胆道梗阻与溶血的鉴别之内,而梗阻性黄疸是外科的事,不是辨证的事。人参与华法林的相互作用证据混杂,「混杂」就是该用的词。白术与苍术不可互代。炙甘草的假性醛固酮增多症照例须写。以上都不构成本方治疗痛风、关节炎或任何具体疾病的说法,本库亦不作此声称。

清热燥湿;传统用于湿热下注(足膝红肿、带下黄浊、下部湿疮) · Clears heat and dries dampness; the classical two-herb base formula for damp-heat pouring downward

Er Miao San (Two-Marvel Powder) èr miào sǎn · 二妙散

Composition 组成

  • Phellodendron bark
  • dry-fried (chao huang bai)
  • atractylodes rhizome soaked in rice-washing water and then dry-fried (mi gan shui jin chao cang zhu). Two herbs only
  • the source records the processing of each.

组成

  • 黄柏(炒)、苍术(米泔水浸
  • 炒)
  • 全方仅此二味
  • 原书对两味各自的炮制都写了要求
Source 出处 · Danxi Xinfa · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Er Miao San is recorded in Danxi Xinfa, the collected work of Zhu Zhenheng. Two herbs: huang bai and cang zhu. Two Marvels is an unusual name in a tradition that usually names a formula after its chief herb or its action, and the name records a judgement — that these two together do something neither does alone. The source does not merely list the two herbs; it records how each is to be processed, huang bai dry-fried and cang zhu soaked in rice-washing water before frying. That detail belongs to the formula rather than to the pharmacy, and it is a reminder that in this literature the prepared herb, not the raw botanical, is the thing being described. The reading is compact enough to state in one sentence. Huang bai is bitter and cold, and its work is clearing heat and drying dampness; cang zhu is pungent, bitter and warm, and its work is drying dampness and moving. Placed beside each other, the warm one keeps the cold one from congealing damp, and the cold one keeps the warm one from adding heat. A cold and a warm herb aimed at the same target is one of the smallest clear examples of this tradition's habit of building the correction into the formula. It is also the seed of a family. Add niu xi and it becomes San Miao San; add niu xi and yi yi ren and it becomes Si Miao San. The base pair stays put while the formula is aimed lower, or aimed at the joints. Watching a two-herb formula acquire a lineage is a short lesson in how this literature grew. Its classical territory — red, swollen, painful knees and feet, yellow or turbid vaginal discharge, weeping rashes of the lower body — deserves a pause, because each of those descriptions now maps onto several things that have to be told apart. A hot, red, swollen lower leg is cellulitis or erysipelas until shown otherwise; unilateral swelling with pain is a deep vein thrombosis until shown otherwise. Both are same-day assessments. Acute monoarthritis is septic arthritis until the joint is aspirated, and gout is the other common answer. Abnormal vaginal discharge deserves a specific diagnosis — bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, chlamydia, gonorrhoea and cervical pathology are all on that list — because each has its own management. A weeping rash of the lower leg may be stasis dermatitis, fungal infection, contact dermatitis or venous disease, and the treatments diverge. Safety: huang bai contains berberine, and berberine inhibits CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and P-glycoprotein, which is an interaction concern with evidence behind it rather than a theoretical one; berberine also displaces bilirubin, which is why it is contraindicated in jaundiced neonates and in G6PD deficiency. Commercial huang bai is taken from more than one Phellodendron species and they are not simply interchangeable. Cang zhu is a drying, volatile-oil herb and is not the same herb as bai zhu despite the shared genus name. Sustained use of a bitter-cold formula is cautioned against where the tradition identifies spleen-stomach deficiency. This entry makes no claim that the formula treats any named disease.

二妙散著录于朱震亨《丹溪心法》。两味药:黄柏、苍术。「二妙」这个方名在这个传统里不多见——方名通常取自君药或功效,而这个名字记下的是一个判断:两味合用,能成单味所不能成之事。原书不只列出两味,还写了各自的炮制:黄柏炒,苍术米泔水浸后炒。这个细节属于方本身而不属于药房——它提醒读者,这套文献所描述的是「炮制后的药」,不是原生植物。 读法短到一句话说得完:黄柏苦寒,清热燥湿;苍术辛苦温,燥湿运脾。两味并置,温者防寒药凝湿,寒者防温药助热。一味寒药与一味温药对着同一个靶子用力,是「把纠偏写进方里」这个传统习惯最清楚的小样本之一。 它还是一个方族的种子:加牛膝为三妙散,再加薏苡仁为四妙散。基础的两味不动,方的指向往下走、或转向关节。看着一首两味方长出一个谱系,是理解这套文献如何生长的一节短课。 它的传统阵地——足膝红肿热痛、带下黄浊、下部湿疮——每一条今天都对应着几种必须分辨的情况,值得停一下:小腿红肿热痛,在排除之前就是蜂窝织炎或丹毒;单侧肿痛,在排除之前就是深静脉血栓。两者都是当日就要评估的事。急性单关节炎在关节穿刺之前是化脓性关节炎,痛风是另一个常见答案。带下异常应当有一个具体诊断——细菌性阴道病、滴虫、衣原体、淋病与宫颈病变都在这张单子上,各有各的处理。下肢湿疮可能是淤积性皮炎、真菌感染、接触性皮炎或静脉疾病,治法分道扬镳。 安全:黄柏含小檗碱。小檗碱抑制 CYP3A4、CYP2D6 与 P-糖蛋白,这是有证据支持的相互作用关注,不是理论推测;小檗碱还置换胆红素,因此黄疸新生儿与 G6PD 缺乏者禁用。市售黄柏来源于不止一种黄柏属植物,不可简单互代。苍术是含挥发油的燥湿之品,虽与白术同属,并非同一味药。苦寒之方久服,传统对脾胃虚寒者列为不宜。本库不声称本方能治疗任何具体疾病。

温阳健脾、行气利水;传统用于脾肾阳虚、水停气滞之阴水(身半以下肿甚、胸腹胀满) · Warms yang, fortifies the spleen, moves qi and promotes urination; the classical formula for yin-type oedema attributed to spleen-kidney yang deficiency with water retention and qi stagnation

Shi Pi San (Spleen-Fortifying Powder) shí pí sǎn · 实脾散

Composition 组成

  • Prepared aconite lateral root (fu zi)
  • dried ginger (gan jiang)
  • white atractylodes rhizome (bai zhu)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • honey-fried licorice root (zhi gan cao)
  • magnolia bark (hou po)
  • aucklandia root (mu xiang)
  • tsaoko fruit (cao guo ren)
  • areca peel (da fu pi)
  • Chinese quince fruit (mu gua)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • jujube (da zao).

组成

  • 炮附子、干姜、白术、茯苓、炙甘草、厚朴、木香、草果仁、大腹皮、木瓜、生姜、大枣
Source 出处 · Jisheng Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Shi Pi San is recorded in Jisheng Fang, Yan Yonghe's thirteenth-century formulary. The name is unusually direct: firming the spleen. It belongs to the tradition's category of yin oedema — swelling that is chronic, pitting, worse below the waist, and accompanied by fullness rather than heat. The reasoning built into it is that water collects because the fire that should move it has gone low, and so it pairs warming with draining rather than draining alone. Three things in the composition deserve comment. Fu zi and gan jiang stand at the front: this is a formula that opens by restoring warmth. Around them sit hou po, mu xiang, cao guo ren and da fu pi, all of which move qi — the tradition's insistence that water will not move unless qi moves first is written into the composition itself. And the formula is named for fortifying while being built largely out of herbs that drain. Oedema is, however, the symptom with the longest modern differential and the highest cost of getting it wrong. Bilateral leg oedema has cardiac, renal, hepatic, nutritional and drug causes — calcium channel blockers, NSAIDs, corticosteroids and some glucose-lowering medicines are common culprits — while unilateral swelling with pain is a deep vein thrombosis until excluded. New or worsening breathlessness alongside oedema is a heart-failure pathway, not a constitutional one. Nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis and hypoalbuminaemia all present as swelling, and none of them is recognised by pulse or tongue. This is a draining formula: someone already taking a diuretic medicine has a fluid balance that a second draining agent disturbs. Safety is the reason to read this entry twice. Fu zi is the most consequential herb in the Chinese materia medica: its aconitine alkaloids hold sodium channels open, and poisoning runs from numbness through ventricular arrhythmia to asystole. It is used only prepared and only after prolonged decoction, which hydrolyses the diester alkaloids; neither step is negotiable, and the margin is not wide. Shi pi san is a powder, and a powder is decocted for a shorter time than a full decoction, so the hydrolysis step deserves particular attention here. Mu xiang must not be confused with qing mu xiang, the Aristolochia root withdrawn because of aristolochic acid nephropathy; true mu xiang is Saussurea costus, listed in CITES Appendix I. Da fu pi is areca peel from the betel palm, and areca nut itself is classified by IARC as carcinogenic to humans. Mu gua is Chaenomeles, the Chinese quince, not the tropical papaya sold under the same English word. Zhi gan cao — honey-fried licorice — carries the pseudoaldosteronism syndrome of sodium and water retention with potassium loss, which is a real tension inside a formula for fluid retention, and is better named than smoothed over. This entry makes no claim that the formula treats heart failure, nephrotic syndrome or any named disease.

实脾散著录于严用和《济生方》。方名直白到少见:实脾。它属于传统所称的「阴水」——肿势缓起、按之凹陷、身半以下更甚,伴胀满而非热象。方里内置的推理是:水停,是因为该推动它的那团火低了,所以温与利并用,而不是只利不温。 方中有三处值得说。炮附子与干姜排在最前:这是一首以复其温热开篇的方。绕在它们周围的是厚朴、木香、草果仁、大腹皮,四味皆行气——「气行则水行」这个主张不是写在注释里,而是写进组成里的。还有一层:方以「实脾」为名,主体却多由利水之品构成。 然而水肿恰是现代鉴别清单最长、误判代价最高的一个症状。双下肢水肿的原因跨心、肾、肝、营养与药物五路——钙通道阻滞剂、非甾体抗炎药、糖皮质激素与部分降糖药都是常见诱因;而单侧肿痛在排除之前是深静脉血栓。新发或加重的气短伴水肿走的是心衰路径,不是体质问题。肾病综合征、肝硬化与低白蛋白血症都表现为肿,且都不是脉与舌能辨认的。本方属利水之剂:已在服用利尿剂的人,其平衡会被第二重「利」扰动。 安全是这条要读两遍的理由。附子是中药里后果最重的一味:乌头碱把钠通道撑在开放状态,中毒过程从麻木走到室性心律失常乃至停搏。只用炮制品,且必须久煎——久煎水解双酯型生物碱;两个环节都不可商量,余地不宽。实脾散是煮散,散剂的煎煮时间短于汤剂,因此这一层在此处尤其要说明白。木香须与青木香区分,后者是马兜铃科植物,因马兜铃酸肾病已被取消药用标准;正品木香为 Saussurea costus,列 CITES 附录一。大腹皮取自槟榔,而槟榔果本身被 IARC 列为人类致癌物。木瓜是蔷薇科贴梗海棠一类,不是英文同名、超市里那种热带番木瓜。炙甘草的假性醛固酮增多症(钠水潴留、失钾)出现在一首治水停的方里,是一处真实的张力,写出来比抹平好。本库不声称本方能治疗心衰、肾病综合征或任何具体疾病。

健脾消食;消补兼施、补重于消的代表方 · Fortifies the spleen and disperses food accumulation; the reference formula for supplementing and dispersing at once, with supplementing weighted heavier

Jian Pi Wan (Spleen-Fortifying Pill) jiàn pí wán · 健脾丸

Composition 组成

  • White atractylodes rhizome (bai zhu)
  • ginseng root (ren shen)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • licorice root (gan cao)
  • chinese yam rhizome (shan yao)
  • dried tangerine peel (chen pi)
  • amomum fruit (sha ren)
  • aucklandia root (mu xiang)
  • medicated leaven (shen qu)
  • barley malt (mai ya)
  • hawthorn fruit (shan zha)
  • nutmeg (rou dou kou)
  • coptis rhizome (huang lian).

组成

  • 白术、人参、茯苓、甘草、山药、陈皮、砂仁、木香、神曲、麦芽、山楂、肉豆蔻、黄连
Source 出处 · Zhengzhi Zhunsheng · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Jian Pi Wan is recorded in Zhengzhi Zhunsheng, Wang Kentang's early-seventeenth-century compendium. Its thirteen herbs read more usefully in four layers than as a list. The first layer is the base: bai zhu, ren shen, fu ling and gan cao, the four herbs of the classical spleen-supplementing combination. The second is the group that disperses: shan zha, shen qu and mai ya, traditionally paired with three kinds of accumulation — meat, fermented and starchy foods, and grain. The third moves qi: chen pi, sha ren and mu xiang, included on the classical argument that accumulation clears more readily once movement is restored. The fourth is the binders and the clearer: shan yao and rou dou kou to bind, huang lian to clear the heat classical writers expected where food sits too long. Two things deserve to be said plainly. First, the name is itself a claim about priority: this is a formula that supplements more than it disperses, and the classical commentaries frame it for accumulation in a person whose digestion is already weak, not for a single heavy meal in a robust person. Second, the name is not unique. Several distinct formulas in the literature are called jian pi wan, and the later patent preparation ren shen jian pi wan is a different composition. This entry describes the Zhengzhi Zhunsheng version and does not adjudicate between them. A modern reader should know what indigestion can be. Persistent upper abdominal discomfort with unintentional weight loss, difficulty swallowing, vomiting that does not settle, black stools or anaemia, or indigestion beginning after the age of fifty warrants endoscopic assessment rather than self-management. Helicobacter pylori infection, coeliac disease, pancreatic insufficiency, gastroparesis and several common medicines all present this way, and pulse and tongue examination cannot separate them. Safety. This is a compound formula containing gan cao, and prolonged daily intake of licorice is associated with pseudoaldosteronism — sodium and water retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure. Huang lian contains berberine, which inhibits several drug-metabolising enzymes and transporters and displaces bilirubin, and is therefore unsuitable in jaundiced newborns and in G6PD deficiency. Mu xiang must be the correct aucklandia root: the similarly named qing mu xiang is an Aristolochia species containing aristolochic acid and is prohibited, while true Saussurea costus is listed under CITES. Mai ya is barley malt and shen qu is a fermented mass prepared with wheat bran, so both are gluten sources. Rou dou kou is nutmeg, which is neurotoxic in large amounts; culinary exposure and daily medicinal intake are not the same arithmetic. Shan zha has cardiovascular activity whose benefit here has not been established. The evidence on ren shen and warfarin is genuinely mixed, and this library reports it as mixed rather than choosing a side. Several herbs in this formula are traditionally listed as cautioned in pregnancy. This library does not claim the formula improves appetite or treats indigestion.

健脾丸著录于王肯堂《证治准绳》。十三味药可以分作四层读,这样读比背名单有用。第一层是底子:白术、人参、茯苓、甘草四味,正是传统补脾益气的基本组合。第二层是消的三味:山楂、神曲、麦芽,传统上分别对着肉积、酒食陈腐之积与米面之积。第三层是行气:陈皮、砂仁、木香,依据的是「气行则积易化」这一层古典论证。第四层是收与清两味:山药与肉豆蔻收涩,黄连清久积所生之热。 有两点值得说清楚。一是方名本身就是主张:它补重于消,古典注释把它框定在「脾虚而兼食积」,而不是强健之人一顿吃多了的情形。二是方名并不唯一:文献里另有不同的健脾丸,后世的「人参健脾丸」又是另一首方;本条说的是《证治准绳》这一首,不替读者裁决。 今天的读者需要知道「消化不良」可能是什么。上腹不适持续,伴不明原因的体重下降、吞咽困难、呕吐不止、黑便或贫血,或五十岁以后新发的消化不良,应当走内镜评估而不是自行调理:幽门螺杆菌感染、乳糜泻、胰腺外分泌功能不全、胃轻瘫以及若干常用药都会这样起病,而脉与舌没有任何手段把它们分开。 安全上:本方含甘草,长期每日摄入与假性醛固酮增多症相关(钠水潴留、失钾、升压)。黄连含小檗碱,抑制若干药物代谢酶与转运体并置换胆红素,故黄疸新生儿与 G6PD 缺乏者不宜。木香须为正品木香;近名的青木香是马兜铃科、含马兜铃酸,已被禁用,而正品 Saussurea costus 列 CITES 附录。麦芽是大麦芽、神曲以麦麸发酵而成,两者都是麸质来源。肉豆蔻大剂量有神经毒性,烹饪用量与每日药用不是同一种算术。山楂有心血管活性,本库未确立其在此处的获益。人参与华法林的证据是混杂的,本库写混杂而不替读者选一边。方中数味传统列为孕期慎用。本库不声称本方能增进食欲或治疗消化不良。

消食导滞、清热祛湿;「通因通用」的代表方 · Disperses accumulation and clears damp-heat; the formula most often cited for the classical argument of using a draining method for a draining symptom

Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan (Immature Bitter Orange Stagnation-Guiding Pill) zhǐ shí dǎo zhì wán · 枳实导滞丸

Composition 组成

  • Rhubarb rhizome (da huang)
  • immature bitter orange (zhi shi
  • bran-fried)
  • medicated leaven (shen qu)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • coptis rhizome (huang lian)
  • white atractylodes rhizome (bai zhu)
  • alisma rhizome (ze xie).

组成

  • 大黄、枳实(麸炒)、神曲、茯苓、黄芩、黄连、白术、泽泻
Source 出处 · Neiwaishang Bianhuo Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan is recorded in Neiwaishang Bianhuo Lun, Li Gao's thirteenth-century treatise on telling internal damage apart from external contraction. Eight herbs, and their arrangement is the argument. Da huang and zhi shi lead, one draining downward and one moving qi. Shen qu disperses the food accumulation. Huang qin and huang lian clear the heat classical writers expected to find there. Fu ling and ze xie leach dampness out through urination. Bai zhu is present to protect the spleen while the others work. What makes this formula worth reading is that it contains a purgative and is traditionally cited for diarrhoea. This is the pattern classical texts call using a draining method for a draining symptom: the claim is that if the stagnation is not cleared the diarrhoea will not settle, and that treating the discharge directly would be treating the consequence. Whether a reader finds that reasoning persuasive is a separate matter from whether the reasoning is accurately reported, and this entry reports the reasoning. The classical framing is explicit that this belongs to a replete presentation and a short course, and that it is withdrawn once the accumulation has moved. A modern reader should know what diarrhoea can be. Blood in the stool, fever, signs of dehydration, unintentional weight loss, diarrhoea that wakes a person from sleep, or a persistent change in bowel habit beginning after the age of fifty needs investigation rather than self-management. The differential spans infection including Clostridioides difficile, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, microscopic colitis, bile acid diarrhoea, pancreatic insufficiency, thyroid disease, diabetes and medicines — antibiotics, metformin and proton pump inhibitors among the most common. None of these is separable by pulse and tongue. Safety, and this is the most important part of the entry. Abdominal pain of undetermined cause is not a situation for a draining formula. Pain with no passage of stool or gas, a distended tympanic abdomen, or pain with vomiting can indicate bowel obstruction or a surgical abdomen, where a purgative is actively harmful. Mesenteric ischaemia presents with pain out of proportion to findings on examination and should be thought of first in atrial fibrillation, and an inferior myocardial infarction can present as upper abdominal pain. Da huang contains anthraquinones and acts as a stimulant laxative: prolonged use is associated with dependence, potassium loss and melanosis coli, and potassium loss compounds with diuretics and with digoxin. Zhi shi contains p-synephrine, the amine for which bitter orange extracts have attracted regulatory attention over cardiovascular events. Huang qin and huang lian contain berberine, with the enzyme, transporter and bilirubin interactions described elsewhere in this library. Ze xie has a literature on renal effects at high exposure that has not reached a conclusion. Shen qu is a gluten source. This formula is not for pregnancy or breastfeeding, nor for anyone already dehydrated or electrolyte-depleted. This library does not claim it resolves food stagnation or treats diarrhoea.

枳实导滞丸著录于李东垣《内外伤辨惑论》。八味药,排列就是论证:大黄与枳实居前,一味往下通、一味行气;神曲消食积;黄芩、黄连清所化之热;茯苓、泽泻引湿从小便出;白术在其中是护脾的一味,好让其余几味放手做事。 本方值得读的地方在于:它含泻下药,而传统上恰恰被用于泄泻。这就是古典文献所说「通因通用」——论证是积滞不去则泻不止,直接止泻是在治结果而不是治原因。读者是否接受这套推理,与这套推理是否被如实记下,是两件事;本条只做后一件。古典框架同时写明这是实证、短用的方,积滞一去即止,不可久服。 今天的读者需要知道腹泻可能是什么。便血、发热、脱水征象、不明原因体重下降、夜间腹泻,或五十岁以后新发的持续性排便改变,都需要检查而不是自行调理。鉴别面跨越感染(含艰难梭菌)、炎症性肠病、乳糜泻、显微镜下结肠炎、胆汁酸性腹泻、胰腺外分泌不足、甲状腺疾病、糖尿病以及药物——抗生素、二甲双胍、质子泵抑制剂是最常见的几类。这些没有一项是脉与舌能分开的。 安全上(本条最要紧的一段):**腹痛原因未明,不是用攻下之剂的场合**。腹痛伴不排便不排气、腹胀如鼓,或腹痛伴呕吐,可能提示肠梗阻或外科急腹症,此时泻下药是有害的;肠系膜缺血的表现是痛与体征不成比例,有房颤者应首先想到;下壁心肌梗死也可以表现为上腹痛。大黄含蒽醌,属刺激性泻药,长期使用与依赖、失钾及结肠黑变病相关,失钾与利尿剂、地高辛叠加。枳实含对辛弗林(p-synephrine),苦橙提取物正是因这一成分在心血管事件上受到监管关注。黄芩、黄连所含小檗碱的酶、转运体与胆红素相互作用,本库别处已述。泽泻在高暴露下的肾效应文献尚未有定论。神曲是麸质来源。孕期、哺乳期不宜;已存在脱水或电解质紊乱者不宜。本库不声称本方能消积或治疗腹泻。

健脾消痞;两味成方,白术倍枳实,补重于消 · Fortifies the spleen and disperses fullness; two herbs, with the supplementing herb weighted heavier than the moving one

Zhi Zhu Wan (Atractylodes and Immature Bitter Orange Pill) zhǐ zhú wán · 枳术丸

Composition 组成

  • White atractylodes rhizome (bai zhu)
  • immature bitter orange (zhi shi
  • bran-fried). In the original the pill mass is formed from cooked rice wrapped in lotus leaf (he ye).

组成

  • 白术、枳实(麸炒)
  • 原方以荷叶裹烧饭为丸
Source 出处 · Neiwaishang Bianhuo Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Zhi Zhu Wan is recorded in Neiwaishang Bianhuo Lun. Two herbs: bai zhu in the larger proportion, and bran-fried zhi shi. The whole interest of the formula lies in that proportion, because the same two herbs appear in Zhang Zhongjing's Zhi Zhu Tang with the weights reversed, and the twelfth- and thirteenth-century physicians who discussed this pair argued explicitly that turning the ratio around, and changing the preparation from decoction to pill, changed what the pair was for. A pill is taken over weeks; a decoction is taken over days. Here the supplementing herb outweighs the moving one, and the classical indication is fullness and poor appetite in a person whose digestion is weak. The preparation is part of the text rather than a footnote. The original wraps the pill mass in lotus leaf around cooked rice. Lotus leaf is itself described in this tradition as raising the clear, which sits against the downward and dispersing action of zhi shi — the same upward-and-downward pairing that appears in other formulas in this library. It also means the finished pill is a grain-based preparation, which is not a neutral fact for everyone. A modern reader should know what epigastric fullness can be. Functional dyspepsia is a real and common diagnosis, but it is a diagnosis made after other things are excluded, not before. Fullness with unintentional weight loss, difficulty swallowing, persistent vomiting, black stools or anaemia, new symptoms after the age of fifty, or a family history of gastric cancer warrants endoscopic assessment. Peptic ulcer disease, gastro-oesophageal reflux, Helicobacter pylori infection, gastroparesis, biliary and pancreatic disease and mesenteric ischaemia can all present as fullness, and gastric cancer is common in the populations where this formula is used. Safety. Zhi shi contains p-synephrine, a sympathomimetic amine; bitter orange extracts standardised for this amine have attracted regulatory attention over cardiovascular events, and theoretical additive effects with stimulants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and heavy caffeine intake are worth naming even though the effect of this formula has not been established. Zhi shi and zhi qiao are different herbs from the same plant at different stages of maturity and are not interchangeable. Bai zhu and cang zhu are two different Atractylodes herbs with different traditional uses and are not interchangeable either. Bran-frying uses wheat bran as the processing medium, which matters to people with severe gluten intolerance. Continued daily use of this formula has not been established as safe, and herbs of this family are traditionally cautioned in pregnancy. This library does not claim the formula relieves fullness or treats dyspepsia.

枳术丸著录于《内外伤辨惑论》。两味药:白术用量在前,枳实麸炒在后。这首方全部的意思就在这个比例上——同样两味药在张仲景的枳术汤里是反过来的,而十二、十三世纪讨论这一对的医家明确论证过:把比例倒过来、把剂型由汤改丸,这两味药所主的就变了。丸剂是服上几周的,汤剂是服上几天的。这里补的一味重于行的一味,古典所指是脾虚之人的痞满与纳呆。 制法也是文本的一部分,不是脚注。原方以荷叶裹烧饭为丸:荷叶在本传统里被描述为升清之品,与枳实的降与消对着用力——这种「一升一降」的配对本库别处也出现过。同时这也意味着成品是含谷物的制剂,对某些人这不是中性事实。 今天的读者需要知道上腹痞满可能是什么。功能性消化不良是真实而常见的诊断,但它是排除之后得出的诊断,不是排除之前就下的。痞满伴不明原因体重下降、吞咽困难、持续性呕吐、黑便或贫血、五十岁以后新发症状,或有胃癌家族史,应当走内镜评估;消化性溃疡、胃食管反流、幽门螺杆菌感染、胃轻瘫、胆胰疾病与肠系膜缺血都可以表现为痞满,而在使用本方的人群里胃癌并不罕见。 安全上:枳实含对辛弗林(p-synephrine),属拟交感胺;以该成分标准化的苦橙提取物在心血管事件上受到监管关注,与兴奋剂、单胺氧化酶抑制剂及大量咖啡因叠加的理论风险值得点出,尽管本方本身的效应未被确立。枳实与枳壳是同一植物的不同采收期,是两味药,不可互代。白术与苍术是苍术属的两味不同药,传统用途不同,同样不可互代。麸炒以麦麸为辅料,严重麸质不耐受者需要注意。本方长期每日服用的安全性未被确立;此类药味传统列为孕期慎用。本库不声称本方能消除痞满或治疗消化不良。

行气消痞;两味成方,枳实倍白术,消重于补 · Moves qi and disperses a mass; two herbs with the moving herb weighted heavier than the supplementing one

Zhi Zhu Tang (Atractylodes and Immature Bitter Orange Decoction) zhǐ zhú tāng · 枳术汤

Composition 组成

  • Immature bitter orange (zhi shi)
  • white atractylodes rhizome (bai zhu).

组成

  • 枳实、白术
  • 原方枳实用量倍于白术
  • 与枳术丸相反
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Zhi Zhu Tang is recorded in Jingui Yaolüe, in the chapter on water qi, where the indication is given in one of the most concrete images in the classical literature: a hardness below the heart, as large as a plate, with an edge like a turned plate, made by water and rheum. Two herbs — zhi shi in the larger proportion, bai zhu in the smaller. This is the same pair as Zhi Zhu Wan with the weights reversed, and the reversal is the whole point: here the moving herb outweighs the supplementing one, and the preparation is a decoction, taken over days rather than weeks. Two formulas, the same two herbs, opposite ratios and opposite intent. What a modern reader most needs is a list of what a firm mass in the upper abdomen can actually be. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Gastric distension or retention. A pancreatic pseudocyst or tumour. A colonic or ovarian mass. And, most importantly, an abdominal aortic aneurysm: a pulsatile mass in the middle or upper abdomen in an older person with a history of smoking or hypertension should be assumed to be vascular until imaging says otherwise. It should not be pressed, needled, massaged or manipulated, and rupture presents as sudden severe abdominal or back pain with hypotension. A mass with jaundice, weight loss or anaemia needs imaging and endoscopy rather than a formula. Classical texts were written before any of this was available, and a classical indication is not a substitute for characterising a mass. Safety. This is a formula whose intent is to move and disperse, and it is not appropriate where the cause of abdominal pain has not been established. The cautions recorded for zhi shi apply here: it contains p-synephrine, the sympathomimetic amine for which bitter orange extracts have attracted regulatory attention over cardiovascular events. Zhi shi and zhi qiao are not interchangeable, and bai zhu and cang zhu are not interchangeable. Herbs of this family are traditionally cautioned in pregnancy. This library does not claim the formula resolves a mass or treats any specific disease.

枳术汤著录于《金匮要略·水气病脉证并治》,指征是古典文献里最具体的意象之一:心下坚,大如盘,边如旋盘,水饮所作。两味药:枳实用量在前,白术在后。它与枳术丸是同一对药而比例相反,反转正是这首方的全部意思——这里行的一味重于补的一味,剂型是汤,服几天而不是服几周。两首方,同两味药,比例相反,立意相反。 今天的读者最需要的是一张清单:上腹部一个坚硬的块,实际上可能是什么。肝肿大与脾肿大;胃扩张或胃潴留;胰腺假性囊肿或肿瘤;结肠或卵巢的肿块;以及最要紧的一项——腹主动脉瘤。老年人中上腹出现搏动性肿块,尤其有吸烟史或高血压史者,在影像另有结论之前应当按血管性对待:不可按压、不可针刺、不可推拿手法;破裂表现为突发的剧烈腹痛或背痛伴低血压。肿块伴黄疸、体重下降或贫血,需要影像与内镜,而不是一首方。古典文本成书于这些手段都不存在的年代,古典指征不能替代对肿块的定性。 安全上:这是一首立意在于行与消的方,腹痛原因未明时不适用。枳实的注意事项此处同样适用:它含对辛弗林(p-synephrine),属拟交感胺,苦橙提取物正是因该成分在心血管事件上受到监管关注。枳实与枳壳不可互代,白术与苍术不可互代。方中药味传统列为孕期慎用。本库不声称本方能消散肿块或治疗任何具体疾病。

清热化痰、宽胸散结;小结胸病,正在心下,按之则痛 · Clears heat, transforms phlegm and opens the chest; the lesser of the two chest-binding formulas, drawn narrowly by two qualifiers

Xiao Xian Xiong Tang (Minor Chest-Binding Decoction) xiǎo xiàn xiōng tāng · 小陷胸汤

Composition 组成

  • Coptis rhizome (huang lian)
  • pinellia rhizome (ban xia
  • processed)
  • trichosanthes fruit (gua lou shi).

组成

  • 黄连、半夏(制)、瓜蒌实
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Xiao Xian Xiong Tang is recorded in Shanghan Lun. Three herbs, and the whole interest of the formula lies in how narrowly its indication is drawn. The classical line reads: in lesser chest binding the site is exactly below the heart, it hurts when pressed, and the pulse is floating and slippery. Two qualifiers do the work. 'Exactly below the heart' fixes a small region. 'Hurts when pressed' separates this pattern from the greater one, where the hardness runs from below the heart down to the lower abdomen and cannot be touched at all. Da Xian Xiong Tang, the greater formula, is built on da huang, mang xiao and gan sui and is among the most forceful purgative formulas in the literature; this one contains no purgative at all. The three herbs also read as an argument rather than a list. Huang lian clears the heat. Ban xia directs downward and dries. Gua lou shi is the cooling, moistening fruit that loosens what is stuck, and it is large enough in the composition to be treated as a partner to the other two rather than an addition. A second-century formula that sets a small, pressable, localised tenderness against a hardness that cannot be touched is doing something recognisable: it is grading severity by physical examination. What it was grading is not what a modern clinician would be grading, and the text does not claim otherwise. This matters because chest and upper abdominal pain has a differential that no classical text could have contained. Acute coronary syndrome, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, pericarditis, oesophageal spasm or rupture, gastro-oesophageal reflux, biliary disease and pancreatitis all present in this region, and several of them are measured in minutes. Chest pain with breathlessness, sweating, nausea or radiation to the jaw, arm or back belongs on an emergency pathway, and so does abdominal pain with vomiting, distension and no passage of flatus or stool. Pulse and tongue examination cannot separate any of these. Safety. Both ban xia and gua lou appear in the classical list of herbs held to be antagonistic to the aconite group, so this is not a formula that would be combined with those herbs in traditional practice; that is reported here as a traditional rule, not as a demonstrated interaction. Raw ban xia is acrid and irritant to mucous membranes; only processed forms are used in dispensing practice. Huang lian contains berberine, which inhibits several drug-metabolising enzymes and transporters and displaces bilirubin, so it is unsuitable in jaundiced neonates and in G6PD deficiency; it is also constipating. Gua lou shi is the fruit of the same plant whose root is tian hua fen; they are two different herbs and not interchangeable, and the seeds are oily and may loosen the stool. Herbs of this group are traditionally cautioned in pregnancy. This library does not claim this formula resolves phlegm or treats any specific disease.

小陷胸汤著录于《伤寒论》。三味药,而这首方全部的意思在于它的指征画得有多窄。原文说:小结胸病,正在心下,按之则痛,脉浮滑者,小陷胸汤主之。两个限定在做这件事:「正在心下」把范围锁在一小块地方;「按之则痛」把它与大结胸分开 —— 后者是从心下至少腹硬满而痛不可近。大陷胸汤以大黄、芒硝、甘遂成方,是文献里最峻烈的攻下逐水方之一;而这一首里**没有任何一味泻下药**。 三味药也可以当作论证来读,而不是名单:黄连清热,半夏降逆燥湿,瓜蒌实是凉润开结的一味,用量大得足以被当作与前两味并肩的一味,而不是附在后面的一味。一首二世纪的方,把「局限、可按压的压痛」与「不可触碰的硬满」分成两级,做的实际上是一件今天能认出来的事:**按体征分级**。至于它分的是什么,与现代临床分的是什么,不是同一件事,原文也并未声称是。 这一点要紧,因为胸痛与上腹痛的鉴别面是古典文本不可能拥有的:急性冠脉综合征、主动脉夹层、肺栓塞、气胸、心包炎、食管痉挛或破裂、胃食管反流、胆道疾病、胰腺炎都可以在这个部位起病,其中几项以分钟计。胸痛伴气短、出汗、恶心或放射到下颌、手臂、背,属于急救路径;腹痛伴呕吐、腹胀、不排便不排气,同样属于。脉与舌没有任何手段把它们分开。 安全上:半夏与瓜蒌都在古典「反乌头」之列,故本方在传统上不与乌头类同用 —— 本条把这条记为传统规则,而不是已证实的相互作用。生半夏对黏膜有强烈刺激性,配方实际只用炮制品。黄连含小檗碱,抑制若干药物代谢酶与转运体并置换胆红素,故黄疸新生儿与 G6PD 缺乏者不宜,且它本身致便秘。瓜蒌实与天花粉是同一植物的果实与根,是两味药不可互代;瓜蒌仁含油脂,可使大便变稀。方中药味传统列为孕期慎用。本库不声称本方能化掉痰或治疗任何具体疾病。

温肺化饮;「病痰饮者,当以温药和之」的直接用方 · Warms the lung and resolves rheum; the clearest short sample of the rule that phlegm-rheum is treated with warm herbs

Ling Gan Wu Wei Jiang Xin Tang (Poria, Licorice, Schisandra, Ginger and Asarum Decoction) líng gān wǔ wèi jiāng xīn tāng · 苓甘五味姜辛汤

Composition 组成

  • Poria (fu ling)
  • licorice root (gan cao
  • honey-fried)
  • schisandra fruit (wu wei zi)
  • dried ginger (gan jiang)
  • asarum root and rhizome (xi xin).

组成

  • 茯苓、甘草(炙)、五味子、干姜、细辛
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Ling Gan Wu Wei Jiang Xin Tang is recorded in Jingui Yaolüe, in the chapter on phlegm-rheum and cough. Five herbs: fu ling, honey-fried gan cao, wu wei zi, gan jiang and xi xin. It cannot be read properly on its own, because the classical text presents it as one station on a chain. The chapter follows a person given a larger warm formula for cough and breathlessness who then develops new signs; the text removes or adds one or two herbs at each turn — first a formulation with gui zhi, then this one, then ban xia is added, then xing ren, then da huang — and each addition answers one specific change in the presentation. This is the closest thing in the classical literature to an explicit rule for what to do when a person gets worse on a formula, and it is worth reading for that shape rather than for any single herb. Inside this formula the pairing is the point. Gan jiang and xi xin warm and disperse; wu wei zi is astringent and is traditionally said to gather the lung and stop cough. Dispersing and binding in the same pot is not a contradiction to the classical writers — it is the same 'one opens, one restrains' arrangement seen elsewhere in this library. Fu ling leaches dampness downward through urination, and gan cao harmonises. The phrase usually quoted from this chapter is short: where there is phlegm-rheum, harmonise it with warm herbs. It is a statement about method, made before anyone could measure airway calibre, ejection fraction or gastric reflux, and this entry reports it as a statement about method. A modern reader should know what the presentation can be. Cough that forces a person to sit upright to breathe — the classical 'cough and counterflow, leaning and unable to lie flat' — is a description that today points at acute heart failure, an asthma exacerbation and advanced lung disease before it points anywhere else. Chronic cough lasting more than eight weeks has a short differential that is worth stating plainly: upper airway cough syndrome, cough-variant asthma, gastro-oesophageal reflux, ACE inhibitor therapy, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, tuberculosis, lung cancer, interstitial lung disease and heart failure. Cough with blood, weight loss, night sweats or fever needs investigation rather than self-management. None of these is separable by pulse and tongue. Safety, and this is the most important part of the entry. Xi xin belongs to the Aristolochiaceae, the birthwort family. Aristolochic acid is nephrotoxic and carcinogenic with cumulative exposure and no established safe threshold, and for this reason the Pharmacopoeia restricts the herb to root and rhizome; the aerial parts were never the intended part. This is reported in full elsewhere in this library and is restated here because the herb appears in this formula. Wu wei zi has two separate Pharmacopoeia entries, northern and southern, and they are not interchangeable. Honey-fried gan cao carries the pseudoaldosteronism risk of prolonged daily licorice intake: sodium and water retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure, which matters more rather than less in someone already taking a diuretic. Herbs of this group are traditionally cautioned in pregnancy. This library does not claim this formula resolves rheum or treats any specific disease.

苓甘五味姜辛汤著录于《金匮要略·痰饮咳嗽病脉证并治》。五味药:茯苓、炙甘草、五味子、干姜、细辛。它不能单独读,因为原文把它放在一条链上:痰饮篇里有一个人服了较大的温散方之后出现新的变化,原文于是一步步做加减 —— 先是有桂枝的一方,然后是本方,然后加半夏,再加杏仁,最后加大黄 ——**每一次加减都对着一个具体的变化**。这是古典文献里最接近「服方后变差了怎么办」的明文规则的一处,值得为这个形状去读,而不是为某一味药去读。 方内的配对才是要点:干姜与细辛温散,五味子酸收敛肺止咳。散与收在同一罐药里,对古典医家不是矛盾,而是本库别处也见过的「一开一收」的安排。茯苓引湿从小便出,甘草调和。 这一篇最常被引用的一句话很短:**病痰饮者,当以温药和之**。这是一句关于**方法**的话,成于气道口径、射血分数与胃食管反流都还无法测量的年代;本条只把它当作关于方法的话来记。 今天的读者需要知道这个表现可能是什么。咳到必须坐起来才能呼吸 —— 原文「咳逆倚息不得卧」—— 在今天的鉴别里,先指向急性心衰、哮喘急性发作与晚期肺病,然后才轮到别的。持续八周以上的慢性咳嗽有一张短清单值得直说:上气道咳嗽综合征、咳嗽变异性哮喘、胃食管反流、ACEI 类药物、慢性支气管炎、支气管扩张、结核、肺癌、间质性肺病、心衰。咳嗽伴咯血、体重下降、盗汗或发热,需要检查而不是自行调理。这些没有一项是脉与舌能分开的。 安全上(本条最要紧的一段):**细辛属马兜铃科**。马兜铃酸具肾毒性与致癌性,累积暴露且无确定安全阈值,故药典限用根及根茎 —— 地上部分从来不是规定部位。本库别处已完整记述,此处因本方含细辛而重述。五味子在药典分列为北五味子与南五味子两条,不可互代。**炙甘草**带来长期每日摄入甘草的假性醛固酮增多症风险(钠水潴留、失钾、升压),在已服利尿剂者身上这一点更重而不是更轻。方中药味传统列为孕期慎用。本库不声称本方能化饮或治疗任何具体疾病。

润肺清热、理气化痰;燥痰咳嗽的代表方 · Moistens the lung, clears heat and transforms phlegm; the reference formula for the pattern called dry phlegm

Bei Mu Gua Lou San (Fritillaria and Trichosanthes Powder) bèi mǔ guā lóu sǎn · 贝母瓜蒌散

Composition 组成

  • Fritillaria bulb (bei mu)
  • trichosanthes fruit (gua lou)
  • trichosanthes root (tian hua fen)
  • red tangerine peel (ju hong)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • platycodon root (jie geng).

组成

  • 贝母、瓜蒌、天花粉、橘红、茯苓、桔梗
Source 出处 · Yixue Xinwu · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Bei Mu Gua Lou San is recorded in Yixue Xinwu, Cheng Guopeng's eighteenth-century primer, a book written to make the tradition teachable rather than to add to it. Six herbs: bei mu, gua lou, tian hua fen, ju hong, fu ling and jie geng. The pattern it is written for is called dry phlegm, and the name is the description: sputum that is scanty, sticky and hard to bring up, with a dry mouth and throat. A reader who has only met the damp-phlegm formulas in this library should notice what is missing here — no drying herb, no acrid dispersing herb, nothing that drains. The formula moistens and loosens. Bei mu and gua lou do the main work; tian hua fen generates fluid; ju hong moves qi on the classical argument that phlegm clears once qi moves; fu ling leaches; jie geng is the carrier that directs upward and opens the lung. It is the mildest formula in this batch, and its mildness is the reason it is often the one people reach for at home. Two naming problems must be stated, because both cause real confusion in shops. First, bei mu is more than one herb: chuan bei mu and zhe bei mu have separate Pharmacopoeia entries, are described differently, and are not interchangeable. Second, gua lou and tian hua fen are the fruit and the root of the same plant, and this formula deliberately uses both; they are two herbs, not one herb twice. A modern reader should know what a persistent dry cough can be. Cough lasting more than eight weeks is chronic cough, and the common causes are upper airway cough syndrome, cough-variant asthma, gastro-oesophageal reflux and ACE inhibitor therapy. Dry mouth and eyes with a dry cough suggests Sjögren's syndrome; thirst with polyuria suggests diabetes; and cough with blood, weight loss, night sweats or fever points at tuberculosis, bronchiectasis and lung cancer, all of which occur commonly in the populations where this formula is used. Pulse and tongue examination cannot separate any of these. Safety. Bei mu appears in the classical list of herbs held to be antagonistic to the aconite group. Fritillaria alkaloids have their own toxicity profile, distinct from the sodium-channel cardiotoxicity of aconite, and large exposures have been associated with central nervous and respiratory depression; that is reported as a toxicological contrast, not as a reason to think the herb is dangerous in dispensing practice. Tian hua fen is the more serious caution: trichosanthin, a protein isolated from this root, was studied as an abortifacient and is associated with severe hypersensitivity reactions, and the herb is contraindicated in pregnancy. Jie geng contains saponins that are locally irritant and cause nausea in large amounts. Ju hong is citrus peel, and hua ju hong from pomelo peel is a different substance sold under a similar name. This library does not claim this formula resolves phlegm, stops cough or treats any specific disease, and it offers no opinion on the household practice of stewing chuan bei mu with pear.

贝母瓜蒌散著录于程国彭《医学心悟》—— 一部为了让这套传统「可教」而写的十八世纪入门书,而不是为了给它添新内容。六味:贝母、瓜蒌、天花粉、橘红、茯苓、桔梗。 它所主的证叫**燥痰**,方名即描述:痰少而黏、咯吐不利,伴口干咽燥。只读过本库燥湿化痰类方剂的读者应当注意这里**缺什么**:没有一味燥湿药,没有一味辛散药,没有一味攻逐的药。这首方是润与开。贝母与瓜蒌做主力,天花粉生津,橘红行气(依据仍是「气顺则痰消」),茯苓渗湿,桔梗是载药上行、开宣肺气的一味。它是本批四首里最温和的一首,而这份温和正是人们常在家里自行用它的原因。 两个命名问题必须说清,因为在药店里两者都造成过真实混乱。其一,**贝母不止一味**:川贝母与浙贝母在药典分列两条,传统描述不同,不可互代。其二,**瓜蒌与天花粉是同一植物的果实与根**,而本方有意两味同用;它们是两味药,不是同一味用了两次。 今天的读者需要知道持续性干咳可能是什么。咳嗽超过八周即为慢性咳嗽,常见原因是上气道咳嗽综合征、咳嗽变异性哮喘、胃食管反流与 ACEI 类药物。口干眼干伴干咳提示干燥综合征;口渴多饮伴多尿提示糖尿病;而咳嗽伴咯血、体重下降、盗汗或发热,指向结核、支气管扩张与肺癌 —— 这些在使用本方的人群里都不罕见。脉与舌不能把它们分开。 安全上:贝母在古典「反乌头」之列。**贝母属生物碱的毒性谱与乌头类相反** —— 乌头是钠通道与心脏毒性,贝母则与中枢及呼吸抑制相关(本库把它写成毒理学的对照,而不是说调剂用量的贝母是危险的)。**天花粉是更重的一条**:自该根提得的天花粉蛋白曾被作为引产药研究,并与严重过敏反应相关,且**孕期禁用**。桔梗含皂苷,局部有刺激性,量大致恶心。橘红是柑橘类果皮,另有一种「化橘红」取自柚类果皮,名近而物异。本库不声称本方能化痰、止咳或治疗任何具体疾病,也不评价川贝炖梨这一民间做法。

涤痰开窍;为痰迷心窍、神识昏蒙而设 · Flushes phlegm and opens the orifices; a formula written for clouded consciousness, not for cough

Di Tan Tang (Phlegm-Flushing Decoction) dí tán tāng · 涤痰汤

Composition 组成

  • Processed pinellia rhizome (ban xia)
  • bile-processed arisaema rhizome (dan nan xing)
  • red tangerine peel (ju hong)
  • immature bitter orange (zhi shi
  • bran-fried)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • ginseng root (ren shen)
  • acorus rhizome (shi chang pu)
  • bamboo shavings (zhu ru)
  • licorice root (gan cao
  • honey-fried)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • Chinese date (da zao).

组成

  • 制半夏、胆南星、橘红、枳实(麸炒)、茯苓、人参、石菖蒲、竹茹、炙甘草、生姜、大枣
Source 出处 · Jisheng Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Di Tan Tang is recorded in Jisheng Fang, Yan Yonghe's thirteenth-century collection; later formularies also carry formulas under this name and this entry does not adjudicate between them. Eleven herbs: processed ban xia, bile-processed nan xing, ju hong, bran-fried zhi shi, fu ling, ren shen, shi chang pu, zhu ru, honey-fried gan cao, sheng jiang and da zao. The first thing to say about this formula is also the most important, and it is not about herbs at all. This is a formula written for a person whose consciousness is clouded — the classical phrase is phlegm veiling the orifices of the heart. In a modern setting, sudden clouding of consciousness is an emergency. Stroke, hypoglycaemia, intracranial infection, poisoning including opioid overdose, the postictal state after a seizure, sepsis, hepatic encephalopathy, carbon dioxide retention in advanced lung disease, electrolyte disturbance and head injury all present this way, and several of them are measured in minutes. New facial droop, one-sided weakness, slurred speech or sudden inability to speak belongs on an emergency pathway; so does altered consciousness in a person taking insulin or a sulfonylurea, where hypoglycaemia is rapidly fatal and rapidly reversible. Nothing in this entry is a basis for self-management, and no formula should be given by mouth to a person who is not fully conscious: an impaired swallow reflex makes aspiration a real route to death, not a theoretical one. Read as a composition, the formula is a phlegm formula with an opening pair added. Ban xia and dan nan xing are the two phlegm herbs, the second of them bile-processed precisely to reduce toxicity and turn a warm acrid herb into a cooling one. Ju hong and zhi shi move qi. Fu ling leaches. Shi chang pu is the herb traditionally described as opening the orifices. Ren shen, gan cao, sheng jiang and da zao support the person while the others work — a formula for someone who is failing includes support, and that is worth noticing. Safety. Raw arisaema is toxic; the calcium oxalate raphides in the fresh root cause intense burning and swelling of the mouth and throat, and the bile processing is a detoxification step, not a flavouring. It must never be substituted with the raw herb. Ban xia raw is likewise acrid and irritant, and only processed forms are used. Both ban xia and nan xing appear in the classical list of herbs antagonistic to the aconite group. Shi chang pu belongs to the Acorus genus; beta-asarone has attracted genotoxicity concern in the literature, with the main evidence drawn from related species, and this library states the concern rather than inflating it. Acorus materials are also sold under several similar names and are not all the same substance. Zhi shi contains p-synephrine, the sympathomimetic amine behind regulatory attention to bitter orange extracts. Honey-fried gan cao carries the pseudoaldosteronism risk of prolonged licorice intake. Ren shen has mixed evidence with warfarin, and mixed is what this library writes. This library does not claim this formula clears phlegm, opens the orifices, restores consciousness or treats stroke or any other specific disease.

涤痰汤著录于严用和《济生方》;后世方书亦有以同名方收入者,本条不替读者裁决。十一味:制半夏、胆南星、橘红、枳实(麸炒)、茯苓、人参、石菖蒲、竹茹、炙甘草、生姜、大枣。 关于这首方,第一件要说的事也是最要紧的一件,而它与药无关:**这是一首为意识不清的人而设的方**(古典说法是「痰迷心窍」)。在今天,突发的意识改变是急症:卒中、低血糖、颅内感染、中毒(含阿片过量)、癫痫发作后状态、脓毒症、肝性脑病、晚期肺病的二氧化碳潴留、电解质紊乱与颅脑损伤都会这样起病,其中几项以分钟计。新出现的口角歪斜、一侧肢体无力、言语含糊或突然说不出话,属于急救路径;正在使用胰岛素或磺脲类药物者的意识改变同样属于 —— 低血糖可以很快致命,也可以很快逆转。本条没有任何一句是自行处理的依据,且**任何东西(含汤药)都不可以经口喂给意识不完全清醒的人**:吞咽反射受损时,误吸是一条真实的致死路径,不是理论顾虑。 作为方剂读,它是一首化痰方加上一组开窍的药。半夏与胆南星是化痰的两味,后者之所以要**胆汁炮制**,正是为了减毒并把一味温燥辛烈之品转为凉润 —— 这个炮制环节不可退回生品。橘红与枳实行气,茯苓渗湿,石菖蒲是传统描述为「开窍」的一味。人参、炙甘草、生姜、大枣是在其余几味做事时护住人的那一部分:一首为虚衰之人而设的方含扶正之品,这一点值得注意。 安全上:**生天南星有毒** —— 鲜根中的草酸钙针晶会造成口腔与咽喉的剧烈灼痛与肿胀,胆汁炮制是减毒步骤而不是调味,绝不可用生品替代。生半夏同样辛烈刺喉,实际只用炮制品。半夏与天南星都在古典「反乌头」之列。**石菖蒲属菖蒲属(Acorus)**,其中的 β-细辛醚在文献中有遗传毒性关注,主要证据来自同属其他种;本库据实说明而不夸大。菖蒲类药材另有数种近名,并非同一物。枳实含对辛弗林(p-synephrine),苦橙提取物正是因该成分在心血管事件上受到监管关注。炙甘草带来长期摄入甘草的假性醛固酮增多症风险。人参与华法林的证据是混杂的,本库写混杂。本库不声称本方能涤痰、开窍、促醒或治疗中风或任何具体疾病。

清热生津、益气和胃;热病后期的调理方 · Clears lingering heat, generates fluid and supports qi; the convalescence formula of the cooling line

Zhu Ye Shi Gao Tang (Lophatherum and Gypsum Decoction) zhú yè shí gāo tāng · 竹叶石膏汤

Composition 组成

  • Lophatherum leaf (zhu ye)
  • gypsum (shi gao
  • hydrated calcium sulfate)
  • processed pinellia rhizome (ban xia)
  • ophiopogon tuber (mai dong)
  • ginseng root (ren shen)
  • honey-fried licorice root (gan cao)
  • polished round-grained rice (jing mi)

组成

  • 竹叶、石膏、半夏(制)、麦冬、人参、甘草(炙)、粳米
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Zhu Ye Shi Gao Tang is recorded in Shanghan Lun. Seven ingredients: lophatherum leaf, gypsum, processed pinellia rhizome, ophiopogon tuber, ginseng, honey-fried licorice and polished round-grained rice. It is best read next to Bai Hu Tang, the great cooling formula of the same text, because the comparison is the whole point. Both contain gypsum; both contain rice; both are built around a mineral the tradition classifies as acrid, sweet and very cold. What they share is a strategy: clear the heat while protecting the fluid that the heat has consumed. What differs is where the patient is standing. Bai Hu Tang addresses a body in the full blaze of fever. This formula addresses the person afterwards. The source line is short and unusually precise: once the cold damage has resolved, wasting and shortness of breath, with counterflow rising and the urge to vomit. That is a description of convalescence, not of the acute stage, and it is one of the earliest places in the classical corpus where the text deliberately turns its attention to what comes after the fever has gone. Read structurally, the formula has kept the gypsum-and-rice core and swapped in herbs for a depleted body: ginseng for qi, ophiopogon for fluid, lophatherum to clear what heat remains without the force of a purging cold, processed pinellia to send the counterflow downward, licorice to hold the middle together. Two components deserve a modern reader's attention. Rice is food: a grain is one of the seven named ingredients, which tells you how deliberately the author aimed below the threshold of an aggressive intervention. Ginseng is an active herb with an active interaction profile, not a tonic in the vague sense the English word now carries. This library does not list amounts, ratios or preparation schedules, and it makes no claim that this formula treats, shortens or prevents any disease. It can say what the text says, and it can say what the safety questions are. Safety is where the modern reader most needs to slow down, because the classical indication is written in terms that today point toward being looked at again rather than toward a cup of tea. A person who is still thin, breathless and nauseated after a febrile illness is a person who should be reassessed. Breathlessness that persists after a fever has a differential that includes myocarditis and pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, anaemia, post-viral states, uncontrolled asthma and tuberculosis; the categories this formula uses cannot separate those from one another, and the text was written long before electrocardiography, chest imaging or pulse oximetry existed. The urge to vomit has its own long list: obstruction, pregnancy, uraemia, raised intracranial pressure, inferior-wall myocardial infarction, ketoacidosis, and common drugs including opioids, digoxin and chemotherapy agents. The ingredients carry their own cautions. Gypsum is hydrated calcium sulfate, a mineral rather than a plant. Raw pinellia rhizome is toxic: it contains needle-shaped calcium oxalate raphides that cause burning, swelling and numbness in the mouth and throat, and only the processed form belongs in a formula, so the character meaning processed in the ingredient list is not decoration. Honey-fried licorice is the most under-appreciated long-term risk here: glycyrrhizin can produce a pseudoaldosteronism picture of low potassium, raised blood pressure and oedema, and the risk grows with duration and with concurrent diuretics, digoxin or corticosteroids. Ginseng has a genuinely mixed evidence base with warfarin, with some studies suggesting an interaction and others not, and this library reports it as mixed rather than choosing the more dramatic version. The rice gives the formula a real carbohydrate load, which matters to anyone managing blood glucose. If a practitioner tells you to stop taking prescribed medicine, that is a warning sign; do not stop taking prescribed medicine on the strength of anything read here.

竹叶石膏汤著录于《伤寒论》。七味:竹叶、石膏、半夏(制)、麦冬、人参、炙甘草、粳米。最好把它与同一部书里的白虎汤放在一起读,因为两方相减之后剩下的东西才是这首方的全部意思。两方都用石膏,都用粳米,都以一味被传统归为辛甘大寒的矿物为主药;共同之处是「清热而护津」这一路思路,不同之处是病人站在哪一段。白虎汤面对的是高热正盛的身体,本方面对的是高热过去之后的那个人。原文那句话很短,也异常精确:伤寒解后,虚羸少气,气逆欲吐。这是对病后状态的描述,不是对急性期的描述,也是古典文献里最早把注意力明确转向「热退之后怎么办」的地方之一。 从结构看,本方保留了石膏与粳米这个核心,把其余几味换成了给一个被消耗过的身体准备的药:人参补气、麦冬养津、竹叶清其余热而不取攻下之寒、半夏(制)降逆、甘草守中。其中两味值得今天的读者多看一眼:粳米是食物 —— 一味谷物列在七味药之中,说明作者是有意把力道压在攻伐之下的;人参则是有明确作用与明确相互作用谱的一味药,不是英文里 tonic 那个含糊意义上的补品。 本库不列用量、不列比例、不列煎服法,也不声称本方能治疗、缩短或预防任何疾病。本库能说的是原文说了什么,以及安全问题在哪里。 安全上今天最需要慢一步,因为原文的指征在今天恰恰指向「再看一次」而不是「喝一碗」。热病之后仍然消瘦、气短、想吐的人,是需要重新评估的人。热退后持续的气短,其鉴别包含心肌炎与心包炎、肺栓塞、贫血、感染后状态、未控制的哮喘与结核;本方所用的分类无法把这几者分开,而原文成书远在心电图、胸部影像与血氧监测之前。「气逆欲吐」也自有其长清单:梗阻、妊娠、尿毒症、颅内压升高、下壁心肌梗死、酮症,以及阿片类、地高辛、化疗药一类常见药物。 几味药各自的提醒:石膏是含水硫酸钙,是矿物不是植物;生半夏有毒,所含草酸钙针晶会造成口咽灼痛肿胀与麻木,入方者只能是炮制品,组成里那个「制」字不是装饰;炙甘草是这里最容易被低估的长期风险 —— 甘草酸可致假性醛固酮增多症(低钾、血压升高、水肿),与利尿剂、地高辛或糖皮质激素同用时风险更高;人参与华法林的证据是混杂的,有研究提示相互作用,也有研究未提示,本库照实写混杂而不取更耸动的一侧;粳米意味着本方有真实的糖与谷物负荷,对需要管理血糖的人不是无关项。如执业者让你停用处方药,这是警示信号;不要因为在这里读到什么就自行停用处方药。

清热解毒、凉血散瘀;血分证的代表方(原方犀角今已禁用) · Clears heat, cools the blood and disperses stasis; the blood-aspect formula whose original animal ingredient is now prohibited

Xi Jiao Di Huang Tang (Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction) xī jiǎo dì huáng tāng · 犀角地黄汤

Composition 组成

  • Rhinoceros horn (xi jiao) — now prohibited and replaced in practice by water buffalo horn (shui niu jiao)
  • unprepared rehmannia root (sheng di huang)
  • peony root (shao yao)
  • moutan bark (mu dan pi)

组成

  • 犀角(今禁
  • 临床以水牛角代)、生地黄、芍药、牡丹皮
Source 出处 · Beiji Qianjin Yaofang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Xi Jiao Di Huang Tang is recorded in Beiji Qianjin Yaofang, Sun Simiao's seventh-century formulary. Four ingredients: rhinoceros horn, unprepared rehmannia root, peony root and moutan bark. It is a blood-aspect formula — the heat it addresses is understood to have moved past the surface and past the qi level, into the layer where the classical texts locate bleeding, purple spots and the fever that comes with them. The first thing a modern reader needs to know is about the first ingredient. Rhinoceros horn is not used in lawful medicine today. All rhinoceros species are listed under CITES, the great majority in Appendix I, which prohibits international commercial trade; the ban has stood since 1977. China prohibited the trade and medicinal use of rhinoceros horn in 1993, and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia now lists water buffalo horn in its place. Texts commonly describe the substitute as being used in a larger proportion than the original, and this library does not list amounts. It is worth being honest about what kind of substitution this is. It is a legal and conservation-driven replacement, and in the tradition's own terms it is a considered one. It is not, however, an equivalence that has been established by comparative clinical trials; whether water buffalo horn does the same work has not been settled, and this library says so rather than letting the two names merge. Both horns are keratin, the same structural protein as hair and nail. Water buffalo horn comes from a domestic animal and is an abattoir by-product, so the modern form of this formula involves no wild animal at all. That is worth saying plainly, because the formula's name keeps the old word alive in textbooks and on some labels, and a reader is entitled to know what is actually in the bottle. If anything is offered to you under a claim that it contains rhinoceros horn, that is a conservation and legal matter rather than a medical one. The other three ingredients matter less dramatically but still need care. Unprepared rehmannia and prepared rehmannia are two separate items in the pharmacopoeia and cannot be swapped for each other. The classical text says only peony, and later lineages differ over whether that means the white or the red form; this library does not adjudicate between them. Moutan is the root bark of the tree peony. Then the safety question, which is the real one. What this formula is aimed at — bleeding, purple spots, fever with bleeding — is today a haematology and emergency matter. Before any pattern differentiation there comes a full blood count and a coagulation screen, because the differential is wide and several of its entries are dangerous by the hour: immune thrombocytopenia, coagulation factor disorders and anticoagulant drugs, disseminated intravascular coagulation, leukaemia and other marrow disease, meningococcal and other sepsis with purpura fulminans, IgA vasculitis, liver disease, and the very common drug causes including warfarin, the direct oral anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents and SSRIs. A rash that does not blanch when pressed, especially with fever and especially in a child, is treated as an emergency. The classical text predates the blood count by more than a thousand years, and its categories cannot make these distinctions for you. Unprepared rehmannia is sweet and cooling and gives some people loose stools and indigestion. This library makes no claim that this formula stops bleeding, dissolves purpura, or treats any disease. It records what the tradition wrote, and it states plainly that the animal ingredient in the original is one that lawful medicine no longer uses.

犀角地黄汤著录于孙思邈《备急千金要方》。四味:犀角、生地黄、芍药、牡丹皮。这是一首血分方的代表 —— 它所要清的热,按古典文本的理解已经过了表、过了气分,进入了古典文献把出血、紫斑与发热放在一起讨论的那一层。 今天的读者首先需要知道的是第一味药。犀角在合法医疗中已不使用。所有犀科物种均被列入 CITES,绝大多数在附录 I,禁止国际商业贸易;这一禁令自 1977 年起生效。我国自 1993 年起禁止犀角的贸易与药用,《中国药典》改以水牛角取代。通行文本多称代用品的用量比例大于原品,本库不列用量。 这种取代的性质要说清楚:它是一次由法律与保育驱动的替换,在传统自身的脉络里也是经过考量的替换;但它**不是**被比较性临床试验证实过的等效 —— 水牛角是否能承担同样的工作并未定论,本库照实写明这一点,而不让两个名字悄悄合并。两种角都是角蛋白,与毛发指甲同一类结构蛋白;水牛角来自家养动物,是屠宰副产品,因此现代形式的本方完全不涉及野生动物。这句话值得明说,因为方名把那个旧字留在了教科书与部分标签上,读者有权知道自己手上究竟是什么。若有人以「含犀角」为卖点向你推荐什么,那是保育与法律问题,不是医学问题。 其余三味没有那么戏剧化,但也各有分寸:生地黄与熟地黄在药典里是分列的两味,不可互替;原文只写「芍药」,后世流派对白芍、赤芍取舍不一,本库不替读者裁决;牡丹皮为牡丹的根皮。 真正要紧的是安全问题。本方所对的证 —— 出血、紫斑、发热伴出血 —— 在今天是血液学与急诊的事。在辨证之前,先有血常规与凝血功能检查,因为鉴别面很宽,其中好几项是以小时计的:免疫性血小板减少症、凝血因子病与抗凝药、弥散性血管内凝血、白血病与其他骨髓疾病、脑膜炎球菌等感染所致的暴发性紫癜、IgA 血管炎、肝病,以及极常见的药物原因 —— 华法林与直接口服抗凝药、抗血小板药、SSRI 类。**压之不褪色的皮疹,尤其伴发热、尤其在儿童,按急症处理。** 古典文本比血常规早了一千多年,它的分类替你做不出这些区分。生地黄甘寒,部分人服后大便溏薄、脘腹不适。 本库不声称本方能止血、消散紫癜或治疗任何疾病。本库记录传统写了什么,并明确写下:原方中那味动物药,是合法医疗今天早已不用的那一味。

泻脾胃伏火;清散同用,方中含辛温上行之防风 · Drains smouldering spleen and stomach fire; a warm ascending herb sits inside a cooling formula

Xie Huang San (Draining the Yellow Powder) xiè huáng sǎn · 泻黄散

Composition 组成

  • Agastache or patchouli leaf (huo xiang)
  • gardenia fruit (zhi zi)
  • gypsum (shi gao
  • hydrated calcium sulfate)
  • licorice root (gan cao)
  • saposhnikovia root (fang feng)

组成

  • 藿香叶、栀子、石膏、甘草、防风
Source 出处 · Xiaoer Yao Zheng Zhi Jue · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Xie Huang San is recorded in Xiaoer Yao Zheng Zhi Jue, Qian Yi's eleventh-century book, one of the earliest Chinese works devoted to children. Five ingredients: agastache or patchouli leaf, gardenia fruit, gypsum, licorice root and saposhnikovia root. The classical text directs that the ingredients be stir-fried with honey and wine before being ground to a powder. That is a processing instruction in the source, not a serving instruction, and the alcohol is driven off in the pan; it is still worth knowing if anything of the kind is being prepared at home in a household with children. The same note carries a rule that has nothing to do with this formula and everything to do with honey: honey should never be given to an infant under twelve months, because of infant botulism. The ingredient that makes this formula worth reading is the last one. A powder named for draining fire that contains a warm, acrid, upward and outward herb looks like a contradiction until you read it in the tradition's own terms. The reasoning is that fire which is pent up should be vented rather than merely doused: give the trapped heat a way out instead of only pouring cold on it. Whether that reasoning maps onto anything measurable is not something this library claims to know. What it does say is that the shape of the argument is visible right there in the ingredient list, and being able to see a two-thousand-year-old argument in five herbs is most of the reason to read a formula at all. The name does the same work. Yellow is the colour the tradition assigns to earth, and to the spleen and stomach; the formula drains the spleen. Its companion, Xie Qing Wan, drains the liver, green being the colour of wood. Colour as organ name is one of the more surprising things in this corpus for an English-language reader, and it is worth learning once. What the source aims it at is mouth sores, bad breath, thirst and irritability, and in children a repetitive poking of the tongue. Each of those deserves a modern sentence. Bad breath is mostly oral, and mostly not a mystery: periodontal disease, coating on the tongue, tonsil stones, chronic sinusitis with postnasal drip, and reflux. Less commonly it is metabolic, and diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure and hepatic failure each have their own characteristic smell. Helicobacter pylori has been proposed as a cause and the association is not settled. Mouth ulcers are usually ordinary aphthous ulcers, which are miserable and harmless and heal by themselves. Recurrent ones have a short but real differential: deficiency of iron, folate, vitamin B12 or zinc; coeliac disease; inflammatory bowel disease; Behçet's disease; and drug-induced ulceration from NSAIDs, beta-blockers, methotrexate and nicorandil. And there is one threshold that matters more than the list: a mouth ulcer that has not healed after three weeks should be seen. That is the referral threshold used in most guidelines for possible oral cancer. In the great majority of cases it is not that, and the threshold exists precisely because the ones that are look exactly like the ones that are not. Repetitive tongue movement in a child is read in the classical text as stomach heat. Today it sits within a differential that includes tics, stereotypies, orofacial dystonia and drug-induced reactions, metoclopramide and antipsychotics among them. This library does not adjudicate between those, but a parent should know that it is not a matter that a single word like heat closes. For the herbs themselves: gardenia fruit contains geniposide, and high-dose animal studies have raised liver concerns while human evidence remains limited, which is exactly how this library will state it. Gypsum is a mineral. Licorice carries the pseudoaldosteronism risk of low potassium, raised blood pressure and oedema with prolonged use, worse alongside diuretics, digoxin or corticosteroids. The aromatic leaf is one of the places where names mislead: the agastache used in the north and the patchouli used in the south are two different plants listed separately in the pharmacopoeia, and products should say which is in them. Saposhnikovia is largely wild-collected and has been under collection pressure. This library does not claim that this formula freshens breath, heals ulcers or treats any disease.

泻黄散著录于钱乙《小儿药证直诀》—— 我国现存较早的儿科专书之一。五味:藿香叶、栀子、石膏、甘草、防风。原文要求诸药以蜜酒拌炒后为散。这是文献里的**炮制**要求,不是服法,酒在锅中已挥发;但家中有小儿且自行处置时,这句话值得知道。同一条提醒还带出一条与本方无关、却与蜂蜜有关的规则:一岁以下婴儿不应摄入蜂蜜,因婴儿肉毒中毒之故。 让这首方值得一读的是最后一味。一首名为「泻火」的散剂里含一味辛温上行外散之药,看起来自相矛盾,直到你把它放回传统自己的语境里读:其论证是「火郁发之」—— 郁住的热应当给它出路,而不只是一味以寒浇之。这个论证是否对应任何可测量的东西,本库不声称知道;本库能说的是,论证的形状就摆在五味药里,而能从五味药中看出来一场两千年前的论证,正是读方的意义所在。 方名做的是同一件事:黄是传统配给土、配给脾胃的颜色,泻黄即泻脾;它的同伴泻青丸泻肝,青为木之色。以颜色作脏腑名,对英语读者是这套文献里比较意外的一件事,值得学一次。 原文所对的是口疮、口臭、烦渴易怒,以及小儿弄舌。这几项今天各自都值得一句话。 口臭多数来自口腔,也多数不难解:牙周病、舌苔、扁桃体结石、慢性鼻窦炎所致的鼻后滴漏、胃食管反流;较少见的是代谢性的 —— 糖尿病酮症酸中毒、肾功能衰竭与肝功能衰竭各有其气味特征。幽门螺杆菌曾被提出为原因之一,关联未定。 口腔溃疡多数是普通的复发性阿弗他溃疡,很难受但无害,会自行愈合。反复发作则有一份不长却真实的鉴别:铁、叶酸、维生素 B12 或锌缺乏;乳糜泻;炎症性肠病;白塞病;以及 NSAIDs、β受体阻滞剂、甲氨蝶呤与尼可地尔所致的药物性溃疡。比这份清单更要紧的是一条阈值:**超过三周不愈的口腔溃疡应当就诊** —— 这是多数指南用于排除口腔癌的转诊阈值。绝大多数最后都不是,而这条阈值之所以存在,正因为是的那一些看起来和不是的那一些一模一样。 小儿反复弄舌,在古典文本里读作脾胃有热。今天它落在抽动、刻板动作、口面部肌张力障碍与药物反应(甲氧氯普胺与抗精神病药在内)这一组鉴别之中。本库不替读者裁决,但家长应当知道:这不是「火」一个字可以收尾的事。 几味药自己:栀子含栀子苷,**高剂量动物实验曾提出肝脏方面的关注,而人体证据有限** —— 本库就是这样写的;石膏是矿物;甘草长期用有甘草酸假性醛固酮增多症之虑(低钾、血压升高、水肿),与利尿剂、地高辛或糖皮质激素同用时更明显;芳香那一味正是名字容易骗人的地方 —— 北方所用的藿香与南方所用的广藿香在药典里是分列的两物,产品应当写明是哪一种;防风主要依赖野生采挖,长期存在采挖压力。 本库不声称本方能消除口臭、愈合溃疡或治疗任何疾病。

清肝泻火;含大黄故不宜久服,且与龙胆泻肝汤并非同方 · Drains liver fire; it contains rhubarb, so it is not a long-term formula, and it is not Long Dan Xie Gan Tang

Xie Qing Wan (Draining the Green Pill) xiè qīng wán · 泻青丸

Composition 组成

  • Angelica sinensis root (dang gui)
  • gentian root (long dan cao)
  • ligusticum rhizome (chuan xiong)
  • gardenia fruit (zhi zi)
  • rhubarb (da huang)
  • notopterygium rhizome (qiang huo)
  • saposhnikovia root (fang feng)

组成

  • 当归、龙胆草、川芎、栀子、大黄、羌活、防风
Source 出处 · Xiaoer Yao Zheng Zhi Jue · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Xie Qing Wan is recorded in Xiaoer Yao Zheng Zhi Jue. Seven ingredients: angelica root, gentian root, ligusticum rhizome, gardenia fruit, rhubarb, notopterygium rhizome and saposhnikovia root. Green is the colour the tradition assigns to wood and to the liver, so the name says plainly which organ the formula is aimed at; the companion formula that drains the yellow drains the spleen. Two disambiguations come before anything else. First, this is not Long Dan Xie Gan Tang. The two share gentian and gardenia, but they are different formulas with different compositions, and the confusion is worth heading off because Long Dan Xie Gan Tang carries its own modern safety history: batches in which the mu tong ingredient was supplied as Aristolochia manshuriensis caused aristolochic acid nephropathy and later urothelial carcinoma, the cluster reported in Belgium in the 1990s, after which that aristolochia-containing form was prohibited and replaced. Xie Qing Wan contains no mu tong of any kind. The two names are close enough that a reader who has heard the aristolochic acid story deserves to be told which formula it attaches to, and which it does not. Second, it contains rhubarb. Rhubarb is an anthraquinone stimulant laxative. With prolonged use that means dependence, potassium loss that compounds with diuretics and with digoxin, cramping, and the brown pigmentation of the bowel wall seen at endoscopy. It is the reason this is not a formula to take indefinitely, and it is one more reason it is not a formula for undiagnosed abdominal pain. What the source aims it at is depressive liver fire: red and painful eyes, irritability, and in children fright-wind and convulsions. Both of those warrant a modern sentence, and the second warrants a loud one. Convulsions in a child are an emergency pathway. Nothing in this entry is a way of managing one. The differential includes febrile seizure, epilepsy, intracranial infection such as meningitis and encephalitis, electrolyte disturbance including low sodium, calcium and magnesium, hypoglycaemia, head injury, breath-holding spells and syncope, and toxic ingestion. The classical text was written before electroencephalography, lumbar puncture and bedside glucose measurement existed. A child who has had a seizure needs to be assessed, and a first febrile seizure is a reason to be seen even when the child looks entirely well afterwards. Never give anything by mouth, including any herbal liquid, to a child who is not fully awake, because a swallowing reflex that is not intact turns a drink into an aspiration. A red, painful eye is not liver fire until the alternatives are excluded. Conjunctivitis is common and usually benign. But uveitis brings pain, photophobia and reduced acuity and needs same-day ophthalmology; acute angle-closure glaucoma presents with severe pain, blurred vision with haloes around lights, vomiting and a fixed mid-dilated pupil, and damages the optic nerve within hours; scleritis and orbital cellulitis are urgent; and proptosis with double vision needs imaging. Any red eye with reduced vision, severe pain or a pupil that looks wrong should be treated as urgent rather than as something to cool. The herbs: angelica root contains furanocoumarins, which photosensitise, and laboratory work reports antiplatelet activity, so caution is reasonable with warfarin and antiplatelet drugs and before surgery; it is also widely sold for women's health on an evidence base that is genuinely mixed, and this library reports it as mixed. Ligusticum rhizome has similar laboratory signals around platelets. Gentian is intensely bitter, and several Gentiana species are under wild-collection pressure. Notopterygium is likewise wild-collected and has been under pressure in its Chinese range. Gardenia carries the same limited-evidence liver note described under Xie Huang San. The pill form is bound with honey, which is a carbohydrate load and, again, never for an infant under twelve months. This library does not claim that this formula stops seizures, clears the eye or treats any disease.

泻青丸著录于《小儿药证直诀》。七味:当归、龙胆草、川芎、栀子、大黄、羌活、防风。青是传统配给木、配给肝的颜色,方名因此直说了它所对的是哪一脏;泻黄散泻脾,本方泻肝,两方以颜色成对。 有两处辨析要放在最前面。其一,本方**不是**龙胆泻肝汤。两方共有龙胆草与栀子,但是组成不同的两首方;之所以要先说开,是因为龙胆泻肝汤有它自己那一段现代安全史:其中木通一味曾被以关木通(Aristolochia manshuriensis)投料的批次,导致了马兜铃酸肾病与随后的尿路上皮癌,即 1990 年代比利时报告的那一组病例;此后含马兜铃酸的那一来源被禁用并替换。**泻青丸不含任何木通。** 两个方名近到足以混淆,听过马兜铃酸这件事的读者应当知道它挂在哪个方上、不挂在哪个方上。 其二,本方含大黄。大黄是蒽醌类刺激性泻药:久用意味着依赖、失钾(与利尿剂及地高辛叠加)、腹痛,以及肠镜下可见的结肠黑变病。这正是本方不宜久服的理由,也是它不适用于未判明病因之腹痛的又一重理由。 原文所对的是肝经郁火:目赤肿痛、急躁易怒,以及小儿惊风抽搐。这两项今天都各值得一句,第二项值得大声说。 **小儿抽搐是急诊路径。** 本条里没有任何内容可用于处置一次抽搐。鉴别包含热性惊厥、癫痫、颅内感染(脑膜炎、脑炎)、电解质紊乱(低钠、低钙、低镁)、低血糖、颅脑外伤、屏气发作与晕厥、以及中毒。古典文本成书于脑电图、腰穿与床旁血糖之前。抽搐过的小儿需要评估;首次热性惊厥尤其需要在事后就诊,即使孩子看上去已经完全如常。**意识不完全清醒者,不得经口喂任何东西(含汤药)** —— 吞咽反射不完整时,一口东西会变成误吸。 红痛的眼睛,在排除其他之前不是「肝火」。结膜炎常见且多良性;但葡萄膜炎(眼痛、畏光、视力下降)需要当日眼科;**急性闭角型青光眼**表现为剧烈眼痛、视物模糊并见灯光周围有虹圈、呕吐、瞳孔中等散大而固定,并以小时计地损害视神经;巩膜炎与眶蜂窝织炎属急症;突眼伴复视需要影像检查。任何伴视力下降、剧痛或瞳孔异常的红眼,都应按急症处理,而不是当作需要清一清的东西。 几味药:当归含呋喃香豆素(光敏),实验室研究报告抗血小板活性,与华法林、抗血小板药同用及术前以谨慎为宜;它也被广泛用于女性健康领域,而证据基础是确实混杂的,本库照实写混杂。川芎有相近的实验室信号。龙胆草极苦,且数种龙胆属植物面临野生采挖压力。羌活同为野生采挖,在国内分布区长期承压。栀子的肝脏关注与泻黄散条下所写相同,人体证据有限。丸剂以蜜为赋形,既是糖负荷,也再一次意味着一岁以下婴儿不宜。 本库不声称本方能止抽、明目或治疗任何疾病。

温经解表;少阴病始得之,反发热,脉沉者 · Warms the channels and releases the exterior; the formula for an exterior sign appearing in a person whose pulse is deep

Ma Huang Fu Zi Xi Xin Tang (Ephedra, Aconite and Asarum Decoction) má huáng fù zǐ xì xīn tāng · 麻黄附子细辛汤

Composition 组成

  • Ephedra herb (ma huang)
  • processed aconite daughter root (fu zi
  • prepared)
  • asarum root and rhizome (xi xin).

组成

  • 麻黄、附子(炮)、细辛
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Ma Huang Fu Zi Xi Xin Tang is recorded in Shanghan Lun, in the chapter on the lesser yin. The line is unusually short and unusually precise: in lesser yin disease, at its onset, there is fever instead of the expected absence of it, and the pulse is deep; this formula governs it. Three herbs, and the whole interest lies in the two words that make the sentence difficult. Fever normally belongs to an exterior pattern, and an exterior pulse is floating. A deep pulse says the interior is not holding. The text is therefore describing a person who is showing a surface sign while the inside is failing, and it refuses to treat the surface alone. What makes this entry uncomfortable to write is that all three herbs are among the most heavily regulated herbs in the English-speaking world, and they are regulated for three entirely different reasons. Ma huang contains ephedrine alkaloids. In 2004 the United States Food and Drug Administration concluded that dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids were adulterated, and they have not been lawfully sold there since; the World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits them. As a sympathomimetic, ephedra raises blood pressure and heart rate, and it is the wrong class of substance in heart failure, uncontrolled hypertension, arrhythmia, phaeochromocytoma, narrow-angle glaucoma, prostatic obstruction and thyrotoxicosis, and dangerous together with monoamine oxidase inhibitors or other stimulants. Fu zi is aconite: its aconitine alkaloids hold sodium channels open, and poisoning runs through paraesthesia and vomiting to cardiac arrest. Decoction is not decorative here — prolonged boiling hydrolyses the diester alkaloids, and both proper processing and adequate boiling time are non-negotiable. Xi xin belongs to Aristolochiaceae and contains aristolochic acid, which is nephrotoxic and carcinogenic, with cumulative exposure and no established safe threshold; that is why the pharmacopoeia restricts it to root and rhizome, and never to the aerial parts. A modern reader needs the differential stated plainly. Fever in an old, frail or immunosuppressed person is not a mild event: sepsis, pneumonia, urinary infection and meningitis all begin this way. Fever with headache, neck stiffness, altered consciousness or a non-blanching rash belongs on an emergency pathway, and the old may show hypothermia or confusion instead of fever. This library does not claim the formula reduces fever, treats infection, or treats any specific disease.

麻黄附子细辛汤著录于《伤寒论·少阴病》。原文极短也极精确:**少阴病,始得之,反发热,脉沉者,麻黄附子细辛汤主之**。三味药,而全部的意思在于让这句话变得难解的两个字。发热通常属于表证,而表证的脉是浮的。**脉沉**意味着里面撑不住。所以这段文本描述的是这样一个人:他表现出了一个表浅的征象,而内部已在衰减 —— 原文拒绝只治表面。 写这一条让人不安的地方在于:**三味药恰好都是英语世界监管最重的草药之一,而三者被监管的理由完全不相同**。麻黄含麻黄碱类生物碱:美国食品药品管理局 2004 年判定含麻黄碱的膳食补充剂为掺假,此后不得合法销售;世界反兴奋剂机构禁用。作为拟交感胺,它升压、加快心率,在心衰、未控制的高血压、心律失常、嗜铬细胞瘤、闭角型青光眼、前列腺增生致排尿困难与甲状腺功能亢进等情形下属于错的一类,与单胺氧化酶抑制剂或其他兴奋剂合用尤其危险。附子即乌头类:**乌头碱把钠通道撑住不放**,中毒过程从口舌麻木、呕吐走到心脏停搏 —— 汤剂的久煎不是装饰环节,它通过水解双酯型生物碱减毒,炮制与久煎两条都不可商量。细辛属**马兜铃科**,含马兜铃酸,具肾毒性与致癌性,累积暴露且无确定安全阈值,这正是药典把药用部位限为根及根茎、而地上部分从来不是规定部位的原因(本库第四次遇到,仍须重述)。 今天的读者需要把鉴别直说:**高龄、衰弱或免疫抑制者身上出现发热不是小事** —— 脓毒症、肺炎、尿路感染与脑膜炎都可以这样起病。发热伴头痛、颈项强直、意识改变,或压之不褪色的皮疹,属于急救路径;而老年人可以**不发热**,只表现为低体温或意识改变。本库不声称本方能退热、抗感染或治疗任何具体疾病。

散寒祛湿、益气解表;气虚之人外感风寒湿邪 · Releases the exterior with acrid-warm herbs while supporting the person; the reference formula for releasing the exterior in someone who is deficient

Bai Du San (Toxin-Overcoming Powder, also called Ren Shen Bai Du San) bài dú sǎn · 败毒散

Composition 组成

  • Bupleurum root (chai hu)
  • peucedanum root (qian hu)
  • sichuan lovage rhizome (chuan xiong)
  • bitter orange (zhi qiao)
  • notopterygium rhizome (qiang huo)
  • pubescent angelica root (du huo)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • platycodon root (jie geng)
  • ginseng root (ren shen)
  • licorice root (gan cao)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • mint (bo he).

组成

  • 柴胡、前胡、川芎、枳壳、羌活、独活、茯苓、桔梗、人参、甘草、生姜、薄荷
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Bai Du San is recorded in Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang, the eleventh-century imperial pharmacy formulary, and is also widely known as Ren Shen Bai Du San because of the ginseng in it. Two things about this formula are regularly mistranslated or misread, and both should be said before anything else. The first is the word du in the name. In classical medical writing du here means an epidemic or noxious qi, a disease-bearing influence that runs through a population; it does not mean a toxin in the modern chemical sense, and this formula is not a 'detox' remedy in any sense a present-day reader would recognise. Translating the name as though it were a cleanser quietly imports a modern idea the text never made. The second is the ginseng, and it is the reason this formula is interesting. Acrid, dispersing herbs are the ordinary instruments for an exterior attack. Putting ren shen into a dispersing formula looks like a contradiction until you follow the classical argument: in a person whose righteous qi is insufficient, dispersing alone drains what little support there is. The formula is therefore classified as supporting the righteous while repelling the pathogenic, and it is the standard example of that class. Read alongside Ma Huang Fu Zi Xi Xin Tang in this batch, it shows two different ways of answering the same problem — the other formula warms the interior so that the exterior can be released; this one supports the person so that release is survivable. The pairing of qiang huo and du huo is the same 'upper and lower' arrangement used elsewhere in this library. A later tradition, associated with the seventeenth-century writer Yu Chang, described using this formula for dysentery with the phrase pulling the boat upstream against the current. That reading is a later interpretation. It is not in the Song formulary, and this entry states it as an interpretation rather than as the source text. On safety: ren shen and warfarin have a mixed evidence base, and this library reports it as mixed rather than as safe. Gan cao carries the risk of apparent mineralocorticoid excess with daily intake. Jie geng contains saponins and causes nausea in larger amounts. Zhi qiao contains p-synephrine, the constituent that has drawn regulatory attention to bitter orange extracts. This library does not claim the formula overcomes toxins, treats influenza, colds, sinusitis or dysentery, or treats any specific disease.

败毒散著录于《太平惠民和剂局方》这部十一世纪的官修方书;因方中含人参,后世也多称**人参败毒散**。关于这首方有两件事经常被译错或读错,都要先说。 其一是方名里的「**毒**」。在古典医学文本里,这个「毒」指的是**时行之气、疫疠之邪** —— 一种在人群中流行的致病影响;它不是现代化学意义上的毒素,这首方在任何意义上都不是今天读者理解的那种「排毒」方。把方名译成像是清洁剂,会悄悄塞进一个原文从未有过的现代观念。 其二是人参,而这正是这首方有意思的原因。辛散之品是解表的常规工具。把人参放进一首发散的方里看着像矛盾,直到你跟上古典的论证:正气不足之人,纯用发散会把仅剩的那点支撑也耗掉。因此本方被归为**扶正祛邪**一类,并且是这一类的代表方。与本批的麻黄附子细辛汤并读,可以看出回答同一个问题的两种不同方式 —— 那首是温里以使表可解,这首是扶正以使发散不至于出事。 羌活与独活这一对是本库别处也见过的「一上一下」的安排。后世以十七世纪医家喻昌为代表,用「**逆流挽舟**」这个说法来解说以本方治痢 —— **这是后世的引申读法,不是宋代方书的原文**;本条把它记作一种解读,而不当作原文。 安全上:人参与华法林的证据是**混杂的**,本库据实写混杂而不是写「安全」。甘草长期每日摄入可致假性醛固酮增多症(钠水潴留、失钾、升压),与利尿剂、地高辛、糖皮质激素同用时更重而不是更轻。桔梗含皂苷,量大致恶心。枳壳含对辛弗林,苦橙提取物正是因该成分在心血管事件上受到监管关注。本库不声称本方能败毒,或治疗感冒、流感、鼻窦炎、痢疾或任何具体疾病。

益气解表、理气化痰;虚人外感风寒、内有痰湿 · Supports the person, releases the exterior and rectifies qi; written for an exterior attack in someone who is weak and already has phlegm-damp

Shen Su Yin (Ginseng and Perilla Beverage) shēn sū yǐn · 参苏饮

Composition 组成

  • Ginseng root (ren shen)
  • perilla leaf (zi su ye)
  • kudzu root (ge gen)
  • processed pinellia rhizome (ban xia)
  • peucedanum root (qian hu)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • aucklandia root (mu xiang)
  • bran-fried bitter orange (zhi qiao)
  • platycodon root (jie geng)
  • tangerine peel (chen pi)
  • honey-fried licorice root (gan cao)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • Chinese date (da zao).

组成

  • 人参、紫苏叶、葛根、半夏(制)、前胡、茯苓、木香、枳壳(麸炒)、桔梗、陈皮、甘草(炙)、生姜、大枣
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Shen Su Yin is recorded in Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang. It is the second formula in this batch written for a person who is not strong, and it is the one most likely to be taken without advice, because the situation it describes is so ordinary: an elderly or convalescent person, or someone with a long illness, catches a chill and has cough with phlegm. The formula pairs release with support. Ren shen carries the support; zi su ye and ge gen release the exterior; ban xia, chen pi, fu ling, qian hu and jie geng address phlegm and qi; mu xiang moves; gan cao, sheng jiang and da zao harmonise and steady the middle. The classical reasoning is the same one that governs Bai Du San, and stating it twice is deliberate: in a deficient person, dispersing alone is held to drain what support remains. What should give a modern reader pause is how precisely that describes the group for whom a chill is least trivial. Older people, people recovering from illness, people with chronic lung, heart, kidney or diabetic disease, pregnant women and people on immunosuppressive treatment are all in the named group, and they are also the group in whom an apparently mild respiratory infection most often is not mild. Several of them have time-limited treatment windows: antiviral therapy for influenza and, for those at highest risk, for COVID-19, has to be started early to do anything. Fever with breathlessness, chest pain, confusion, or a non-blanching rash belongs on an emergency pathway, and so does breathlessness at rest in someone who was walking last week. Three naming and safety points must be stated. First, mu xiang in this formula is the Asteraceae root: it is not qing mu xiang, the Aristolochia root that contains aristolochic acid and that is no longer carried as an official medicinal. Confusing the two is exactly the kind of error that has caused harm, which is why this library names both. Second, raw ban xia is acrid and strongly irritant to mucous membranes; dispensing practice uses only processed ban xia, and ban xia also appears in the classical list of herbs said to oppose aconite. Third, gan cao carries the risk of apparent mineralocorticoid excess with daily intake. The evidence on ren shen and warfarin is mixed and is reported as mixed. This library does not claim the formula releases the exterior, resolves phlegm, stops cough, or treats colds, influenza, bronchitis or any specific disease.

参苏饮著录于《太平惠民和剂局方》。它是本批第二首为不壮实之人而设的方,也是**最可能在没有任何建议的情况下被自行服用的一首**,因为它描述的情形太平常了:一位老人、一位病后初愈的人、或一位久病之人受了凉,咳嗽有痰。这首方把「解」与「扶」放在一起:人参承担扶正,紫苏叶与葛根解表,半夏、陈皮、茯苓、前胡、桔梗处理痰与气,木香行气,炙甘草、生姜、大枣调和并稳住中焦。 古典论证与败毒散同源,本批有意重复一次:**正气不足者纯用发散,被认为会耗掉仅剩的支撑**。而真正该让今天的读者停下来的是 —— 这段描述恰好落在「受凉最不是小事」的那群人身上。高龄者、病后康复者、有慢性肺病/心脏病/肾病/糖尿病者、孕妇、正在接受免疫抑制治疗者,全都在这句指征里;而他们也恰恰是「看起来轻的呼吸道感染其实不轻」的那群人。其中几类还有**时间窗**:流感的抗病毒治疗,以及高危人群针对 COVID-19 的抗病毒治疗,都必须在早期开始才有用。发热伴气短、胸痛、意识改变,或压之不褪色的皮疹,属于急救路径;一周前还能走路而现在静息即气促,同样属于。 三点命名与安全事项必须说清。其一,本方所用**木香是菊科木香**,**不是青木香** —— 青木香是马兜铃科马兜铃属的根,含马兜铃酸,已不再作为法定药材收载。把两者混为一谈正是曾经造成过伤害的那类错误,故本库两物并写。其二,**生半夏辛烈并强烈刺激黏膜**,调剂实际只用炮制品;且半夏在古典「反乌头」之列。其三,**炙甘草**长期每日摄入可致假性醛固酮增多症(钠水潴留、失钾、升压),与利尿剂、地高辛、糖皮质激素叠加更重。人参与华法林的证据是混杂的,本库写混杂。本库不声称本方能解表、化痰、止咳,或治疗感冒、流感、支气管炎或任何具体疾病。

理气解表;外感风寒、内有气滞 · Rectifies qi and releases the exterior; the lightest formula in this batch, for an exterior pattern with qi stagnation

Xiang Su San (Cyperus and Perilla Powder) xiāng sū sǎn · 香苏散

Composition 组成

  • Cyperus rhizome (xiang fu
  • stir-fried)
  • perilla leaf (zi su ye)
  • tangerine peel (chen pi)
  • honey-fried licorice root (gan cao).

组成

  • 香附(炒)、紫苏叶、陈皮、甘草(炙)
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Xiang Su San is recorded in Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang. Four herbs: stir-fried xiang fu, zi su ye, chen pi and honey-fried gan cao. It is the mildest formula in this batch, and its mildness is precisely why it is worth writing about carefully rather than briefly. Read it against Ma Huang Fu Zi Xi Xin Tang, the other end of the same shelf. That formula is three herbs and all three are among the most regulated botanicals in the English-speaking world. This one is four herbs and none of them is on that list. Both are called exterior-releasing. The difference is not a matter of degree only: the classical distinction here is that the presenting problem is as much stagnant qi as an exterior attack — a tight, oppressed feeling in the chest and epigastrium, poor appetite, and a chill that will not settle. Xiang fu is the herb traditionally described as moving qi and is the reason the formula carries its name; zi su ye releases the exterior and moves the middle; chen pi rectifies qi and dries damp; gan cao harmonises. A powder rather than a decoction, it sits in the part of the tradition that expects a person to be up and about. The reason to be careful rather than brief is that mildness is exactly what invites self-treatment. A person who would never take a formula containing aconite will happily take four kitchen-adjacent herbs, and the reasoning is understandable — but the reasoning does not exclude anything. The chill that will not settle may be influenza, COVID-19, pneumonia, a urinary infection in an older person, or the early phase of something that declares itself in the next two days. Chest tightness has its own short list, and chest tightness with breathlessness, sweating, nausea or radiation to the arm, jaw or back belongs on an emergency pathway regardless of what a person took for it. Persistent cough beyond eight weeks has a differential that includes tuberculosis, bronchiectasis and lung cancer, and none of it is settled by a powder. On safety: chen pi is citrus peel, and the similarly named hua ju hong is pomelo peel, a different substance. Gan cao carries the risk of apparent mineralocorticoid excess with daily intake, which is why this library notes it even in a four-herb powder. This library does not claim the formula releases the exterior, moves qi, or treats colds, indigestion or any specific disease.

香苏散著录于《太平惠民和剂局方》。四味:香附(炒)、紫苏叶、陈皮、甘草(炙)。它是本批四首里最温和的一首 —— 而这份温和正是值得**仔细写而不是草草写**的原因。 把它与本批另一端的麻黄附子细辛汤并读。那首三味,三味全在英语世界监管最重的草药之列;这首四味,一味都不在那份名单上。两首都被称作「解表」。差别不只在于程度:这里的古典区分是,**所主的问题里气滞的分量不亚于外感** —— 胸脘痞闷、不思饮食,外加一场迟迟不解的受凉。香附是传统描述为行气的一味,也是方名里「香」字的来处;紫苏叶解表并和中;陈皮理气燥湿;甘草调和。它是散剂而非汤剂,属于这套传统里「人还能起来走动」的那一部分。 值得仔细写而不是草草写,是因为**温和恰恰是最招致自行用药的性质**。一个绝不会去碰含附子的方子的人,会很自在地服下这四味近乎厨房里的东西 —— 这个推理可以理解,但它**不排除任何事情**。那场迟迟不解的受凉可能是流感、COVID-19、肺炎,可能是高龄者的一次尿路感染,也可能是两天后才自己表明身份的某个病的开头。胸闷另有一张短清单,而**胸闷伴气短、出汗、恶心或放射到手臂、下颌、背,无论已经服了什么,都属于急救路径**。持续八周以上的咳嗽,鉴别里包含结核、支气管扩张与肺癌,没有一项是一包散剂能了结的。 安全上:**陈皮是柑橘类果皮**,而名近的**化橘红取自柚类果皮**,是另一物。炙甘草长期每日摄入可致假性醛固酮增多症,故本库即便在一首四味散剂里也照样写明。本库不声称本方能解表、行气,或治疗感冒、消化不良或任何具体疾病。

活血祛瘀、散结止痛;瘀血停滞所致心腹剧痛、产后恶露不行、月经不调少腹急痛 · Invigorates blood and disperses stasis to stop pain; the base formula for stabbing fixed pain attributed to blood stasis

Shi Xiao San (Sudden Smile Powder) shī xiào sǎn · 失笑散

Composition 组成

  • Trogopterus dung (wu ling zhi
  • cleaned of sand and triturated with wine)
  • stir-fried cattail pollen (pu huang).

组成

  • 五灵脂(酒研、淘去沙土)、蒲黄(炒香)
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Shi Xiao San is recorded in Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang, the eleventh-century imperial pharmacy formulary. Two herbs, equal parts, and a name that is a small joke: the classical account is that the pain is so severe the patient cannot help grimacing, and after taking the powder the pain stops so quickly that the person breaks into a smile. The name is a description of observed speed, not a claim this library repeats, and it is worth saying so plainly at the start, because the name is exactly the kind of detail that gets quoted as evidence. The two ingredients are where the real interest lies. Wu ling zhi is the dried faeces of the complex-toothed flying squirrel. It is an animal product, it is traditionally cleaned of sand and triturated with wine before use, and it appears in one of the classical incompatibility lists: the saying runs that ginseng most fears wu ling zhi. This library records that saying as a statement the tradition made, not as an established fact, and it is one of several places where the materia medica encodes a caution that modern pharmacology has neither confirmed nor refuted. Pu huang is cattail pollen, and the point about it is not its botany but its processing: raw pollen is held to be slippery and moving, while the charred form is held to be astringent and to stop bleeding. One herb, two directions, decided by how it is heated. Anyone who treats processing as a technical footnote has missed the part of the tradition where the decision is actually made. Pollen also carries an obvious caution for people with pollen allergy. The situation this formula addresses is severe stabbing pain in the chest or abdomen, and that is where a modern reader has to slow down. Chest pain and epigastric pain have short lists that are measured in minutes and hours: acute coronary syndrome, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, perforated viscus, mesenteric ischaemia, ectopic pregnancy, ovarian torsion. Postpartum pain and lochia that will not pass also belong to a clinical assessment, not to self-treatment. Fixed stabbing pain that is described as blood stasis in one framework is described as an emergency in another, and the second framework has the better track record on timing. This library states the classical indication and does not claim this formula stops pain, moves blood, or treats dysmenorrhoea or any specific disease.

失笑散著录于十一世纪官修方书《太平惠民和剂局方》。两味药、等分,而方名是个小玩笑:古典的说法是痛到不能自持,服下这包散剂后痛止得极快,病人不自觉地笑出来。**方名描述的是当时观察到的快慢,不是本库会替它重复的疗效主张** —— 先说清这一点是必要的,因为这种细节恰恰是最容易被当作证据引用的那类。 两味药才是真正有意思的地方。**五灵脂是复齿鼯鼠的干燥粪便**:动物来源,传统须淘去沙土并酒研后用,并且它出现在古典配伍禁忌的一类里 —— 那句口诀是「**人参最怕五灵脂**」。本库把这句记为**这套传统说过的话,而不是已证实的事实**;本草里把一句警示编码成口诀的地方不止这一处,而现代药理学既没有证实也没有否证它。**蒲黄是香蒲的花粉**,其要点不在植物学而在炮制:**生用被认为性滑而行,炒炭被认为涩而止血** —— 一味药两个方向,由怎么加热决定。把炮制当作技术脚注的人,恰好漏掉了这套传统真正在做决定的那一层。花粉类药材对花粉过敏者另有显而易见的风险。 本方所对的是**心腹剧痛**,而这正是今天的读者必须慢下来的地方。胸痛与脘腹痛各有一张**以分钟与小时计**的短清单:急性冠脉综合征、主动脉夹层、肺栓塞、空腔脏器穿孔、肠系膜缺血、异位妊娠、卵巢扭转。产后腹痛与恶露不净同样属于需要临床评估的情形,不是自行处理的情形。在一种框架里被描述为「瘀血」的固定刺痛,在另一种框架里被描述为急症 —— 而**在「时间」这件事上,第二种框架的记录更好**。本库陈述古典指征,不声称本方能止痛、化瘀,或治疗痛经或任何具体疾病。

清肝宁肺、凉血止血;肝火犯肺之咳血,痰稠色红、心烦易怒、便秘尿赤 · Clears the liver and calms the lung, cools the blood and stops bleeding; the reference formula for blood-streaked sputum attributed to liver fire attacking the lung

Ke Xue Fang (Coughing Blood Formula) ké xuè fāng · 咳血方

Composition 组成

  • Natural indigo (qing dai)
  • trichosanthes seed (gua lou ren)
  • pumice or costazia skeleton (hai fu shi)
  • gardenia fruit (zhi zi)
  • chebula fruit (he zi).

组成

  • 青黛、瓜蒌仁、海浮石、栀子、诃子
Source 出处 · Danxi Xinfa · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Ke Xue Fang is recorded in Danxi Xinfa, the collected teachings of Zhu Zhenheng. Its classical structure is worth stating in one sentence because it is genuinely different from how a modern reader will instinctively read a formula for blood in the sputum: it does not treat the lung as the primary offender. The argument is that liver fire rises and invades the lung, so the formula clears the liver and only then expects the cough to settle. Qing dai and zhi zi cool and drain; gua lou ren and hai fu shi address thick hot phlegm; he zi is astringent and is the one ingredient aimed at holding rather than clearing. It is a formula that reasons about a chain of causes, and the reasoning is coherent within its own framework. What this library will not do is let that reasoning stand in for an assessment. Blood in the sputum has a differential diagnosis, and the items on it are not exotic: pulmonary tuberculosis, lung cancer, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, mitral stenosis and heart failure, bleeding disorders, and anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication. Cough lasting more than eight weeks has its own list, and tuberculosis and lung cancer are on it. Frank haemoptysis can obstruct the airway or exsanguinate, and both are emergencies rather than observations. A person with any of this needs imaging and a clinician, and the time spent on a formula first is time taken away from that. Three ingredient notes belong here. Qing dai is not a herb in the field sense: it is a manufactured product, made by fermenting the leaves of indigo-bearing plants with lime, and therefore varies substantially between sources. Indigo naturalis has been reported in case reports and case series in connection with pulmonary arterial hypertension and with raised liver enzymes; this library records that as reported and unresolved rather than settled. Zhi zi contains geniposide, and geniposide-related liver toxicity has been reported in preclinical studies. Gua lou appears among the classical antagonisms, where the saying pairs it against aconite; that is recorded here as a traditional statement, not as an established fact, and it matters only because gua lou and tian hua fen are different parts of the same plant and are not interchangeable. He zi is rich in tannins, which bind alkaloids, metal ions and some medicines and can therefore reduce absorption, and which constipate at sustained intake. This library does not claim this formula stops bleeding, clears the liver, or treats haemoptysis or any specific disease.

咳血方著录于《丹溪心法》,即朱震亨的学说汇编。它的古典结构值得用一句话说清,因为它与今天的读者对「痰中带血」的直觉读法确实不同:**本方并不把肺当作罪魁**。论证是肝火上炎、犯肺,故先清肝,然后才期待咳自平。青黛与栀子清热泻火,瓜蒌仁与海浮石处理稠热之痰,诃子酸涩收敛 —— 是五味里唯一一味指向「收」而非「清」的。这是一首**在因果链上做推理**的方,而这推理在它自己的框架内是自洽的。 本库不会让这个推理替代一次评估。**痰中带血有一张鉴别清单,上面的条目一点也不罕见**:肺结核、肺癌、支气管扩张、肺炎、肺栓塞、二尖瓣狭窄与心衰、凝血障碍,以及抗凝与抗血小板药物。咳嗽超过八周另有其清单,结核与肺癌都在上面。**明显咯血可以阻塞气道,也可以失血**,两者都是急症而不是观察对象。有上述任何一项的人需要影像与医生,而先花在方剂上的时间是从那里扣掉的。 三点药味说明。**青黛不是田间意义上的草药,而是加工品** —— 由含靛植物的叶加石灰发酵制成,故不同来源之间差异很大。**青黛(indigo naturalis)在个案与病例系列中曾被报告与肺动脉高压、以及与肝酶升高相关**;本库把它记为「已被报告、尚未定论」而不是已确立的结论。栀子含栀子苷,**geniposide-related liver toxicity has been reported in preclinical studies**(栀子苷相关肝毒性在临床前研究中已有报告)。**瓜蒌在古典配伍禁忌里与乌头类相对**(「半蒌贝蔹及攻乌」),此处记为传统说法而非已证实事实;它之所以值得一写,是因为**瓜蒌与天花粉是同一植物的不同部位,不可互代**。**诃子富含鞣质**,可与生物碱、金属离子及部分药物结合从而影响吸收,持续摄入可致便秘。本库不声称本方能止血、清肝,或治疗咯血或任何具体疾病。

补肾涩精;肾虚不固之遗精滑泄、神疲乏力、腰酸耳鸣 · Secures the kidney and binds the essence; the reference formula for emission and involuntary loss attributed to insecure kidney binding

Jin Suo Gu Jing Wan (Golden Lock Essence-Securing Pill) jīn suǒ gù jīng wán · 金锁固精丸

Composition 组成

  • Stir-fried flatstem milkvetch seed (sha yuan zi
  • also called sha yuan ji li)
  • euryale seed (qian shi)
  • lotus stamen (lian xu)
  • calcined fossil bone (duan long gu)
  • calcined oyster shell (duan mu li)
  • formed into pills with lotus seed powder.

组成

  • 沙苑子(沙苑蒺藜
  • 炒)、芡实、莲须、龙骨(煅)、牡蛎(煅)
  • 莲子粉糊为丸
Source 出处 · Yifang Jijie · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Jin Suo Gu Jing Wan is recorded in Yifang Jijie, the seventeenth-century formulary of Wang Ang. It is the first astringent formula in this library, and the whole logic of the class is visible in its five ingredients: where other categories act by clearing, warming or supplementing, this one acts by holding. Sha yuan zi is the supplementing member; qian shi and lian xu bind; the two calcined shells and bone are the heavy, astringent, mineral part of the tradition. The name is a metaphor of a lock, and like most metaphors in this literature it is a description of intent rather than a measurement of anything. Two identification points matter more than the theory, and both are the kind of error that happens quietly. The first is that sha yuan zi is also written sha yuan ji li, and it is the seed of Astragalus complanatus, not the fruit of Tribulus terrestris, which is the other thing a prescription may mean by ji li. The two are used for different things. Species within Astragalus also include locoweeds that contain swainsonine, which is a sufficient reason for the botanical identity to be settled rather than assumed. The second is that long gu is fossil bone — the fossilised bone of large mammals. Fossil material carries the contamination question that mineral drugs always carry: lead and arsenic are raised repeatedly in the pharmaceutical quality literature about it, and this library would rather say that than stay silent. Duan mu li and duan long gu are also substantial calcium sources, and calcium separates in time from tetracyclines, quinolones and levothyroxine, and is not a free addition for someone with hypercalcaemia, a history of calcium stones or impaired renal function. The clinical point is the one this library has made in other entries and will keep making. Involuntary emission is usually benign and usually needs nothing. Blood in the semen, pain, a lump, testicular or groin swelling that does not reduce, difficulty urinating, new erectile difficulty, low mood or a recent change of antidepressant are all reasons to be examined rather than treated, and the reasons are specific: a painless one-sided testicular mass has to be excluded for testicular cancer, sudden severe testicular pain is torsion and is counted in hours, erectile difficulty is now recognised as an early marker of cardiovascular risk, and an inguinal lump that will not go back is a possible strangulated hernia. This library states the classical indication and does not claim this formula secures the essence or treats spermatorrhoea, premature ejaculation, prostatitis or any specific disease.

金锁固精丸著录于《医方集解》,即十七世纪汪昂所辑的方书。它是本库**第一首固涩剂**,而这一类的全部逻辑在五味药里就看得见:别的类别靠清、靠温、靠补,这一类靠**收**。沙苑子是补的一味,芡实与莲须是收的两味,两味煅过的贝壳与骨骼则属于这套传统里**重、涩、矿物**的那一部分。方名是个「锁」的比喻;和这部文献里的大多数比喻一样,它描述的是意图,而不是对任何东西的度量。 两点辨识上的事比理论更要紧,而两者都属于会悄悄发生的那类错误。其一,**沙苑子也写作沙苑蒺藜,它是扁茎黄芪的种子,不是刺蒺藜(Tribulus terrestris)的果实** —— 处方里写一个「蒺藜」,指的可能是完全不同的两物,两者用途不同。黄芪属内还包含含**苦马豆素(swainsonine)**的某些种,这足以说明植物基源应当被确定而不是被假定。其二,**龙骨是化石** —— 大型哺乳动物的骨骼化石。化石类带着矿物药永远带着的那个问题:**铅与砷在药品质量文献里被反复提到**;本库宁可写明,也不沉默。煅牡蛎与龙骨同样是相当大的钙来源,而**钙与四环素类、喹诺酮类、左甲状腺素之间要隔开时间**,对高钙血症、有钙结石史或肾功能受损者也不是可以随便加的一项。 临床上的要点是本库在别处说过、也会一直说下去的那一条。**遗泄多数是良性的,多数什么都不需要做**。但**精液中带血、疼痛、肿块、不回纳的睾丸或腹股沟肿物、排尿困难、新出现的勃起困难、情绪低落或近期更换抗抑郁药**,全都是应当去检查而不是去处理的理由,而且理由各自具体:**单侧无痛的睾丸肿块须排除睾丸癌**;**突发剧烈睾丸疼痛是扭转,按小时计**;**勃起困难今天被视为心血管风险的早期标志**;**回不去的腹股沟肿块可能是嵌顿疝**。本库陈述古典指征,不声称本方能固精、涩精,或治疗遗精、早泄、前列腺炎或任何具体疾病。

养血止血、调经安胎;妇人漏下、半产后续下血不止、妊娠下血(胞阻) · Nourishes the blood, stops bleeding and calms the womb; the classical formula for uterine bleeding in pregnancy and for continued loss after miscarriage

Jiao Ai Tang (Gelatin and Mugwort Decoction, also called Xiong Gui Jiao Ai Tang) jiāo ài tāng · 胶艾汤

Composition 组成

  • Donkey-hide gelatin (e jiao)
  • mugwort leaf (ai ye)
  • sichuan lovage rhizome (chuan xiong)
  • chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • peony root (shao yao)
  • dried rehmannia root (gan di huang)
  • licorice root (gan cao).

组成

  • 阿胶、艾叶、川芎、当归、芍药、干地黄、甘草
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Jiao Ai Tang is recorded in Jingui Yaolüe, in the chapters on women's disorders, and is also known as Xiong Gui Jiao Ai Tang. Structurally it is Si Wu Tang — dang gui, chuan xiong, shao yao, di huang — with e jiao, ai ye and gan cao added, so for a reader of this library it is recognisable as a familiar base put to a specific purpose. The classical passage is precise about which situations it addresses: persistent spotting, bleeding that continues after a miscarriage, and bleeding during pregnancy where there is also abdominal pain, which the text calls a blockage in the womb. It is a formula for blood loss in the context of pregnancy and the puerperium, and this entry's first obligation is therefore not to explain the theory but to be clear about what that context means today. Bleeding in pregnancy is not a self-management situation, and it is the clearest example of that principle in this batch. The list includes threatened miscarriage, and it also includes ectopic pregnancy, which is counted in hours to days and can kill; molar pregnancy; placental abruption and placenta praevia; cervical and other structural causes. Any vaginal bleeding in pregnancy warrants assessment by obstetrics, and one specific thing that assessment decides is whether anti-D immunoglobulin is indicated, which is a matter of blood group and timing rather than of anything a formula addresses. Bleeding that continues after a miscarriage must exclude retained products of conception. Bleeding after the menopause has to exclude endometrial cancer. In someone who is not pregnant, abnormal uterine bleeding still has a list that includes thyroid disease, bleeding disorders such as von Willebrand disease and thrombocytopenia, and structural causes including fibroids, polyps, adenomyosis, hyperplasia and malignancy. None of this is settled before it is looked at, and the cost of looking late is not evenly distributed. On the ingredients, three cautions. E jiao is made by boiling donkey hide. It is an animal product and therefore unsuitable for vegetarian, halal and kosher diets, and it has a documented adulteration history: hides of other animals and, in reported cases, tannery offcuts have been substituted, with chromium raised as one of the contaminants. Ai ye is Artemisia argyi; its volatile oil contains camphor, cineole and thujone-type compounds, neurotoxicity at high intake is well described across the genus, and Artemisia pollen is one of the main autumn allergens in northern China, so cross-reactivity is a live question for people with pollen allergy. Gan cao, taken daily over time, causes pseudohyperaldosteronism with sodium and water retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure, and is worse together with diuretics, digoxin or corticosteroids. The formula contains dang gui and chuan xiong, both traditionally treated with caution in pregnancy. This library states plainly that no medicine is taken in pregnancy on one's own decision, and that a formula of this kind is a matter for the treating obstetric team and a licensed practitioner together. It does not claim this formula stops bleeding, calms the womb, or prevents miscarriage or treats any specific disease.

胶艾汤著录于《金匮要略·妇人病》诸篇,又名**芎归胶艾汤**。结构上它是**四物汤**(当归、川芎、芍药、地黄)加阿胶、艾叶、甘草 —— 对本库的读者来说,这是「熟悉的底方被派去做一件具体的事」。古典原文对所主的情形很精确:**漏下不止;半产后继续下血不止;妊娠下血且腹中痛(原文称为「胞阻」)**。这是一首用于**妊娠与产褥期出血**的方,因此本条的首要义务不是解释理论,而是说清这个语境在今天意味着什么。 **孕期出血不是自行处置的情形**,而且它是本批里这一原则最清楚的例子。清单里包含**先兆流产**,也包含**异位妊娠**(以小时到天计,可以致命)、**葡萄胎**、**胎盘早剥与前置胎盘**、以及宫颈与其他结构性原因。**任何孕期阴道出血都应由产科评估**,而这次评估所决定的事项之一就是**是否需要抗 D 免疫球蛋白** —— 那是血型与时机的问题,不是任何方剂所能处理的。半产后出血不止须排除宫内残留。绝经后出血须排除子宫内膜癌。非孕期者的异常子宫出血,清单里仍有甲状腺疾病、凝血障碍(如 von Willebrand 病与血小板减少),以及肌瘤、息肉、腺肌症、内膜增生与恶性病变等结构性原因。**这些没有一项是能在不看的情况下了结的**,而看晚了的代价并不是平均分布的。 药味上有三点提示。**阿胶由驴皮熬制**:属动物制品,素食/清真/洁食不宜;并且它有明确的掺伪史 —— **曾有其他动物皮、乃至制革下脚料被充作原料的报道,铬是其中被点出的污染物之一**。**艾叶是 Artemisia argyi(艾属)**:挥发油含樟脑、桉油精与侧柏酮类成分,**大剂量挥发油的神经毒性在艾属植物中有充分描述**;而**艾属花粉是中国北方秋季主要过敏原之一**,故对花粉过敏者的交叉反应是一个实际存在的问题。**甘草**长期每日摄入可致假性醛固酮增多症(钠水潴留、失钾、升压),与利尿剂、地高辛、糖皮质激素叠加更重而非更轻。方中另有当归与川芎,二者在孕期传统上均被谨慎对待。本库在此明确:**孕期不使用任何自行决定的药物**;这一类方剂须由**主诊产科团队与执业中医师共同**决定。本库不声称本方能止血、安胎,或预防流产、或治疗任何具体疾病。

镇心安神、泻火养阴;心火亢盛、阴血不足之心烦失眠、心悸怔忡 · Clears heart fire and settles with weight; the reference formula for irritability, palpitations and sleeplessness attributed to exuberant heart fire with depleted yin-blood

Zhu Sha An Shen Wan (Cinnabar Spirit-Calming Pill) zhū shā ān shén wán · 朱砂安神丸

Composition 组成

  • Cinnabar (zhu sha
  • water-levigated)
  • goldthread rhizome (huang lian)
  • dried rehmannia root (sheng di huang)
  • chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • honey-fried licorice (zhi gan cao).

组成

  • 朱砂(水飞)、黄连(酒洗)、生地黄、当归、炙甘草
Source 出处 · Neiwaishang Bianhuo Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Zhu Sha An Shen Wan is recorded in Neiwaishang Bianhuo Lun, the thirteenth-century work of Li Gao (Li Dongyuan), and it belongs to a category this library has not covered before: formulas that settle by weight rather than by nourishment or by clearing. The category name is not metaphorical. The chief ingredient is cinnabar, zhu sha, which is mercuric sulfide, and the rest of the formula is ordinary herbal material arranged around it: huang lian drains fire, sheng di huang and dang gui nourish and move the blood, zhi gan cao harmonises. The classical reading is that when heart fire is exuberant and the blood has nothing to hold it, the spirit has nothing to rest on, and the presentation is irritability, palpitations and sleeplessness. This library will not repeat that as a claim. What it will do is state plainly what the chief ingredient is, because that is the part of the entry a reader is entitled to. Cinnabar is mercury sulfide. It is far less soluble in water than other mercury compounds, and the traditional processing, shui fei or levigation, grinding under water and collecting the finest fraction, removes part of the more soluble portion. Neither fact makes it inert. Mercury is a neurotoxicant and a nephrotoxicant, inorganic mercury accumulates in the kidney, and mercury poisoning from cinnabar-containing preparations is reported in the clinical literature. Heating cinnabar is a separate hazard, and heat is precisely what the traditional instruction avoids. This is also why the same caution recurs in this library wherever zhu sha appears: not in pregnancy, not for children, not for people with impaired kidney or liver function, and not as something taken over time. Several jurisdictions restrict or prohibit mercury compounds in medicines, and a product bought in one place may not be lawful in another. The second caution is berberine. Huang lian is a berberine-containing herb; berberine inhibits CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and P-glycoprotein in human studies, which is a real question for anyone taking a medicine with a narrow therapeutic range, and it displaces bilirubin, which is why berberine-containing preparations are raised in connection with neonatal jaundice and G6PD deficiency. Sheng di huang and shu di huang are two different materials prepared from the same root and cannot be substituted for one another. Zhi gan cao carries the licorice caution: sustained daily intake can produce a mineralocorticoid-like state of sodium and water retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure, and it is worse rather than better alongside diuretics, digoxin or corticosteroids. The clinical point is the one that matters most and is easiest to skip. Irritability and sleeplessness have a differential diagnosis and it is not a short one: anxiety and depressive disorders, thyroid disease, obstructive sleep apnoea, restless legs, circadian disruption, caffeine, alcohol, and medicines including antidepressants, corticosteroids, beta-agonists and decongestants. There is a specific misclassification risk inside this picture. Agitation together with a reduced need for sleep is also how mania presents, and reading that as fire and pressing it down with a heavy sedating formula is an error in the opposite direction from the one intended. New agitation with disturbed sleep in an older person is delirium until proven otherwise, and delirium is a symptom of something. Agitation with chest pain, breathlessness, focal neurological signs or altered consciousness belongs to emergency care, not to a formula. Chronic insomnia is treated first with cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia, which holds up better over time than any medicine this library could name. This library does not claim that Zhu Sha An Shen Wan calms the spirit, induces sleep, or treats insomnia, palpitations, anxiety or any named disease.

朱砂安神丸著录于十三世纪李杲(李东垣)《内外伤辨惑论》,属于本库此前未收的一类:**以「重」镇之,而不以补、不以清**。这个类别名称不是比喻。方中主药是**朱砂,即硫化汞**,其余是围绕它安排的寻常药味:黄连泻火,生地黄与当归养血和血,炙甘草调和。古典的读法是:心火亢盛、阴血不足,则神无所依,表现为心烦、心悸与不寐。 本库不会把这个读法当作主张来复述。本库要直说的是主药是什么 —— 这是读者有权知道的那一部分。**朱砂是硫化汞**。它在水中的溶解度远低于其他汞化合物,而传统炮制「**水飞**」(在水中研磨、收取极细粉)能去掉一部分可溶的部分。这两个事实都不使它变成惰性物质。**汞是神经毒物,也是肾毒性物质**,无机汞在肾内蓄积,而**与含朱砂制剂相关的汞中毒在临床文献中有病例报告**。**加热朱砂是另一重风险**,而传统做法恰恰是避免加热的 —— 这也是为什么本库凡遇朱砂必重述同一条:**孕期、儿童、肝肾功能受损者不用,也不作长期服用之物**。多个司法辖区对药品中的汞化合物有限制或禁止,一地在售的产品在另一地未必合法。 第二条提示是小檗碱。**黄连是含小檗碱的药味**;人体研究中**小檗碱抑制 CYP3A4、CYP2D6 与 P-糖蛋白**,对服用治疗窗窄的药物者是一个实在的相互作用问题;并且它**置换胆红素**,这正是含小檗碱制剂在新生儿黄疸与 G6PD 缺乏语境下被提出的原因。**生地黄与熟地黄是同一来源经不同加工的两味药,不可互代**。炙甘草带着甘草这条提示:**长期每日摄入可致类盐皮质激素综合征**(钠水潴留、失钾、升压),与利尿剂、地高辛或糖皮质激素合用更重而非更轻。 临床上的要点是最要紧、也最容易被跳过的那一条。**心烦与不寐有一张鉴别清单,而且不短**:焦虑与抑郁障碍、甲状腺疾病、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停、不安腿、昼夜节律紊乱、咖啡因、酒精,以及包括抗抑郁药、糖皮质激素、β 受体激动剂与减充血剂在内的药物。这副图景里还有一个具体的误判风险 —— **烦躁加上睡眠需求减少,也正躁狂的表现**;把那当作「火」而以重镇之品压下去,是朝与意图相反方向走的错误。**高龄者新出现的烦躁伴睡眠紊乱,在排除之前按谵妄处理**,而谵妄是某件事的症状。烦躁伴胸痛、呼吸困难、局灶神经体征或意识改变,属于急救,不属于方剂。慢性失眠的一线治疗是**失眠认知行为治疗(CBT-I)**,其效果的持久性优于本库能举出的任何药物;**本库不声称朱砂安神丸能安神、助眠,或治疗失眠、心悸、焦虑或任何具体疾病**。

重镇安神、潜阳明目;古典所主在目 —— 视物昏花,兼及耳鸣(原名神曲丸) · Settles with weight and brightens the eyes; the classical formula for dimmed vision and for tinnitus, originally recorded as Shen Qu Wan

Ci Zhu Wan (Magnetite and Cinnabar Pill, originally Shen Qu Wan) cí zhū wán · 磁朱丸

Composition 组成

  • Magnetite (ci shi
  • calcined and quenched in vinegar)
  • cinnabar (zhu sha
  • water-levigated)
  • medicated leaven (shen qu
  • stir-fried).

组成

  • 磁石(煅、醋淬)、朱砂(水飞)、神曲(炒)
Source 出处 · Beiji Qianjin Yaofang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Ci Zhu Wan is recorded in Beiji Qianjin Yaofang, the formulary of Sun Simiao, where it appears under the name Shen Qu Wan. Three ingredients: ci shi, magnetite, calcined and quenched in vinegar; zhu sha, cinnabar, water-levigated; and shen qu, medicated leaven, the fermented preparation made with wheat. It is worth saying at once what this formula is classically for and what it is not for, because the category it now sits in has partly rewritten its reputation. The classical indication is the eye: dimmed vision, and the tradition also used it for tinnitus. It is a formula for vision and hearing, and the reading of it as a heavy sedating formula became common only later. A reader who arrives here looking for something to help with sleep has arrived at an entry about eyes. The three ingredients each carry a caution, and together they are a compact illustration of why the word heavy in this category deserves attention rather than romance. Ci shi is magnetite, an iron oxide mineral. Mineral drugs always carry the same question: what else came out of the same ore. Arsenic and lead are raised repeatedly in the pharmaceutical quality literature on mineral materia medica, and this library records the question rather than resolving it. Magnetite is also an iron source, which is not a free addition for someone with iron overload. Zhu sha is mercuric sulfide, and everything this library says about cinnabar in the Zhu Sha An Shen Wan entry applies here as well: levigation removes part of the soluble fraction and changes nothing about the fact that mercury is a neurotoxicant and nephrotoxicant, and heating is the thing the traditional instruction avoids. Two of the three ingredients are mineral, and one of them is a mercury compound. Shen qu is the third caution and the one most often missed because it sounds harmless: it is made with wheat and fermented, so it contains gluten and is not a coeliac-safe ingredient, and as a fermented product it raises the theoretical tyramine question that fermented foods raise with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The clinical obligation here is direct, because the two symptoms this formula was made for both have time-critical branches. Sudden or progressive loss of vision is not a self-management situation: acute angle-closure glaucoma, retinal detachment, temporal arteritis, optic neuritis, stroke and acute rises in intraocular pressure all present that way, and several of them are counted in hours. Tinnitus is usually benign and usually persistent, but unilateral tinnitus, tinnitus with sudden hearing loss, and tinnitus accompanied by neurological signs have their own urgency. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is treated within a window, and unilateral symptoms with neurological findings raise vestibular schwannoma and demyelinating disease. Ordinary chronic bilateral tinnitus is best served by an audiological assessment and by approaches that have evidence behind them. This library does not claim that Ci Zhu Wan improves vision, improves hearing, or treats cataract, glaucoma, tinnitus or any named disease.

磁朱丸著录于孙思邈《备急千金要方》,原名**神曲丸**。三味药:**磁石**(煅、醋淬)、**朱砂**(水飞)、**神曲**(以麦发酵的制品)。这里应当先把本方古典所主与所不主说清楚,因为它今天所处的类别部分地改写了它的名声:**古典指征在目** —— 视物昏花,传统另用于耳鸣。它是一首**为目与耳而设**的方,把它读成重镇安神之方是后来才通行起来的。**为助眠而来的读者,落到的是一条关于眼睛的条目**。 三味药各带一条提示,合起来正好是这个类别里「重」字为何值得正视、而不是值得浪漫化的一个紧凑例子。**磁石是磁铁矿,一种铁的氧化物**。矿物药永远带着同一个问题:**同一矿脉里还出了什么**。**砷与铅在矿物类药材的质量文献中被反复提出**,本库记录这个问题而不替它下结论。磁铁矿也是一个铁的来源,对铁负荷过载者不是可以随意加的一项。**朱砂是硫化汞**,本库在朱砂安神丸一条里关于朱砂所说的全部内容在此同样适用:水飞能去掉一部分可溶部分,却改变不了**汞是神经毒物与肾毒性物质**这一事实,而加热正是传统做法所避免的。**三味里两味是矿物,其中一味是汞的化合物**。**神曲是第三条提示,也因为它听起来无害而最常被漏掉**:它**以麦发酵**,**含麸质**,不是乳糜泻安全的成分;作为发酵品,它也带出发酵食品与单胺氧化酶抑制剂之间那条理论上的酪胺问题。 这里的临床义务是直截了当的,因为本方所对的两个症状各自都有**以时间计的分支**。**突发或进行性视力下降不是自行处置的情形**:急性闭角型青光眼、视网膜脱离、颞动脉炎、视神经炎、卒中以及眼压急性升高都可以这样起病,其中几项是以小时计的。耳鸣通常良性、通常长期存在,但**单侧耳鸣、伴突发听力下降的耳鸣、伴神经体征的耳鸣**各有其紧迫性 —— **突发性感音神经性聋有治疗时间窗**,而单侧症状伴神经体征会引出听神经瘤与脱髓鞘疾病。普通双侧慢性耳鸣最该做的是听力评估与有实际证据支持的处理;**本库不声称磁朱丸能明目、聪耳,或治疗白内障、青光眼、耳鸣或任何具体疾病**。

温补心阳、重镇安神、收敛固涩;因误治(下之、烧针)而烦躁惊悸者 · Warms and secures the heart yang and settles with weight; the classical formula for agitation and fright following damaging treatment

Gui Zhi Gan Cao Long Gu Mu Li Tang (Cinnamon Twig, Licorice, Dragon Bone and Oyster Shell Decoction) guì zhī gān cǎo lóng gǔ mǔ lì tāng · 桂枝甘草龙骨牡蛎汤

Composition 组成

  • Cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • honey-fried licorice (zhi gan cao)
  • calcined fossil bone (duan long gu)
  • calcined oyster shell (duan mu li).

组成

  • 桂枝、炙甘草、龙骨(煅)、牡蛎(煅)
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Gui Zhi Gan Cao Long Gu Mu Li Tang is recorded in Shanghan Lun, in the part of the text that deals with damage caused by treatment itself. That context is the most interesting thing about this formula and the first thing lost when it is simply filed among sedating formulas. The classical indication is agitation and fright in someone who has been treated wrongly: purged when purging was wrong, or cauterised with a heated needle. The classical reading is that the injury has left the heart yang unsettled and the floating yang has nothing to anchor it. Structurally the formula is two parts. Gui zhi and zhi gan cao are the acrid-sweet pair that generates yang, and that pair is itself the base formula Gui Zhi Gan Cao Tang. Onto it are added long gu and mu li, two heavy astringent drugs, one mineral and one shell, to hold what the pair has raised. The classical text gives gui zhi at half the quantity of the other three, which is worth noting because it tells you that generating yang is the smaller half of this formula and holding is the larger one. Both heavy ingredients deserve the same plain description this library gives them wherever they appear. Long gu is fossil bone, the fossilised bone of large mammals. Mu li is oyster shell, calcium carbonate, traditionally calcined. Two cautions follow. The first is contamination: fossil and shell material carries the heavy-metal question that mineral drugs always carry, and lead and arsenic in long gu are raised repeatedly in the pharmaceutical quality literature; shells accumulate what the water they grew in contained. The second is calcium: both are substantial calcium sources, calcium carbonate separates in time from tetracyclines, quinolones, levothyroxine and bisphosphonates, and added calcium is not a neutral act for someone with hypercalcaemia, a history of calcium stones, or impaired renal function. Gui zhi is cinnamon twig, and cassia cinnamon contains coumarin, which is a liver question at sustained high intake and is not the same substance as the anticoagulant warfarin despite the shared name. Zhi gan cao carries the licorice caution: sustained daily intake can produce sodium and water retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure, and it is worse rather than better alongside diuretics, digoxin or corticosteroids. Agitation is where this entry has to be most careful, and the list is worth naming rather than gesturing at. New agitation, fright or restlessness has a differential diagnosis that includes hypoglycaemia, hypoxia, sepsis, meningitis and encephalitis, alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawal, anticholinergic medication, electrolyte disturbance involving sodium, calcium or magnesium, thyroid disease, arrhythmia, pain, and urinary retention, and delirium, which in an older person is the first reading rather than the last. Palpitations have their own list: arrhythmia, thyrotoxicosis, anaemia, electrolyte disturbance, medicines including decongestants and beta-agonists, and anxiety. Agitation with chest pain, breathlessness, focal neurological signs or altered consciousness belongs to emergency care. This library does not claim that Gui Zhi Gan Cao Long Gu Mu Li Tang calms the spirit, settles palpitations, or treats anxiety, panic disorder, arrhythmia or any named disease.

桂枝甘草龙骨牡蛎汤著录于《伤寒论》中讨论**误治所致之变**的那一部分。这个语境是本条最耐人寻味之处,也恰恰是在把它简单列入「安神方」时最先被丢掉的那一层。**古典指征是烦躁与惊**:其人被误治过 —— 不当下而下之,或以烧针火劫 —— 而古典的读法是损伤之后心阳失守、浮阳无所依附。结构上本方是两截:**桂枝与炙甘草这一对**(辛甘合化以生阳,其本身即《伤寒论》桂枝甘草汤的底),再加**龙骨与牡蛎**两味重涩之品,一矿物一贝壳,用来收敛前面那一对所升起的。**原文所载桂枝之量为其余三味之半** —— 这一点值得写出,因为它说明「生阳」是较小的一截,而「重镇」是较大的一截。 两味重药都配得上本库在别处给它们的同一段平实描述。**龙骨是化石** —— 大型哺乳动物的骨骼化石;**牡蛎是牡蛎壳**,即碳酸钙,传统煅用。由此有两条提示。其一是污染:**化石与贝壳类带着矿物药永远带着的重金属问题,铅与砷在有关龙骨的药品质量文献里被反复提出**;贝壳类则蓄积其所生水域所含之物。其二是钙:**两者都是相当大的钙来源**,碳酸钙与四环素类、喹诺酮类、左甲状腺素、双膦酸盐之间需要隔开时间,而对高钙血症、有钙结石史或肾功能受损者,额外加钙不是中性行为。**桂枝是肉桂的嫩枝,而桂皮含香豆素** —— 长期大量摄入的肝毒性问题,且与抗凝药华法林虽同名而并非一物。**炙甘草**带着甘草这条提示:长期每日摄入可致钠水潴留、失钾与升压,与利尿剂、地高辛或糖皮质激素合用更重而非更轻。 「烦躁」是本条必须最谨慎的地方,而值得把清单写出来而不只是比划一下。**新出现的烦躁、易惊或坐卧不宁,其鉴别清单包含**:低血糖、缺氧、脓毒症、脑膜炎与脑炎、酒精与苯二氮䓬类戒断、抗胆碱能药物、电解质紊乱(钠、钙、镁)、甲状腺疾病、心律失常、疼痛与尿潴留,以及谵妄 —— 而在高龄者身上,**谵妄是第一读法而不是最后一读**。心悸另有其清单:心律失常、甲状腺毒症、贫血、电解质紊乱、包括减充血剂与 β 受体激动剂在内的药物,以及焦虑。**烦躁伴胸痛、呼吸困难、局灶神经体征或意识改变,属于急救**。**本库不声称桂枝甘草龙骨牡蛎汤能安神、定悸,或治疗焦虑、惊恐障碍、心律失常或任何具体疾病**。

和解少阳、重镇安神、通阳泻热;胸满烦惊、小便不利、谵语、一身尽重不可转侧 · Harmonises the lesser yang, settles with weight and discharges internally; the classical formula for fullness in the chest with agitation and fright, difficult urination and delirious speech

Chai Hu Jia Long Gu Mu Li Tang (Bupleurum plus Dragon Bone and Oyster Shell Decoction) chái hú jiā lóng gǔ mǔ lì tāng · 柴胡加龙骨牡蛎汤

Composition 组成

  • Bupleurum root (chai hu)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • pinellia rhizome (ban xia
  • washed in the classical text
  • only processed material is used in practice)
  • ginseng (ren shen)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • jujube (da zao)
  • fossil bone (long gu)
  • oyster shell (mu li)
  • cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • rhubarb (da huang)
  • red lead (qian dan
  • historical
  • see safety notes).

组成

  • 柴胡、黄芩、半夏(洗)、人参、生姜、大枣、龙骨、牡蛎、桂枝、茯苓、大黄、铅丹
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Chai Hu Jia Long Gu Mu Li Tang is recorded in Shanghan Lun and is the heaviest formula in this batch, twelve ingredients: chai hu, huang qin, ban xia, ren shen, sheng jiang, da zao, long gu, mu li, gui zhi, fu ling, da huang and qian dan. It is the Xiao Chai Hu Tang base with the heavy and astringent drugs added and a purgative included, and the classical indication is specific and rather vivid: fullness in the chest, agitation and fright, difficult urination, delirious speech, and a body so heavy that the person cannot turn over. That is a description of someone who is quite unwell, and it is the reason this entry carries the largest safety obligation of the four. The first obligation is a single sentence that has to come before everything else. Qian dan is red lead, lead tetroxide. Lead is a developmental neurotoxicant with no identified safe blood level; it accumulates in bone, and it is toxic to the nervous system, the kidney, the bone marrow and the cardiovascular system in adults as well as in children. Qian dan is not a substance that the contemporary Chinese Pharmacopoeia carries, and the honest statement is that lead tetroxide belongs to this formula's history rather than to current practice. Modern versions of this formula are generally made without it, or with a different mineral substituted, and this library makes no recommendation about what should replace it. Anyone holding a product that contains qian dan, or any traditional preparation of unknown composition, should treat the label as the question rather than the answer. The remaining cautions are ones this library has stated elsewhere, and their accumulation is itself the point. Long gu is fossil bone and mu li is oyster shell; both carry the contamination question and both are substantial calcium sources. Da huang is rhubarb, whose anthraquinones are stimulant laxatives, and prolonged use is associated with dependence, with potassium loss and with the pigmentation seen on endoscopy; hypokalaemia is not a safe state in someone taking digoxin or a diuretic. Raw ban xia is an irritant poison, needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals and a lectin that cause burning and swelling of the mouth and throat which can threaten the airway, so only the processed forms are used, and ban xia also appears among the classical incompatibilities with aconite. Ren shen and warfarin have a mixed evidence base, and this library writes mixed rather than safe. Zhi gan cao carries the licorice mineralocorticoid caution. Chai hu is Bupleurum, and one specific thing is worth recording precisely: Bupleurum-containing preparations have been reported in connection with liver injury, and the combination of the related formula Xiao Chai Hu Tang with interferon was reported in association with interstitial pneumonitis. That is an interaction rather than a property of the herb alone, which is exactly why the caution is worth stating in that form. Huang qin is Scutellaria root; sheng jiang and da zao complete the harmonising pair. The last obligation is the largest, and it follows from the classical text itself. Delirious speech and agitation are the indications, and that presentation today is delirium, and delirium is a symptom with a cause that has to be found: hypoglycaemia, hypoxia, sepsis including urinary sepsis, meningitis and encephalitis, withdrawal from alcohol or benzodiazepines, anticholinergic medication, electrolyte disturbance, thyroid storm, intracranial events including stroke and haemorrhage, and drug toxicity. Difficult urination has its own list, and retention with back pain, saddle anaesthesia or new leg weakness is cauda equina syndrome, which is a surgical emergency. Fullness in the chest with breathlessness or chest pain is an emergency pathway first. And the practical rule this library repeats wherever an altered state is the indication: nothing should be given by mouth to a person whose consciousness or swallowing is impaired, because aspiration is not a theoretical risk. This library does not claim that Chai Hu Jia Long Gu Mu Li Tang calms the spirit, or treats anxiety, insomnia, epilepsy, delirium or any named disease.

柴胡加龙骨牡蛎汤著录于《伤寒论》,是本批最重的一首,十二味:**柴胡、黄芩、半夏(洗)、人参、生姜、大枣、龙骨、牡蛎、桂枝、茯苓、大黄、铅丹**。它是**小柴胡汤**的底子加上重涩之品、并纳入一味攻下之药,而古典指征写得具体而鲜活:**胸满、烦惊、小便不利、谵语、一身尽重不可转侧**。这是对一位病得不轻的人的描述,也正是本条的安全义务比其他各条更大的原因。 第一条义务只有一句话,且必须在其他一切之前说:**铅丹是四氧化三铅(红丹,铅的氧化物)**。**铅是明确的神经发育毒物,没有已确定的安全血铅阈值**;它在骨内蓄积,并且对成人同样具有神经、肾脏、骨髓与心血管系统的毒性。**铅丹不是现行《中国药典》收载的物质**;诚实的表述是:**四氧化三铅属于本方的历史组成,而不属于今天的做法** —— 现代配伍本方通常**不用铅丹,或以他味矿物药替代**,而**本库对应当以何物替代不作任何推荐**。手中有含铅丹的制品、或成分不明的传统制剂者,应当把标签当作**需要提出的问题**,而不是**已经给出的答案**。 其余提示是本库在别处已经说过的,而它们的堆叠本身就是要点。**龙骨是化石、牡蛎是贝壳**:两者都带污染问题,也同为相当大的钙来源。**大黄**属蒽醌类刺激性泻药,**久用与依赖、失钾以及内镜下所见的结肠黑变病相关**,而低钾对服用地高辛或利尿剂者不是安全状态。**半夏生品是刺激性毒物** —— **草酸钙针晶与凝集素**,入口即灼肿,咽部肿胀可威胁气道,故**实际只用炮制品**;且半夏在古典「反乌头」之列。**人参与华法林的证据是混杂的**,本库写混杂而不写安全。**炙甘草**带着甘草的类盐皮质激素提示。**柴胡是柴胡属(Bupleurum)**,这里值得记下的是一件具体的事:**含柴胡制剂曾有肝损伤报告**,而**相关的小柴胡汤与干扰素合用曾报告间质性肺炎** —— 那是**相互作用,不是单味药的属性**,这正是这条提示值得写准的原因。黄芩是黄芩(Scutellaria)之根,生姜与大枣成调和之对。 最后一条义务最大,而它来自古典原文本身。**谵语与烦惊正是指征,而今天这副表现就是谵妄**,谵妄是有原因可查的症状:**低血糖、缺氧、脓毒症(含尿路来源)、脑膜炎与脑炎、酒精或苯二氮䓬类戒断、抗胆碱能药物、电解质紊乱、甲状腺危象、包括卒中与出血在内的颅内事件,以及药物中毒**。**小便不利另有其清单**:伴背痛、鞍区麻木或新发下肢无力的尿潴留是**马尾综合征,属外科急症**。**胸满伴呼吸困难或胸痛,首先走的是急救路径**。还有一条本库凡遇意识状态为指征便重述的实用规则:**不向意识或吞咽受损者经口给予任何东西** —— 误吸不是理论上的风险。**本库不声称柴胡加龙骨牡蛎汤能安神,或治疗焦虑、失眠、癫痫、谵妄或任何具体疾病**。

通阳散结、行气祛痰;古典「胸痹」一类的代表方(同一篇另有枳实薤白桂枝汤,本库已收) · Unblocks yang and dissipates binding, moves qi and transforms phlegm; the reference formula of the classical category 'chest painful obstruction' (xiong bi)

Gua Lou Xie Bai Bai Jiu Tang (Trichosanthes Fruit, Chinese Chive Bulb and Wine Decoction) guā lóu xiè bái bái jiǔ tāng · 瓜蒌薤白白酒汤

Composition 组成

  • Trichosanthes fruit (gua lou shi)
  • long-stamen onion bulb (xie bai)
  • fermented grain wine (bai jiu). Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 瓜蒌实(栝楼实)、薤白、白酒(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Gua Lou Xie Bai Bai Jiu Tang is recorded in Jingui Yaolüe, in the chapter on chest painful obstruction, and the classical indication is given in a single line: chest painful obstruction with laboured breathing, spitting, pain in the chest and back, and shortness of breath. Three ingredients, one of which is wine. The reading offered by the classical literature is that when yang fails to reach the chest and cold phlegm binds there, chest pain and breathlessness follow, and the formula is described as unblocking yang, dissipating the binding, moving qi and transforming phlegm. The same chapter sets out Zhi Shi Xie Bai Gui Zhi Tang, already in this library, for the presentation that has added a sense of fullness and counterflow below the ribs. This entry begins somewhere else, because the presentation the formula was written for is, in a modern emergency department, an emergency first and a pattern second. Chest pain radiating to the back together with breathlessness and sweating is acute coronary syndrome until a clinician demonstrates otherwise, and it is also the presentation of aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, pericarditis and pneumothorax. Inferior myocardial infarction can present as upper abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting, which is precisely the region the classical text calls the area below the heart. Gastro-oesophageal reflux, musculoskeletal pain and anxiety also produce chest pain, and they are conclusions reached after exclusion, not the default. Nothing on this page sorts those apart. Chest pain needs assessment, and chest pain with sweating, breathlessness, faintness, or pain that woke a person from sleep, needs emergency assessment. The ingredient that makes this entry unusual is the wine. The bai jiu of the formula name is a fermented grain wine of the kind made in the Han period, closer in character to a low-alcohol rice wine than to distilled spirits, and this is one of the places a modern reader most reliably misreads the text. Wine is still alcohol, however, and that means the formula carries every alcohol caution at once: liver disease, a history of pancreatitis, pregnancy, alcohol dependence, driving, and interactions with sedatives, hypoglycaemic drugs, warfarin and paracetamol, together with disulfiram-type reactions with certain antibiotics. Alcohol is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen, and no classical authority changes that. Gua lou is trichosanthes fruit. Gua lou pi, the peel, and gua lou ren, the seed, are parts of the same plant used differently: the peel is directed more at clearing and transforming phlegm in the lung, the seed at moistening and opening the bowel, and the seed contains fatty oil so looseness of stool follows from it. Trichosanthes root is a different substance altogether and is called tian hua fen. Xie bai is the bulb of an Allium species related to garlic and onion. Its sulphide constituents and their effects on platelet aggregation have been studied, and the theoretical concern about additive bleeding risk with antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs is stated here because it is the obvious question, not because it has been settled. Allium species are poisonous to dogs and cats. Classical compatibility lists place gua lou opposite aconite among the traditionally opposed pairs. This library records that as a traditional statement rather than as a demonstrated interaction. Research on gua lou xie bai type formulas consists largely of animal experiments and small clinical studies. This library makes no claim of efficacy for any condition.

瓜蒌薤白白酒汤著录于《金匮要略》「胸痹心痛短气病脉证治」篇,古典指征只有一句:胸痹之病,喘息咳唾,胸背痛,短气。三味药,其中一味是酒。古典的读法是:阳不达于胸中,寒痰凝滞,则胸痛与短气并见,本方通阳散结、行气祛痰。同一篇另有枳实薤白桂枝汤(本库已收),用于兼见痞气、气结在胸、胁下逆抢心的一路。 本条的正文从这里写起,理由很简单:**这个方所描述的症候,在今天首先是急症,其次才是辨证。** 胸背痛伴呼吸困难与出汗,在排除之前按急性冠脉综合征处理;它同样也是主动脉夹层、肺栓塞、心包炎与气胸的表现。**下壁心肌梗死可以表现为上腹痛伴恶心呕吐**,而这正落在古典文献所说「心下」的范围里。胃食管反流、肌肉骨骼痛与焦虑也会造成胸痛,但它们是排除之后得出的结论,不是默认答案。本页没有任何内容能把这几者区分开。胸痛需要评估;胸痛伴出汗、气短、近乎晕厥或夜间痛醒者,需要急诊评估。 使本条特殊的一味是酒。方名里的「白酒」是汉代酿造的谷物酒,性质上更接近低度米酒,而**不是今天的蒸馏白酒** —— 这是现代读者最容易读错的一处。酒毕竟是乙醇,于是本方同时承担全部酒精禁忌:肝病、胰腺炎史、孕期、酒精依赖、驾驶,以及与镇静催眠药、降糖药、华法林、对乙酰氨基酚的相互作用;与某些抗菌药的双硫仑样反应也在其中。乙醇被列为第一类致癌物,任何古典权威都不改变这一点。 瓜蒌是栝楼的果实。**瓜蒌皮与瓜蒌仁是同一植株的不同部位**:皮偏清肺化痰,仁偏润燥滑肠,仁含脂肪油,故大便偏溏随之而来;**栝楼的根是另一物,名为天花粉**。 薤白是葱属(与大蒜、葱同属)的鳞茎。其含硫成分与对血小板聚集的影响已被研究;与抗血小板药、抗凝药叠加出血的理论关注在此写明,是因为这是读者必然会问的问题,而不是因为它已有定论。**葱属植物对犬与猫有毒。** 古典配伍文献把瓜蒌与乌头列入相对的一组(「半蒌贝蔹及攻乌」)。本库把这一条记为**传统说法**,而不是已被证实的相互作用。 瓜蒌薤白类方的研究多为动物实验与小样本临床研究。本库不对任何疾病作疗效主张。

温中行气、燥湿除满;脾胃寒湿气滞之脘腹胀满或疼痛、不思饮食、四肢倦怠(本库温里剂中「温中行气」一类此前全缺) · Warms the middle and moves qi, dries dampness and relieves fullness; for cold-damp with qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach

Hou Po Wen Zhong Tang (Magnolia Bark Middle-Warming Decoction) hòu pǔ wēn zhōng tāng · 厚朴温中汤

Composition 组成

  • Ginger-processed magnolia bark (jiang hou po)
  • dried tangerine peel with the white pith removed (chen pi
  • qu bai)
  • honey-fried liquorice (zhi gan cao)
  • katsumadai seed (cao dou kou ren)
  • poria with the peel removed (fu ling)
  • aucklandia root (mu xiang)
  • dried ginger (gan jiang). Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 姜厚朴、陈皮(去白)、炙甘草、草豆蔻仁、茯苓(去皮)、木香、干姜(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Neiwaishang Bianhuo Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Hou Po Wen Zhong Tang is recorded in Neiwaishang Bianhuo Lun, the thirteenth-century work of Li Gao (Li Dongyuan), and it is this library's first entry in a category that had been empty until now: warming the middle and moving qi. Every ingredient in it is acrid, warm and drying except fu ling, which drains rather than warms. The classical target is cold-damp with qi stagnation in the spleen and stomach, and the presentation given is fullness and distension in the epigastrium and abdomen, pain, poor appetite and heaviness of the limbs. In the classical account the fullness is the point: it is what happens when cold and damp obstruct the middle and qi has nowhere to go. Fullness is also one of the most dangerous ordinary words in medicine, and this entry has to say why. Abdominal distension and pain that begins suddenly, or is severe, or comes with vomiting, fever, an inability to pass stool or wind, blood in the stool, or a rigid and tender abdomen, belongs in surgical assessment. Appendicitis, cholecystitis, bowel obstruction, perforation, mesenteric ischaemia, ectopic pregnancy and abdominal aortic aneurysm all present with abdominal pain, and a formula that moves the bowels is contraindicated while obstruction has not been excluded. Abdominal pain in pregnancy needs obstetric assessment rather than self-management. Distension that persists has its own list: functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, gastroparesis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, coeliac disease, ovarian and pancreatic cancer, and ascites from liver or heart failure. What moves a person out of the first group and into investigation is unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool, difficulty swallowing, vomiting, pain that wakes them from sleep, iron-deficiency anaemia, and indigestion beginning for the first time after the age of fifty. This library lists them because a formula for fullness is exactly what a person reaches for while those are being missed. Two ingredients carry most of the specific cautions. Zhi gan cao contains glycyrrhizin, and liquorice taken over time is a well documented cause of apparent mineralocorticoid excess: raised blood pressure, low potassium and oedema. The effect is additive with diuretics and with digoxin, whose toxicity rises as potassium falls. Mu xiang is the root of an Aucklandia (Saussurea costus) species; it is not the same substance as qing mu xiang, which is an Aristolochia species containing aristolochic acid and is no longer used medicinally. The two names differ by a single character, and that distinction is worth restating every time the name appears. Hou po's principal constituents, magnolol and honokiol, have been studied for muscle relaxation and central nervous depression, and there are animal reports of kidney effects at high exposure; this library labels that animal and laboratory evidence because that is what it is. Gan jiang and cao dou kou are acrid and warm, and the whole formula is unsuitable where heat and depleted yin are the picture. Chen pi and hua ju hong are two different substances despite the similar names. A formula this acrid, warm and moving is, in pregnancy, a decision for the person's own clinicians. Research on this formula is largely preclinical. This library makes no claim of efficacy.

厚朴温中汤著录于十三世纪李杲(李东垣)《内外伤辨惑论》,是本库此前空缺的一类——**温中行气**——的第一条。方中除茯苓一味偏渗利之外,其余皆辛温而燥。古典所对的是脾胃寒湿气滞:脘腹胀满或疼痛、不思饮食、四肢倦怠。古典的着眼点在「**满**」:寒湿阻中,气无处可行,于是作胀。 而「满」也是医学里最危险的日常词汇之一,本条必须说清。突发的、剧烈的、伴呕吐或发热的、伴停止排便排气的、伴便血的、或腹肌紧张压痛的腹痛,属于外科评估的范畴。阑尾炎、胆囊炎、肠梗阻、穿孔、肠系膜缺血、异位妊娠与腹主动脉瘤都以腹痛起病;**在肠梗阻未排除之前,任何攻下之剂都是禁忌**。孕期腹痛须由产科评估,不属自我处理。 持续性的腹胀另有一张清单:功能性消化不良、肠易激综合征、胃轻瘫、小肠细菌过度生长、乳糜泻、卵巢癌与胰腺癌、以及肝硬化或心衰所致的腹水。把一个人从「功能」这一组推向检查的是:**非自愿的体重下降、便血、吞咽困难、呕吐、夜间痛醒、缺铁性贫血、以及五十岁以后首次出现的消化不良**。本库列出这些,正因为「治胀的方」恰恰是人在这些信号被漏掉时最容易伸手去拿的东西。 两味药承担了本条最主要的具体提示。**炙甘草**含甘草酸,久服是**假性醛固酮增多症**记载充分的成因:血压升高、低钾、水肿;与利尿剂叠加,与地高辛叠加——血钾越低,地高辛的毒性越高。**木香**是云木香类的根,**不是青木香**:青木香为马兜铃科,含马兜铃酸,已不作药用。两名只差一个字,这个区别每出现一次就写一次。 厚朴的主要成分厚朴酚与和厚朴酚,在肌肉松弛与中枢抑制方面已有研究,高暴露下另有动物肾毒性报告;本库把它写为**动物与实验室证据**,因为它的确只是这个量级。干姜与草豆蔻辛温,全方在热象与阴液已亏的场合不宜。陈皮与化橘红是两物而非一物。孕期使用一味如此辛温走窜的方,应由本人的主诊医生决定。 本方的研究多在临床前阶段。本库不对任何疾病作疗效主张。

温补脾阳、攻下冷积;「温下」法的代表方(本库泻下剂中「温下」一类此前全缺) · Warms the spleen and purges cold accumulation; the representative formula of the 'warm purgative' method, pairing interior warming with downward draining

Wen Pi Tang (Spleen-Warming Decoction) wēn pí tāng · 温脾汤

Composition 组成

  • Rhubarb (da huang)
  • processed aconite accessory tuber (fu zi)
  • dried ginger (gan jiang)
  • ginseng (ren shen)
  • chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • sodium sulphate (mang xiao)
  • honey-fried liquorice (zhi gan cao). Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 大黄、炮附子、干姜、人参、当归、芒硝、炙甘草(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Beiji Qianjin Yaofang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Wen Pi Tang is attributed to Beiji Qianjin Yaofang, the seventh-century compendium of Sun Simiao, and it is the standard example of a category this library had not covered until now: the warm purgative. The idea is easy to state and hard to read from a modern angle. A cold-type accumulation is said to need warmth to move it and a purgative to expel it, so the formula pairs fu zi and gan jiang, which warm, with da huang and mang xiao, which drain. Ren shen, dang gui and zhi gan cao are included to support what the draining depletes. In the classical material the indications cluster around abdominal pain with cold and bound stool. One honest note on identity comes first. Wen Pi Tang is not a single formula. More than one composition circulates under that name in the classical literature, and a shorter five-ingredient version without dang gui and mang xiao is also transmitted. This entry follows the seven-ingredient composition that modern teaching texts attribute to Beiji Qianjin Yaofang. This library does not adjudicate which one is the real Wen Pi Tang; it reports that the name is shared. What this entry states plainly is that two of the ingredients are, on their own, among the reasons people are admitted to hospital. Fu zi is processed aconite. Aconitine and the related diester alkaloids are cardiotoxic and neurotoxic, and the recognised picture is numbness of the mouth, tongue and limbs, nausea and vomiting, and ventricular arrhythmia. Traditional practice depends on prolonged decoction to hydrolyse the diester alkaloids into less toxic forms, and on processing; raw and processed aconite are different substances. This library describes the hazard and deliberately gives no method for reducing it, because that method is a preparation instruction and this site does not give those. Da huang is a stimulant anthraquinone laxative. Taken over time it is associated with melanosis coli, usually reversible, with potassium loss, and with laxative dependence. Mang xiao is sodium sulphate, an osmotic laxative, and it is also a sodium load, which is not a neutral matter in heart failure, hypertension, impaired kidney function or ascites. Zhi gan cao causes potassium loss by a different route. So the same formula contains four separate routes to low potassium, an anthraquinone laxative, an osmotic laxative, liquorice, and vomiting if aconite toxicity occurs, while it also contains an ingredient whose cardiac toxicity is amplified when potassium falls. This library is not making a rhetorical point by placing those side by side; the composition places them there. Then the clinical boundary, which matters more than any of the above. Constipation with abdominal pain, vomiting and an inability to pass wind or stool is obstruction until a surgeon has said otherwise, and a stimulant purgative in that setting is dangerous. Constipation beginning after the age of fifty, blood in the stool, unintentional weight loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, a lasting change in stool calibre, and a family history of bowel or ovarian cancer all call for investigation before any purgative is considered. Ordinary causes are common too: opioid medicines, calcium channel blockers, anticholinergic medicines, iron, hypothyroidism, hypercalcaemia, and low fluid and fibre intake. Ren shen has mixed evidence in relation to warfarin, and this library writes mixed rather than safe; generous use over time is reported with insomnia, raised blood pressure, rash and diarrhoea. Dang gui contains coumarin-type constituents and is traditionally treated with caution in pregnancy. Research on this formula is largely preclinical. This library makes no claim of efficacy.

温脾汤归于七世纪孙思邈《备急千金要方》,是本库此前未收的一类的标准样本:**温下剂**。其思路说起来简单,放到今天读却不容易。古典认为冷积既需温以行之,又需下以去之,于是以附子、干姜之温,配大黄、芒硝之泻;人参、当归、炙甘草用于扶助被攻下所耗者。原文所指集中在腹痛与寒结、大便不通。 先写一条诚实的说明:**「温脾汤」不是唯一一首方**。古典文献中以此名流传的不止一个组成,另有不含当归与芒硝的五味版本同时流传。本条采用现代教科书归于《备急千金要方》的七味组成。本库不裁决哪一首才是「真正的」温脾汤,只如实说明**这个方名是共享的**。 本条要直说的是:方中有两味,各自单独就足以构成住院的原因。**附子**是乌头属的加工品。乌头碱及相关双酯型生物碱具心脏毒性与神经毒性,公认的表现是口舌与四肢麻木、恶心呕吐、室性心律失常。传统做法依赖**久煎使双酯型生物碱水解为毒性较低的形式**,也依赖炮制;生附子与炮附子是两种东西。本库写明危害,**并且刻意不写降低危害的方法** —— 那属于制备与用法,本站不给。 **大黄**是刺激性蒽醌类泻药。久服与结肠黑变病(通常可逆)、钾丢失、泻药依赖相关。**芒硝**是硫酸钠,属渗透性泻药,同时是一份**钠负荷** —— 对心衰、高血压、肾功能受损或腹水者不是中性的。**炙甘草**经另一条途径造成钾丢失。 于是同一首方里有**四条通向低钾的路径**(蒽醌泻药、渗透性泻药、甘草、以及乌头碱中毒时的呕吐),同时方中又含一种心脏毒性随低钾而升高的成分。本库把它们并排列出不是修辞,组成本身就是如此。 比以上更重要的,是临床的边界。**便秘伴腹痛、呕吐、停止排气排便,在外科判定之前按肠梗阻对待,此时刺激性攻下之剂是危险的。** 五十岁以后新发的便秘、便血、非自愿的体重下降、缺铁性贫血、大便形状持续变细、以及肠癌或卵巢癌家族史,都应在考虑任何泻下之前先行检查。常见原因同样常见:阿片类药、钙通道阻滞剂、抗胆碱药、铁剂、甲状腺功能减退、高钙、饮水与膳食纤维不足。人参与华法林的证据**混杂**,本库写混杂而不写「安全」;长期大量使用有失眠、血压升高、皮疹与腹泻的报告。当归属传统孕期慎用之列,并含香豆素类成分。本方的研究多在临床前阶段。本库不对任何疾病作疗效主张。

养血柔肝、健脾利湿;《金匮要略》「妇人怀妊,腹中㽲痛」与「妇人腹中诸疾痛」两条皆主之 · Nourishes the blood and softens the liver, strengthens the spleen and drains dampness; recorded for abdominal pain in pregnancy and for painful conditions of the abdomen in women

Dang Gui Shao Yao San (Angelica and Peony Powder) dāng guī sháo yào sǎn · 当归芍药散

Composition 组成

  • Chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • peony root (shao yao
  • read in later practice mostly as white peony
  • bai shao)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • white atractylodes rhizome (bai zhu)
  • water plantain rhizome (ze xie)
  • sichuan lovage rhizome (chuan xiong). Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 当归、芍药(后世多用白芍)、茯苓、白术、泽泻、川芎(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Dang Gui Shao Yao San is recorded in Jingui Yaolüe in two adjacent lines, one for a pregnant woman with pain in the abdomen and one, more broadly, for painful conditions of the abdomen in women. Six ingredients, half directed at the blood and half at water, and the continuing interest of the formula is precisely that it refuses to choose between them: dang gui, shao yao and chuan xiong on the blood side, fu ling, bai zhu and ze xie on the water side. In Japan it became one of the most widely used kampo preparations, tokishakuyakusan, and it is still manufactured there, which is why more of the published literature on it is Japanese than Chinese. This entry opens with the fact that it is a pregnancy formula, because the classical text says so in its first line. Herbal medicine in pregnancy is a decision for the person's own obstetric and medical clinicians, and this library's position is that it does not belong to self-management at all. That is not a formality. Abdominal pain in early pregnancy together with bleeding is ectopic pregnancy until an emergency department excludes it, and ectopic pregnancy kills by rupture. Vaginal bleeding, miscarriage, placental abruption, pre-eclampsia presenting with headache, visual change, upper abdominal pain or oedema, preterm labour, appendicitis whose position shifts as the uterus enlarges, ovarian cyst torsion and urinary stones all enter the same differential. Any abdominal pain in pregnancy warrants assessment, and abdominal pain with bleeding, faintness, shoulder-tip pain or reduced fetal movement warrants emergency assessment. This library will not put a sixth-century formula in front of that. Outside pregnancy, the same presentation in anyone of reproductive age includes ectopic pregnancy first, then pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts and torsion, endometriosis and adenomyosis, urinary infection and stone, and the whole bowel list. Pain with fever, with vomiting, with a rigid abdomen, or that is sudden and severe, is not something to be differentiated at leisure. On the ingredients. The classical text says shao yao, and before the Song period the character did not separate red and white peony; later practice reads it mostly as bai shao. Paeoniflorin has been studied for antiplatelet and uterine smooth muscle effects. Dang gui and chuan xiong are both traditionally treated with caution in pregnancy, and both are the subject of theoretical and case-report concern about additive bleeding with warfarin and antiplatelet drugs. Dang gui also carries a photosensitivity caution from its furanocoumarin content. Ze xie is a diuretic, diuretics add to the effect of diuretic medicines and disturb electrolytes, and there are animal reports of kidney effects at high exposure which this library labels animal evidence. Fu ling is a fungal sclerotium and is not the same plant as tu fu ling, which is a Smilax species; the two names are routinely confused. Bai zhu is drying. Clinical research on this formula exists and is inconsistent: small trials, heterogeneous preparations, and outcomes that have not been reproduced. This library makes no claim of efficacy.

当归芍药散著录于《金匮要略》,原文相邻两句:一是「妇人怀妊,腹中㽲痛」,二是「妇人腹中诸疾痛」。六味药,一半治血,一半治水,本方至今仍被讨论,正因为它拒绝在两者之间取舍:当归、芍药、川芎在血一边,茯苓、白术、泽泻在水一边。它在日本成为最常用的汉方制剂之一(当帰芍薬散),至今仍有生产,因此它的公开文献日本方面多于中国方面。 本条必须先把一件事写在最前:**这是一首孕期方**,因为古典原文第一句就是这么说的。孕期用方应由本人的产科与主诊医生共同决定;本库的立场是,这根本不属于自我处理的范畴。这不是一句客套。**孕早期腹痛伴阴道流血,在急诊排除之前按异位妊娠对待,而异位妊娠是因破裂致命的。** 阴道流血、流产、胎盘早剥、以头痛/视物模糊/上腹痛/水肿起病的子痫前期、早产、随子宫增大而位置改变的阑尾炎、卵巢囊肿扭转、泌尿系结石,都在同一张鉴别清单里。孕期任何腹痛都值得评估;腹痛伴流血、近乎晕厥、肩尖痛或胎动减少,需要急诊评估。本库不会把一首六世纪的方放在这前面。 非孕期而言,育龄者同样的表现,鉴别顺序同样是异位妊娠在先,其后是盆腔炎、卵巢囊肿与扭转、子宫内膜异位与腺肌病、泌尿系感染与结石,以及肠道的整张清单。**伴发热、呕吐、腹肌紧张、或突发而剧烈的腹痛,不是可以慢慢辨证的场合。** 关于药味:原文写「芍药」,宋代以前这个字并不区分赤芍与白芍,后世多作白芍用。芍药苷在抗血小板与子宫平滑肌方面已有研究。当归与川芎都是传统孕期慎用之列,并且都有与华法林、抗血小板药叠加出血的理论与个案关注;当归另因含呋喃香豆素而有光敏提示。**泽泻**利尿,与利尿药作用叠加并扰乱电解质,高暴露下另有动物肾毒性报告,本库标注为**动物证据**。**茯苓是真菌的菌核,与土茯苓不是一物** —— 土茯苓是百合科菝葜属;这两个名字被反复混用。白术偏燥。 本方的临床研究存在,但结果不一致:样本小、制剂异质、结局未被重复。本库不对任何疾病作疗效主张。

峻下逐水剂;古典记为「悬饮」及「心下痞硬满、引胁下痛」之证 · Drastic purgation and expulsion of water; recorded for the classical presentation of suspended rheum (xuan yin) and for hardness and fullness below the heart with pain pulling at the flank

Shi Zao Tang (Ten Jujube Decoction) shí zǎo tāng · 十枣汤

Composition 组成

  • Genkwa flower bud (yuan hua)
  • kansui root (gan sui)
  • Beijing euphorbia root (jing da ji)
  • and jujube fruit (da zao). The first three are taken as a powder
  • the jujubes are decocted separately and the decoction is used to take the powder. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 芫花(熬)、甘遂、大戟
  • 三味为散
  • 大枣十枚煎汤送服(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Shi Zao Tang is recorded in the Shanghan Lun, in the passage that begins with a condition rather than with a symptom: the exterior must be resolved before any attack downward is made. Only then comes the presentation itself — sweating that comes in episodes, headache, hardness and fullness below the heart, pain pulling at the flank, dry retching, shortness of breath. The classical reading is that water has collected and that this formula expels it. The same formula appears in the Jingui Yaolüe chapter on rheum, where the name given to the indication is suspended rheum. Three of the four ingredients are drastic. The fourth gives the formula its name. The fourth ingredient is the reason this entry is worth writing. Ten jujubes, decocted; the other three taken as a powder washed down with that decoction. The classical literature builds a layer of protection into the formula and then names the formula after the protection rather than after the three herbs that do the work. The distance between a drastic hydragogue and injury to the gastrointestinal tract is one layer thick, and whoever wrote the text knew it. The same passage also contains stopping rules: once the purge has been obtained, it stops, and afterwards the person is fed thin congee and left alone. A text that carries its own stopping rules is a text that expects to be stopped. What the presentation corresponds to now has to be said before anything else. Suspended rheum with pain in the chest and flank, coughing, and shortness of breath is, in modern terms, pleural effusion — and pleural effusion is a finding with a cause behind it: heart failure, hepatic hydrothorax, parapneumonic effusion, tuberculosis, malignancy, pulmonary embolism, renal disease, hypoalbuminaemia. The way that cause is found is imaging and thoracentesis, not purgation. Chest pain with breathlessness is also how pulmonary embolism and aortic dissection present, and both of them kill on a timescale that does not allow for self-treatment. The three herbs are toxic. Kansui root and Beijing euphorbia root are Euphorbiaceae; genkwa flower bud is Thymelaeaceae — the three are not even from the same family. All three are violent irritants to the gastrointestinal mucosa, and the literature contains reports of haemorrhagic gastroenteritis, violent vomiting, dehydration and shock after they are taken by mouth. The classical text specifies a processed form for the genkwa, and later practice describes vinegar-processing for the others; processing is reported to reduce the irritant constituents, not to remove them, and this library deliberately describes no method intended to make these substances safer to take. All three are named in the classical incompatibility literature as opposed to liquorice root, recorded here as a traditional statement rather than as a finding. Nothing on this page is a recommendation. This library records that the formula exists in the literature; it does not supply amounts, preparation or instructions, and it makes no claim of benefit for any condition. Pregnancy, childhood, older age, impaired kidney or liver function, existing dehydration or electrolyte disturbance, active ulceration or bleeding in the gut, and the concurrent use of diuretics, digoxin or corticosteroids each remove what little margin there might have been. If someone has already taken such a preparation and develops severe abdominal pain, bloody diarrhoea, persistent vomiting, dizziness, palpitations, scanty or absent urine, or confusion, that is an emergency: seek emergency care, and bring the package.

十枣汤著录于《伤寒论》。原文先立一条限制再写症状:表解者,乃可攻之 —— 表证已解,才可议攻下;其后才是「其人漐漐汗出,发作有时,头痛,心下痞硬满,引胁下痛,干呕短气」。古典的解释是水饮结聚,此方逐之。同一首方又见于《金匮要略·痰饮咳嗽病脉证并治》,那里给出的名目是「悬饮」。四味药里三味峻烈,第四味给了方名。 第四味是本条的重点。十枚大枣另煎,其余三味作散、以枣汤送服 —— 古典文献把一层保护写进方里,然后用这层保护给方命名,而不是用那三味干活的药。峻下逐水之品与胃肠道损伤之间只隔这一层,而写方的人知道。同一段原文还自带停止规则:得快下利后,糜粥自养 —— 下利一通即止,此后只给稀粥静养。一段自带停止规则的文字,是预期自己会被停下来的文字。 今天该先说的是这个证候对应什么。「悬饮」之胸胁痛、咳唾、短气,在今天就是胸腔积液;而胸腔积液是一个背后有因的体征:心衰、肝性胸水、肺炎旁积液、结核、恶性肿瘤、肺栓塞、肾病、低白蛋白。查因的手段是影像与胸腔穿刺,不是攻逐。胸痛伴呼吸困难同时也是肺栓塞与主动脉夹层的表现,两者的时间尺度都不允许自行处理。 三味药皆有毒:甘遂与大戟属大戟科,芫花属瑞香科 —— 三味甚至不同科。三味都是胃肠道黏膜的强烈刺激物,文献中确有口服后出血性胃肠炎、剧烈呕吐、脱水与休克的报告。古典原文对芫花注明「熬」,后世另有醋制等炮制字样;炮制被报道可降低而非消除刺激性成分,本库刻意不写任何意在使其更安全的做法。三味在古典配伍禁忌中都属「反甘草」之列(藻戟遂芫俱战草),此处仅记为传统说法,不作为研究结论。 本页不是建议。本库记录的是文献中有此方;不列用量、不列制法、不列服法,也不主张它对任何情况有益。妊娠、儿童、老年、肝肾功能受损、已存在脱水或电解质紊乱、活动性消化道溃疡或出血、正在使用利尿剂/地高辛/糖皮质激素,任何一项都足以抹去残余的空间。若已服用此类制剂并出现剧烈腹痛、血便、持续呕吐、头晕、心悸、尿少或无尿、意识改变,属急症:立即就医,并把原包装带上。

峻下逐水剂;古典记为「水肿水胀、形气俱实」之证 · Drastic expulsion of water; recorded for the classical presentation of water swelling with abdominal distension, in a person described as replete in both form and qi

Zhou Che Wan (Boat and Cart Pill) zhōu chē wán · 舟车丸

Composition 组成

  • Pharbitis seed (qian niu zi)
  • kansui root (gan sui)
  • genkwa flower bud (yuan hua)
  • Beijing euphorbia root (jing da ji)
  • rhubarb root (da huang)
  • unripe tangerine peel (qing pi)
  • aged tangerine peel (chen pi)
  • costus root (mu xiang)
  • areca seed (bing lang)
  • and calomel (qing fen
  • mercurous chloride) in the classical composition. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 牵牛子(黑丑)、甘遂、芫花、大戟、大黄、青皮、陈皮、木香、槟榔
  • 另入轻粉(甘汞)—— 按古典组成列出(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Jingyue Quanshu · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Zhou Che Wan is recorded in the Jingyue Quanshu and it is the most heavily loaded formula this library has had to write. Five of its ten ingredients act downward with force, and the tenth is a mercury compound. The name is an image: boats and carts, the traffic of water being carried out. The classical text attaches a condition to the indication — form and qi both replete — meaning the person is robust enough to withstand it. That condition is the classical literature's own exclusion criterion, and it is not a criterion a modern reader can apply to himself. Robustness is not a self-assessment. The mercury cannot be written down gently. Qing fen is calomel, mercurous chloride, and this is the third time this library has had to record mercury or lead in a formula: cinnabar came first, in Zhu Sha An Shen Wan and Ci Zhu Wan, then lead tetroxide in Chai Hu Jia Long Gu Mu Li Tang. Inorganic mercury taken by mouth is documented to cause inflammation of the mouth, tremor, the withdrawn and irritable nervous state that gave an old trade its saying, and injury to the renal tubules; it accumulates. Modern pharmacopoeial practice does not accept the internal use of mercury compounds, and a number of modern Chinese formularies either drop the ingredient or annotate it heavily. It is listed here because the classical composition contains it, and it is listed as history. The purgatives carry, in compounded form, the hazards described in the entry on Shi Zao Tang: three irritant roots, plus pharbitis seed, plus rhubarb. Pharbitis seed is the seed of a morning glory and a resin-glycoside hydragogue; its resemblance to the seed of ornamental morning glory is a documented route of accidental poisoning. Rhubarb is an anthraquinone stimulant laxative with the familiar profile of potassium loss, dependence with prolonged use, and melanosis coli that is usually reversible once it is withdrawn. Areca seed contains arecoline, a cholinergic stimulant, and the international cancer research agency under the World Health Organization classifies areca nut as carcinogenic to humans; a seed inside a classical composition is not the same exposure as the quid, but it is the same plant and the same alkaloid. The presentation belongs to modern diagnosis, as always. Generalised oedema with abdominal distension and laboured breathing has a differential: heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, protein-losing enteropathy, venous insufficiency, lymphatic obstruction, and drug-induced oedema from calcium channel blockers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids and others. Swelling with pain in one leg raises deep vein thrombosis. Oedema in pregnancy with headache, visual change or upper abdominal pain raises pre-eclampsia. The modern response is to find the cause, to use diuretics under supervision, and to drain where drainage is indicated. It is not violent purgation. Adding a hydragogue on top of diuretics a person is already taking, or digoxin, or corticosteroids, is a way to produce swings in potassium and sodium that can be fatal; correcting sodium too quickly afterwards carries its own hazard of osmotic demyelination. This library records compositions. It gives no amounts, no preparation, no instructions, and makes no claim that this formula does anything for any disease.

舟车丸著录于《景岳全书》,是本库载录的最重的一首方:十味里有五味峻下之品,第十味是汞的化合物。方名是一个意象 —— 舟与车,水湿被搬运出去。古典原文给指征时自带一条前提:「形气俱实」,即人还扛得住。这条前提就是古典文献自己的排除标准,而它不是读者可以对自身施用的标准;扛不扛得住不是自我评估的项目。 汞的部分无法写轻。轻粉即甘汞(氯化亚汞),这是本库第三次记录汞或铅:前两次是朱砂安神丸与磁朱丸中的硫化汞,另一次是柴胡加龙骨牡蛎汤中的铅丹(四氧化三铅)。无机汞口服的记载包括口腔黏膜炎症、震颤、易激惹与退缩并存的神经精神状态,以及肾小管损伤,且会在体内蓄积。现代药典实践不接受汞化合物的内服,多种现代方剂学著作对此味或删去、或加注警示。本条列出它,是因为古典组成中有它;列它是作为历史记录。 峻下诸味以叠加的形式承托十枣汤条中已述的危险:三味刺激性根类,再加牵牛子与大黄。牵牛子是旋花科牵牛的种子,属树脂苷类峻下药,其外形与观赏牵牛种子相近,误食中毒有实际报道。大黄属蒽醌类刺激性泻药,钾丢失、久用依赖、停用后通常可逆的结肠黑变病,是它既有的画像。槟榔含槟榔碱,具胆碱能兴奋作用;世界卫生组织下设的国际癌症研究机构将槟榔果列为人类致癌物 —— 方中一味不等于咀嚼块那种暴露,但植物与生物碱是同一个。 处置顺序仍属今天。遍身水肿、腹胀、气急,在今天有一份鉴别清单:心衰、肝硬化、肾病综合征、慢性肾脏病、蛋白丢失性肠病、静脉功能不全、淋巴回流障碍,以及钙通道阻滞剂、非甾体抗炎药、糖皮质激素等药物所致。单侧下肢肿痛要考虑深静脉血栓;妊娠期水肿伴头痛、视物改变或上腹痛要考虑子痫前期。现代的处理是查因、在监测下利尿、必要时穿刺引流,而不是峻下逐水。在已使用利尿剂/地高辛/糖皮质激素的情况下再加峻下之品,等于制造可能致命的钾钠波动;其后若纠正低钠过快,本身又有渗透性脱髓鞘的风险。 本库只列组成;不列用量、不列制法、不列服法,也不主张此方对任何疾病有效。

表里分消、泻下逐水;古典记为「水湿壅盛,遍身水肿,喘呼气急,二便不利」之证 · Releases the exterior and drains water from within at the same time; recorded for the classical presentation of water-damp flooding with generalised swelling, laboured breathing, and difficulty with both urine and stool

Shu Zao Yin Zi (Dredging and Channelling Drink) shū záo yǐn zǐ · 疏凿饮子

Composition 组成

  • Pokeweed root (shang lu)
  • alisma rhizome (ze xie)
  • adzuki bean (chi xiao dou)
  • Sichuan pepper seed (jiao mu)
  • akebia stem (mu tong)
  • poria skin (fu ling pi)
  • areca husk (da fu pi)
  • areca seed (bing lang)
  • fresh ginger peel (sheng jiang pi)
  • notopterygium rhizome (qiang huo)
  • large-leaf gentian root (qin jiao). Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 商陆、泽泻、赤小豆(炒)、椒目、木通、茯苓皮、大腹皮、槟榔、生姜皮、羌活、秦艽(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Jisheng Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Shu Zao Yin Zi comes from the Jisheng Fang, and the name is literal: dredging and channelling, the work the classical tradition attributes to Yu when he opened the nine rivers. The formula moves on two fronts at once. Notopterygium, large-leaf gentian and ginger peel release the exterior, while the diuretics and the purgatives drain downward. That double action is why the classical formularies group it apart from the purely downward prescriptions, and it is also why this entry has to say more about the identity of its ingredients than most entries do. Pokeweed root is toxic. Shang lu is Phytolacca, and the standing confusion between its root and roots sold as ginseng, or as so-called native ginseng, is a real and repeated cause of poisoning rather than a theoretical one; the root has also been mistaken for horseradish and for other edible roots. American pokeweed is naturalised in China and is the species named in a number of reported poisonings. The saponins it contains produce burning of the mouth and throat, vomiting and diarrhoea, and at larger exposures neurological and cardiovascular effects. The mu tong in the formula is a second problem of identity, and the more serious one. The name covers several different plants. Guan mu tong is the stem of Aristolochia manshuriensis and contains aristolochic acid, the cause of aristolochic acid nephropathy and of carcinoma of the urinary tract; it must never appear in any preparation. What is legitimate today is the akebia stem of the Akebia species, or the clematis stem sold as chuan mu tong. Anyone reading a list of ingredients from a classical formula needs to know that the name alone does not tell you which plant was in the bowl. Two smaller confusions belong in the same paragraph. Chi xiao dou, the adzuki bean of this formula, is not the decorative red-and-black seed sold as a love pea, Abrus precatorius, whose seeds contain abrin and are among the most poisonous seeds known; the two have been confused in markets. Jiao mu is the seed of the Sichuan pepper, not the pungent husk that goes into the kitchen. The rest of the list carries its ordinary burdens. Areca seed brings arecoline and the carcinogenicity finding attached to areca. Alisma is a diuretic with renal findings reported in animal work at high exposure, and with a potassium-losing effect that matters when a person is also taking diuretics, digoxin, corticosteroids or stimulant laxatives. Poria skin is the outer layer of a fungal sclerotium, not a plant root. And the presentation again belongs to modern diagnosis. Generalised swelling with laboured breathing and reduced urine output is cardiac, hepatic, renal, protein-losing or drug-induced until shown otherwise; in an older person who cannot lie flat it may be acute decompensated heart failure, which is managed in hours rather than in courses. This library records the composition and stops there: no amounts, no preparation, no instructions, no claim of effect.

疏凿饮子出自《济生方》,方名是字面意思:疏凿,如禹疏九河。此方两路并行 —— 羌活、秦艽、生姜皮从外而散,利水与逐水诸味从内而消。古典方书因此把它与纯下之剂分开;也正因为这个结构,本条在药味身份上要说得多一些。 商陆有毒。商陆是商陆属植物,其根与人参或所谓「土人参」之根的混淆是反复出现的真实中毒原因,不是理论上的可能;其根亦曾被误认作辣根与其他可食根类。美洲商陆(垂序商陆)已在中国归化,多起报道的中毒与它有关。其所含皂苷类可致口咽灼痛、呕吐、腹泻,量大时尚有神经与心血管方面的表现。 方中木通是第二个身份问题,也是更严重的一个。「木通」一名对应数种不同植物:关木通为马兜铃科东北马兜铃的藤茎,含马兜铃酸,是马兜铃酸肾病与尿路上皮癌的原因,任何制剂中都不应出现;今天合法可用的是木通科木通的藤茎,或毛茛科铁线莲属的川木通。读古典药味清单的人必须知道:名字本身不告诉你碗里是哪一种植物。 另两处混淆一并记下:方中赤小豆不是装饰用的红黑相间「相思子」(鸡母珠),后者含鸡母珠毒蛋白,是已知毒性最强的种子之一,市场上曾有误混;椒目是花椒的种子,不是厨房里用的那层辛香果皮。 其余诸味各有其负担:槟榔含槟榔碱并有上述致癌性判定;泽泻利尿,高暴露动物实验中有肾脏方面的发现,且丢钾的效应在同时服用利尿剂/地高辛/糖皮质激素/刺激性泻药时会叠加;茯苓皮是真菌菌核的外皮,不是植物的根。 处置顺序仍属今天。遍身水肿、喘呼、尿少,在查明之前分别属于心源性、肝源性、肾源性、蛋白丢失性或药物性;老年人出现夜间不能平卧者,可能是急性失代偿性心衰,那是以小时计的处理,不是按疗程的事。本库列组成即止:不列用量、不列制法、不列服法,也不主张疗效。

峻下逐水兼豁痰;古典记为「痰涎伏于胸膈」「颈项胸胁结核串痛」之证 · Drastic expulsion of phlegm-rheum; recorded for the classical presentations of rheum lodged in the chest and diaphragm, and of knotted swellings along the neck and migrating pain along the ribs and back

Kong Xian Dan (Rheum-Controlling Elixir; also called Miao Ying Wan and Zi Long Wan) kòng xián dān · 控涎丹

Composition 组成

  • Kansui root (gan sui)
  • Beijing euphorbia root (jing da ji)
  • and white mustard seed (bai jie zi)
  • made into pills. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 甘遂、紫大戟、白芥子
  • 为丸(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Kong Xian Dan comes from the Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun and is known by two other names as well, Miao Ying Wan and Zi Long Wan. Three ingredients: two of the three drastic hydragogues this library has already recorded under Shi Zao Tang, plus white mustard seed. The classical indication is rheum that has lodged, and the classical literature extends it to knotted swellings along the neck and to pain that travels along the ribs and the back. The word in the formula name is the one that carries the most weight. Xian is the thin, runny part of phlegm, and in the classical usage it covers what would today be separated into several different things: fluid in the pleural or peritoneal cavity, nodules under the skin, and the matted cervical lymph nodes that older texts call scrofula. A formula name that folds all of those into one word is a name from before the distinction existed, and the distinction matters now. Cervical nodes that persist, feel firm, are fixed rather than mobile, enlarge, or come with night sweats, weight loss or fever have to be investigated: tuberculosis, lymphoma, metastatic carcinoma, sarcoidosis and ordinary reactive nodes are all on that list. Tuberculosis of the neck remains common in much of the world, responds to proper treatment, and leaves damage without it. Nothing in a formula name written centuries ago separates these from one another. The two hydragogues are kansui root and Beijing euphorbia root: toxic, violent irritants to the gastrointestinal mucosa, opposed to liquorice root in the classical incompatibility literature, and described at greater length in the entry on Shi Zao Tang. White mustard seed is not in that order of danger but it is not inert. It is a mustard, and its glucosinolates are the reason mustard plasters raise blisters. Topical mustard preparations are documented to cause chemical burns and full-thickness skin injury, including in children treated with plasters left on too long, and deliberate blistering is still part of some seasonal plastering practices. Taking it by mouth and putting it on the skin are different magnitudes, and this library describes neither. What remains of the classical indication is fluid collections and lumps, and both belong to modern diagnosis first. Pleural effusion has a cause that imaging and thoracentesis will usually find. Ascites has a cause, and ascites from cirrhosis carries an additional hazard: spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, in which fever, abdominal pain or a change in mental state in someone known to have ascites is an emergency measured in hours. A lump in the neck has the differential set out above. This entry records the composition of a historical formula. It gives no amounts, no preparation, no instructions, and it makes no claim that the formula does anything for any of these conditions.

控涎丹出自《三因极一病证方论》,又名妙应丸、子龙丸。三味:本库十枣汤条中已著录的两味峻下逐水药,加白芥子。古典指征是痰饮留伏,古典文献并把颈项间的结块与胸胁背膂的串痛纳入其中。 方名里那个字是本条分量最重的地方。「涎」是痰之清稀者,在古典用法里覆盖了今天会被分成几类不同事物的一整片:胸膜腔或腹腔的积液、皮下的结节,以及旧籍所称「瘰疬」的颈部成串肿核。一个药名把这些并为一条,是区分尚未产生之时的命名;而这个区分今天很重要。持续存在、质硬、固定不移、逐渐增大,或伴盗汗、体重下降、发热的颈部淋巴结,必须查明:结核、淋巴瘤、转移癌、结节病与普通的反应性增生都在这份清单上。颈部结核在世界许多地区仍属常见,规范治疗可以奏效,不治则留下损伤。数百年前写下的方名,分不开这些。 两味峻下药是甘遂与大戟:有毒、对胃肠道黏膜刺激剧烈,在古典配伍禁忌中属「反甘草」之列,详见本库十枣汤条。白芥子不属同一危险量级,但并非无物:它是芥菜类种子,所含硫苷正是芥末膏发泡的原因。外用芥子制剂有造成化学灼伤与全层皮肤损伤的记载,包含家庭敷贴留置过久的儿童病例;刻意发泡在部分「冬病夏治」敷贴中仍在使用。内服与外用是两个量级,本库两者都不写。 古典指征剩下的是积液与肿块,两者今天都得先查明因。胸腔积液的病因通常可由影像与胸腔穿刺得到;腹水亦然,而肝硬化腹水另有一层危险:自发性细菌性腹膜炎 —— 已知有腹水者出现发热、腹痛或意识改变,是以小时计的急症。颈部肿块的鉴别即上段那份清单。 本条记录的是一首历史方剂的组成:不列用量、不列制法、不列服法,也不主张它对上述任一情况有效。

开窍剂·凉开;古典记为热闭神昏、痰热内闭之证(后世所称「凉开三宝」之一) · Cool-opening formula; one of the three classical cool-opening preparations, recorded for clouded spirit and internal block by heat and phlegm in febrile disease

Zhi Bao Dan (Greatest Treasure Elixir) zhì bǎo dān · 至宝丹

Composition 组成

  • Rhinoceros horn (today almost always replaced by water buffalo horn)
  • ox gallstone
  • musk
  • hawksbill turtle shell
  • amber
  • cinnabar
  • realgar
  • borneol
  • benzoin
  • gold leaf and silver leaf. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 犀角(今多以水牛角代)、牛黄、麝香、玳瑁、琥珀、朱砂、雄黄、龙脑(冰片)、安息香、金箔、银箔(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Zhi Bao Dan is recorded in the Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang, the Song-dynasty official formulary, and it belongs to a group that later texts call the three cool-opening treasures: An Gong Niu Huang Wan, Zi Xue, and this one. What the three share is not a disease. It is a state: a person who is not conscious in the way they should be, in the course of a febrile illness, and a classical reading that heat and phlegm have sealed the orifices and must be opened. That state has a modern name and a modern clock attached to it, and this entry has to start there. Altered consciousness is not a pattern a reader can sort at the bedside. It is a presentation with a differential: hypoglycaemia, hypoxia, sepsis, meningitis or encephalitis, stroke, seizure and the post-ictal state, head injury, metabolic encephalopathy from liver or kidney failure, intoxication or withdrawal from drugs and alcohol, carbon monoxide, thyroid storm, hyponatraemia. Several of these cause death or permanent injury within hours, and each has a specific treatment that works only if it is given early. Stroke in particular is measured in minutes: thrombolysis and thrombectomy have windows, and the window starts at onset, not at the point where someone decides which pattern this is. Sudden failure of speech, face or a limb is an emergency pathway, and nothing here delays it. There is a second reason not to put anything in that mouth. A person whose consciousness is impaired may have an impaired gag reflex. Anything given orally — pill, powder, dissolved tablet, liquid — can enter the airway instead of the oesophagus. Aspiration is a mechanical event, not a pharmacological one, and it does not care what the substance was. The composition carries its own weight of difficulty. Cinnabar is mercuric sulfide. Realgar is a sulfide of arsenic. Both are in the formula deliberately, and both are cumulative toxins for which no modern assessment supports long-term daily use. The original list also includes rhinoceros horn and hawksbill turtle shell. Rhinoceros horn trade has been prohibited in China since 1993; the hawksbill turtle is critically endangered and CITES-listed; both are routinely substituted in modern manufacture, the horn most often with water buffalo horn. Musk comes from a CITES-listed animal and is now frequently synthetic. Gold and silver leaf are formulation and cost questions rather than toxicological ones. Benzoin is a recognised contact allergen. This page is not a recommendation. The library records that this formula exists in the literature; it gives no dose, no preparation, no regimen, and makes no claim that it helps anything. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, liver or kidney impairment, and any anticoagulant, antiplatelet, antiepileptic or sedative medicine taken on medical advice each remove whatever room there was. If a preparation like this has been taken and there is vomiting, abdominal pain, tremor, numbness, confusion, or reduced urine output, treat it as an emergency and bring the original packaging.

至宝丹著录于《太平惠民和剂局方》,属后世所谓「凉开三宝」之一(安宫牛黄丸、紫雪、至宝丹)。三首共有的不是一种病,而是一种状态:热病过程中神志不应有地蒙蔽,古典的解释是热与痰闭阻清窍,方为开窍而设。 这个状态在今天有名字,也有时间尺度,本条必须先写这一层。意识改变不是读者可以在床边自行归类的证候,它是一串需要鉴别的情形:低血糖、缺氧、脓毒症、脑炎或脑膜炎、卒中、癫痫发作及其发作后状态、颅脑外伤、肝性或肾性脑病、药物与酒精的中毒或戒断、一氧化碳、甲亢危象、低钠血症。其中若干项在数小时内即可致死或造成永久损伤,且各有只在早期才有效的特异处理。卒中尤其以分钟计:溶栓与取栓有时间窗,起算点是发病时刻,而不是某人判断它是何证的时刻。突发的言语不清、面瘫或肢体无力走的是急救路径,本页不在这条路径上添任何延迟。 第二个不该经口给任何东西的理由:神志受损者的咽反射可能同时受损。丸、散、溶化后的片剂、汤液,都可能进入气道而不是食管。误吸是一个机械事件,不是药理事件,它不关心咽下去的是什么。 组成本身另有一层难度。朱砂是硫化汞,雄黄是砷的硫化物。两味都是有意入方的,两者都是蓄积性毒物,现代安全性评估给不出一个「安全的长期用量」。原方还列犀角与玳瑁:犀角贸易自 1993 年起在中国被禁止;玳瑁为极危物种并列入 CITES;现代生产多作替代,犀角常以水牛角代。麝香亦来自 CITES 所列物种,今多为人工麝香。金箔银箔作为金属是惰性的,属于制剂与成本问题而非毒性问题。安息香是已知的接触性过敏原。 本页不是建议。本库记录的是文献中有此方:不列用量、不列制法、不列服法,也不主张它对任何情况有益。妊娠、哺乳、儿童、老年、肝肾功能受损,以及正在使用抗凝/抗血小板/抗癫痫/镇静类处方药,任何一项都足以抹去残余的空间。若已服用此类制剂并出现呕吐、腹痛、震颤、麻木、意识改变或尿少,属急症:立即就医,并把原包装带上。

开窍剂·凉开;古典记为热盛动风、高热痉厥、神昏谵语之证(后世所称「凉开三宝」之一) · Cool-opening with heat-clearing and settling; recorded for high fever with convulsion and clouded spirit, one of the three classical cool-opening preparations

Zi Xue (Purple Snow) zǐ xuě · 紫雪

Composition 组成

  • Gold
  • gypsum
  • calcite
  • magnetite
  • talc
  • rhinoceros horn (today replaced by water buffalo horn)
  • antelope horn
  • scrophularia root
  • black cohosh rhizome
  • licorice root
  • clove
  • eagle wood
  • and aristolochia root as originally recorded (today usually replaced by costus-type wood)
  • musk
  • cinnabar
  • niter and Glauber's salt. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 黄金、石膏、寒水石、磁石、滑石、犀角(今多以水牛角代)、羚羊角、玄参、升麻、甘草、丁香、沉香、青木香(原方所记
  • 今多以木香类代之)、麝香、朱砂、硝石、芒硝(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Zi Xue is recorded in the Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang. It is one of the three cool-opening treasures, and it is the one whose classical ingredient list opens with gold. The list then runs through minerals — gypsum, calcite, magnetite, talc, niter, Glauber's salt — before it reaches aromatic and animal substances. The name, purple snow, is usually explained by the appearance of the finished powder. Taken together, the list is a fair picture of what a Song official formulary was willing to put into a preparation meant for a person who was burning with fever and no longer fully conscious. And that is the presentation: high fever with convulsion, delirium, clouded spirit. In a modern setting this is not a category that can be worked through at home. Fever with altered consciousness or with a seizure is a time-critical emergency. Meningitis and encephalitis kill on a timescale of hours, and the treatment that changes the outcome is given in the first hours, after lumbar puncture and imaging, not after a pattern has been assigned. Febrile seizure in a young child is common and usually benign, but that is a conclusion reached after the child has been seen, not before. Status epilepticus — a seizure that does not stop — is a neurological emergency in its own right. Two ingredients deserve to be named directly, because the modern record on them is not a matter of opinion. The classical list contains aristolochia root, a plant of the genus Aristolochia that contains aristolochic acid: a cause of aristolochic acid nephropathy and of urothelial carcinoma, and the reason aristolochic acid-containing herbs have been withdrawn or restricted in many countries. Modern manufacture commonly substitutes a costus-type wood instead. The library records here only that the original text lists the former; it does not endorse it. Cinnabar is mercuric sulfide, a cumulative toxin. Talc is a mineral for which asbestos contamination has been a standing quality concern in pharmaceutical use. Niter and Glauber's salt add a substantial mineral and electrolyte load — relevant in anyone with impaired renal function, and in children. The animal materials carry trade and species restrictions rather than only pharmacological ones: rhinoceros horn prohibited in China since 1993, antelope horn from the saiga antelope which is CITES-listed, musk from a CITES-listed animal now often synthetic. This page is not a recommendation. No dose, no preparation, no regimen, no claim of benefit. Pregnancy, children, older adults, renal or hepatic impairment, and concurrent anticonvulsant, sedative, diuretic or antihypertensive medication each remove the remaining room. If such a preparation has been taken and there is persistent vomiting, diarrhoea, tremor, confusion, or reduced urine output, treat it as an emergency and bring the packaging.

紫雪著录于《太平惠民和剂局方》,是「凉开三宝」中经典组成**首列黄金**的一首。其后是矿物一串:石膏、寒水石、磁石、滑石、硝石、芒硝,之后才到芳香与动物药。方名「紫雪」通常被解释为成粉后的色泽。整张清单大致就是一部宋代官修方书,为一位高热且神志已不清的人,愿意投进去的东西。 对应的证候是:高热、痉厥、谵语、神昏。在今天,这不是一个可以在家里自行推演的类别。发热伴意识改变或伴抽搐,属时间紧迫的急症;脑炎与脑膜炎的致死与致残以小时计,改变结局的处理在最初几小时内给予,前提是腰穿与影像,而不是先定一个证。幼儿热性惊厥常见且多为良性,但那是**看过之后**得出的结论,不是事前的前提。癫痫持续状态本身就是神经科急症。 两味要直接点名,因为现代记载不是见仁见智的问题。原方所记的**青木香**为马兜铃属植物,含马兜铃酸 —— 马兜铃酸肾病与尿路上皮癌的原因,也是多国禁用或限制含马兜铃酸药材的理由;现代生产多以木香类(云木香)代之。本库在此只记「原方如此记载」,不主张使用原方组成。朱砂是硫化汞,属蓄积性毒物。滑石是矿物,天然滑石的石棉伴生一直是药用质量上的争议点。硝石与芒硝带来可观的矿物与电解质负荷 —— 对肾功能受损者与儿童尤其相关。 动物药带来的不只是药理问题,还有物种与贸易限制:犀角贸易自 1993 年起在中国被禁止;羚羊角取自赛加羚羊,列入 CITES;麝香来自 CITES 所列物种,今多为人工麝香。 本页不是建议:不列用量、不列制法、不列服法,也不主张它对任何情况有益。妊娠、儿童、老年、肝肾功能受损,以及正在使用抗癫痫/镇静/利尿/降压类处方药,任何一项都足以抹去残余的空间。若已服用此类制剂并出现持续呕吐、腹泻、震颤、意识改变或尿少,属急症:立即就医,并把原包装带上。

开窍剂·温开;古典记为寒闭、气滞寒凝所致之突然昏闭(温开代表方) · Warm-opening formula; the representative preparation for opening by warmth, recorded for sudden clouding and collapse attributed to cold and congealed qi

Su He Xiang Wan (Storax Pill) sū hé xiāng wán · 苏合香丸

Composition 组成

  • Storax
  • musk
  • borneol
  • benzoin
  • aristolochia root as originally recorded (today usually replaced by costus-type wood)
  • cyperus rhizome
  • sandalwood
  • eagle wood
  • clove
  • long pepper
  • frankincense
  • white atractylodes rhizome
  • chebula fruit
  • cinnabar
  • and rhinoceros horn (today replaced by water buffalo horn). Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 苏合香油、麝香、龙脑(冰片)、安息香、青木香(原方所记
  • 今多以木香类代之)、香附、白檀香、沉香、丁香、荜茇、乳香、白术、诃子、朱砂、犀角(今多以水牛角代)(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Su He Xiang Wan is recorded in the Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang and it is the formula that gives the category warm-opening its content. Almost the entire prescription is aromatic, acrid and warm: storax, musk, borneol, benzoin, sandalwood, eagle wood, clove, long pepper, cyperus. The classical reading is that cold and congealed qi have closed the orifices, and that warmth and movement are what open them again. The entry has to say, before anything about warming or aromatics, what the presentation actually obliges. Sudden collapse or sudden loss of consciousness is, in modern terms, an undifferentiated emergency until it is differentiated. Syncope, seizure, hypoglycaemia, stroke, intracranial haemorrhage, pulmonary embolism, aortic dissection, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmia, sepsis, anaphylaxis, and poisoning all present as a person who has gone down or gone quiet. They are separated by examination, blood glucose, electrocardiography and imaging — not by whether the limbs are warm or the breath smells of something. The classical distinction between cool-opening and warm-opening is a distinction inside a tradition that had none of those tests; it is not a distinction a reader can make, and getting it backwards is not a neutral error, because a warm, circulation-stimulating preparation given to a person having a stroke is not the treatment a stroke needs. Warmth also has a mechanical consequence here. A person who has collapsed may have an impaired gag reflex, and the aromatics in this formula are given as pills or powders, often historically dissolved and poured in. Anything poured into a mouth that is not protecting its airway goes to the lungs. Aspiration is mechanical. It does not negotiate. On the ingredients: the classical list includes aristolochia root, genus Aristolochia, source of aristolochic acid — the cause of aristolochic acid nephropathy and urothelial carcinoma, and the reason these herbs are prohibited or restricted in many jurisdictions. Modern preparations generally use a costus-type wood instead; the library notes the original and does not endorse it. Cinnabar is mercuric sulfide, cumulative, with no established safe level for long-term use. Rhinoceros horn has been prohibited in China since 1993 and is routinely replaced by water buffalo horn; musk is from a CITES-listed animal and is often synthetic today. Benzoin is a recognised contact allergen; clove contains eugenol, which is hepatotoxic in overdose and is a known concern in young children; long pepper contains piperine, which inhibits several drug-metabolising enzymes and can raise the blood level of other medicines. Frankincense and myrrh-type resins are common causes of contact dermatitis. This page is not a recommendation. No dose, no preparation, no regimen, no claim of benefit. Pregnancy, children, older adults, hepatic or renal impairment, epilepsy, cardiovascular disease, and any anticoagulant, antiplatelet, antihypertensive, antidiabetic or sedative medicine taken on medical advice each remove the remaining room. If a preparation like this has been taken and there is vomiting, abdominal pain, tremor, confusion, difficulty breathing, or reduced urine output, treat it as an emergency and bring the packaging.

苏合香丸著录于《太平惠民和剂局方》,是「温开」这一类得以成立的那一首方。全方几乎都是芳香辛温之品:苏合香、麝香、冰片、安息香、白檀香、沉香、丁香、荜茇、香附。古典的解释是寒与气凝闭阻清窍,以温与行开之。 在谈温与芳香之前,本条必须先说这个证候在今天意味着什么义务。突然昏倒或突然意识丧失,在现代是**未经分诊的急症**,直到被分诊为止:晕厥、癫痫、低血糖、卒中、颅内出血、肺栓塞、主动脉夹层、心肌梗死、心律失常、脓毒症、过敏性休克、中毒,都可以表现为一个人倒下去或静下去。区分它们靠查体、血糖、心电图与影像,而不是靠四肢是温是凉、口气是什么味。古典里「凉开」与「温开」之分,是在一个没有上述检查的传统内部作出的区分;读者无法据此判断,而判断反了不是中性的错误 —— 给一位卒中者投温通走窜之品,并不是卒中需要的处理。 「温」在这里还有一个机械后果。昏倒者的咽反射可能同时受损,而此方是丸散,历史上常被溶化后灌入。灌进一个不能保护自己气道的口腔,液体去的是肺。误吸是机械事件,它不谈判。 关于组成:原方所记**青木香**为马兜铃属植物,含马兜铃酸 —— 马兜铃酸肾病与尿路上皮癌的原因,也是多法域禁用或限制该类药材的理由;现代制剂多以木香类(云木香)代之,本库记原方之旧,不主张使用原方组成。朱砂是硫化汞,蓄积性毒物,没有确立的安全长期用量。犀角贸易自 1993 年起在中国被禁止,今多以水牛角代;麝香来自 CITES 所列物种,今多为人工麝香。安息香是已知的接触性过敏原;丁香含丁香酚,过量有肝毒性,对幼儿尤须谨慎;荜茇含胡椒碱,可抑制若干药物代谢酶,从而抬高同服药物的血药浓度;乳香一类树脂是接触性皮炎的常见原因。 本页不是建议:不列用量、不列制法、不列服法,也不主张它对任何情况有益。妊娠、儿童、老年、肝肾功能受损、癫痫、心血管疾病,以及正在使用抗凝/抗血小板/降压/降糖/镇静类处方药,任何一项都足以抹去残余的空间。若已服用此类制剂并出现呕吐、腹痛、震颤、意识改变、呼吸困难或尿少,属急症:立即就医,并把原包装带上。

开窍剂·凉开(兼清心开窍、益气养血);古典记为心气不足、痰热上扰之神昏、语謇、烦乱 · Cool-opening combined with clearing and supplementing; recorded for clouded spirit with deficient and harassed heart, one of the formulas attributed to the Song official formulary

Niu Huang Qing Xin Wan (Bovine Bezoar Heart-Clearing Pill) niú huáng qīng xīn wán · 牛黄清心丸

Composition 组成

  • Ox gallstone
  • musk
  • borneol
  • antelope horn
  • rhinoceros horn (today replaced by water buffalo horn)
  • cinnabar
  • realgar
  • scutellaria root
  • chinese angelica root
  • white peony root
  • sichuan lovage rhizome
  • ginseng
  • white atractylodes rhizome
  • poria
  • licorice
  • chinese yam
  • cinnamon bark
  • dried ginger
  • ophiopogon tuber
  • donkey-hide gelatin
  • apricot seed
  • platycodon root
  • saposhnikovia root
  • bupleurum root
  • ampelopsis root
  • cattail pollen
  • medicated leaven
  • dried soybean sprout
  • jujube
  • and gold leaf. Quantities are not listed here. A separate
  • much shorter formula circulating under the same name in later materia medica texts contains only six ingredients
  • the two are not interchangeable.

组成

  • 牛黄、麝香、龙脑(冰片)、羚羊角、犀角(今多以水牛角代)、朱砂、雄黄、黄芩、当归、白芍、川芎、人参、白术、茯苓、甘草、山药、肉桂、干姜、麦冬、阿胶、杏仁、桔梗、防风、柴胡、白蔹、蒲黄、神曲、大豆黄卷、大枣、金箔(本库不列用量)。后世方书中另有同名的六味简方
  • 组成不同
  • 二者不可互替。
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Niu Huang Qing Xin Wan is recorded in the Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang, and it is the most complicated of the formulas in this batch: roughly thirty ingredients, arranged so that clearing and opening sit alongside supplementing and warming. Ox gallstone, musk, borneol, antelope horn and cinnabar on one side; ginseng, atractylodes, poria, licorice, chinese yam, donkey-hide gelatin, jujube on the other; cinnamon bark and dried ginger warming underneath. It is worth saying plainly that a later, much shorter formula under the same name — six ingredients — circulates in other formularies. The library records that the two exist and are not interchangeable; it does not adjudicate between them. The indication is clouded spirit, confused speech, agitation. The modern obligation is the same as for the rest of this batch, and it comes first: altered consciousness is a presentation, not a diagnosis. Hypoglycaemia, hypoxia, sepsis, meningitis and encephalitis, stroke, seizure and post-ictal state, head injury, metabolic encephalopathy from liver or kidney failure, drug and alcohol effects, carbon monoxide, thyroid storm, hyponatraemia. New-onset confusional states in older people very often have an ordinary cause behind them — infection, urinary retention, pain, medication, constipation, dehydration — and that cause is found by examination and a few tests, not by reading a formula. Stroke is measured in minutes. Sudden speech difficulty, facial droop or limb weakness is an emergency pathway, and nothing on this page belongs on it. A mouth that cannot protect its airway should not receive anything by mouth. That is mechanics, not pharmacology. Then the constituents. Cinnabar is mercuric sulfide; realgar is a sulfide of arsenic. Two heavy metals in one pill, both cumulative, neither with an established safe level for long-term use — and this is a formula that has historically been taken repeatedly, sometimes daily, by older people for extended periods. That combination is the reason the safety note here is longer than the efficacy note. Rhinoceros horn trade has been prohibited in China since 1993 and it is now routinely substituted with water buffalo horn; antelope horn comes from the CITES-listed saiga antelope; musk is from a CITES-listed animal and is often synthetic. The supplementing half has its own interactions. Ginseng's reported interaction with warfarin is mixed and the library reports it as mixed rather than as safe. Donkey-hide gelatin is an animal product and its authenticity and chromium contamination have been reported as problems; apricot seed contains amygdalin, which can release cyanide, and that is why pharmacopoeial processing matters and why it is not a food. Licorice in sustained amounts causes pseudohyperaldosteronism — hypertension, oedema, hypokalaemia — and that risk rises together with diuretics, digoxin and corticosteroids. Cinnamon contains coumarin. Cattail pollen is the same drug that is used raw and charred in opposite directions elsewhere in this library; the form matters. This page is not a recommendation. No dose, no preparation, no regimen, no claim of benefit. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, hepatic or renal impairment, hypertension, and any anticoagulant, antiplatelet, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, sedative or antiepileptic medicine taken on medical advice each remove the remaining room. If a preparation like this has been taken and there is vomiting, abdominal pain, tremor, numbness, confusion, or reduced urine output, treat it as an emergency and bring the packaging.

牛黄清心丸著录于《太平惠民和剂局方》,是本批四首中组成最繁的一首(约三十味):清心开窍与益气养血同处一方 —— 牛黄、麝香、冰片、羚羊角、朱砂在一边,人参、白术、茯苓、甘草、山药、阿胶、大枣在另一边,底下还有肉桂、干姜之温。需要明说一句:后世方书中另有同名的六味简方,组成不同,二者不可互替;本库记其并存,不裁决优劣。 所主为神昏、语謇、心中烦乱。今天的义务与本批其余三首相同,且要写在前面:意识改变是一个**表现**,不是一个诊断。低血糖、缺氧、脓毒症、脑炎脑膜炎、卒中、癫痫发作及发作后状态、颅脑外伤、肝性或肾性脑病、药物与酒精、一氧化碳、甲亢危象、低钠血症,都在名单上。老年新发的谵妄状态背后极常见的是一些很普通的原因:感染、尿潴留、疼痛、药物、便秘、脱水 —— 那是靠查体和几项检查找出来的,不是靠读一首方。卒中仍以分钟计:突发的言语不清、口角歪斜或肢体无力走急救路径,本页不属于这条路径。 不能保护自己气道的口腔,不应经口给任何东西。这是机制,不是药理。 然后是组成。朱砂是硫化汞,雄黄是砷的硫化物 —— 一丸之中有两种重金属,均为蓄积性,均无确立的安全长期用量;而这首方在历史上恰恰被长期、有时是每日服用,对象又常常是老年人。本条的安全篇幅长于功效篇幅,原因就在这里。犀角贸易自 1993 年起在中国被禁止,今多以水牛角代;羚羊角取自列入 CITES 的赛加羚羊;麝香来自 CITES 所列物种,今多为人工麝香。 补益的一半另有相互作用要写:人参与华法林的证据是混杂的,本库写混杂而不写安全;阿胶是动物制品,掺伪与铬污染的报告都在;杏仁含苦杏仁苷,可释放氰化物,故药典炮制要紧,且它不当食物;甘草久服致假性醛固酮增多症(高血压、水肿、低钾),与利尿剂/地高辛/糖皮质激素同用时风险叠加;肉桂含香豆素;蒲黄与本站别处所记相同 —— 生用与炒炭方向相反,用哪一种是实质差别。 本页不是建议:不列用量、不列制法、不列服法,也不主张它对任何情况有益。妊娠、哺乳、儿童、老年、肝肾功能受损、高血压,以及正在使用抗凝/抗血小板/降压/降糖/镇静/抗癫痫类处方药,任何一项都足以抹去残余的空间。若已服用此类制剂并出现呕吐、腹痛、震颤、麻木、意识改变或尿少,属急症:立即就医,并把原包装带上。

祛暑剂·解表祛暑;古典记为夏月伤于寒湿之「阴暑」——恶寒发热、无汗、头重身痛、腹痛吐泻(后世又称三物香薷饮) · Summerheat-dispelling formula; the representative preparation for yin summerheat, recorded for aversion to cold and fever without sweating in summer, heaviness of the head and body, and abdominal pain with vomiting and diarrhoea

Xiang Ru San (Elsholtzia Powder) xiāng rú sǎn · 香薷散

Composition 组成

  • Elsholtzia or Mosla herb (xiang ru)
  • lablab bean (bai bian dou)
  • lightly dry-fried as the classical text specifies
  • and magnolia bark (hou po) with the rough outer bark removed and roasted with ginger juice. Three ingredients in all. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 香薷(去土)、白扁豆(微炒)、厚朴(去粗皮
  • 姜汁炙)。共三味(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Xiang Ru San is recorded in the Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang, the Song-dynasty official formulary, and it has three ingredients. It is the formula a reader is most likely to misunderstand, because the category it belongs to is named after summer heat while the state it is recorded for is, in modern terms, a summer cold. The classical picture is this: in the hottest part of the year a person sleeps in the open, sits in a draught, bathes in cold water, or drinks iced things to excess — and then develops aversion to cold, fever, no sweating, a head that feels bound, aching limbs, and abdominal pain with vomiting and loose stool. Classical authors separated this from what they called yang summerheat and gave it the name yin summerheat. The distinction is not academic: one is exposure to heat, the other is exposure to cold during hot weather. Later texts called this herb the ephedra of summer, and that single phrase says what the formula does — it promotes sweating. It is the wrong direction for a person who is overheating, and the classical tradition knew that, which is why it placed the formula on the cold side of the pair. That matters because the modern reader who arrives here is most likely looking for something to give someone who has collapsed in the heat. Heat stroke is a different event entirely. It is a core body temperature above 40°C with disturbed brain function — confusion, strange behaviour, loss of consciousness, seizures — and it kills or causes permanent organ damage within hours. The window is measured in minutes, and the treatment is rapid cooling, ideally cold-water immersion, with emergency transport started at the same time. Sweating induction has no part in it. Anyone with hot skin and altered mental state in the heat is on an emergency pathway, and this page is not on that pathway. The second thing worth being plain about is the vomiting and diarrhoea. In an emergency department, abdominal pain with vomiting and diarrhoea in summer is worked through as a differential: acute appendicitis, food poisoning, bacterial or viral gastroenteritis, and in the right setting cholera and dysentery. Rehydration is the treatment that matters. Blood in the stool, high fever, signs of dehydration, or any change in consciousness turn this into an emergency. Classical texts paired this formula with rest and thin gruel afterwards; they did not send the person back out into the heat. The three ingredients each carry a real note. The herb's volatile oil is dominated by phenolic compounds of the carvacrol and thymol type, which are irritant to skin and mucous membranes. The lablab bean in its raw state contains saponins, lectins and trypsin-inhibitor type antinutritional factors, and eating it uncooked can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea — which is precisely why the classical text specifies that it be lightly dry-fried. Magnolia bark is the bark of a Magnolia species; magnolol and honokiol have sedative and muscle-relaxant effects in animal studies, so an additive effect with sedative medication is at least plausible, and wild magnolia is a protected resource in China with commercial supply coming from cultivation. This library does not endorse wild-sourced material. This page is not a recommendation. It records that the formula exists in the literature. No quantity, no preparation, no regimen, and no claim that it helps anything. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, impaired liver or kidney function, and any sedative, diuretic, antihypertensive or anticoagulant medicine taken on medical advice each remove what room there was. If a preparation like this has been taken and there is persistent vomiting, abdominal pain that is localising, tremor, confusion, or reduced urine output, treat it as an emergency and bring the packaging.

香薷散著录于《太平惠民和剂局方》,全方三味。它是本库最容易被误读的一首 —— 因为它所属的类别以「暑」为名,而它所对应的情形,用今天的话说,是**夏天的一场感冒**。 古典的画面是这样:一年中最热的时候,人露天而卧、当风而坐、冷水洗浴、或过食冰冷,随后恶寒发热、无汗、头重如裹、肢体酸痛、腹痛吐泻。古典作者把它与「阳暑」分开,命名为「阴暑」。这个区分不是文字游戏:一种是受热,一种是在热天里受寒。后世把香薷称作「夏月麻黄」,这一句话就说明了这首方在做什么 —— 它发汗。对一个正在体温失控的人来说,方向是反的;而古典传统对此是清楚的,所以它把这首方放在了这一对里属寒的那一侧。 这一点要写清楚,因为读到这里的现代读者,多半是在找「有人热倒了该给什么」。热射病完全是另一件事:核心体温超过 40℃ 并伴中枢功能异常 —— 意识改变、行为异常、昏迷、抽搐 —— 在数小时内致死或造成永久器官损伤。时间窗以分钟计,处理是快速降温(最好是冷水浸泡),同时启动转运。发汗不在其中。皮肤灼热伴意识改变的人走的是急救路径,本页不在这条路径上。 第二件要直说的是吐泻。在急诊里,夏季的腹痛伴吐泻是要逐一鉴别的:急性阑尾炎、食物中毒、细菌性或病毒性胃肠炎,在特定地区还有霍乱与痢疾。真正要紧的处理是补液。血便、高热、脱水征象、或任何意识改变,都使它转为急症。古典文献在这首方之后给的是休息与糜粥自养,而不是让人回到日头底下。 三味药各自都有一条实在的注脚。香薷的挥发油以香荆芥酚(carvacrol)与百里香酚(thymol)一类酚性成分为主,这类成分对皮肤与黏膜有刺激性。白扁豆生品含皂苷、凝集素与胰蛋白酶抑制剂等抗营养因子,生食可致恶心、呕吐与腹泻 —— 这正是原方注明「微炒」的原因。厚朴是木兰属树皮,和厚朴酚与厚朴酚在动物实验中显示镇静与肌松作用,与镇静类药物叠加至少是可能的;野生厚朴在国内属受保护资源,商品以栽培为主,本库不主张使用野生来源。 本页不是建议。本库记录的是文献中有此方:不列用量、不列制法、不列服法,也不主张它对任何情况有益。妊娠、哺乳、儿童、老年、肝肾功能受损,以及正在使用镇静/利尿/降压/抗凝类处方药,任何一项都足以抹去残余的空间。若已服用此类制剂并出现持续呕吐、逐渐固定的腹痛、震颤、意识改变或尿少,属急症:立即就医,并把原包装带上。

祛暑剂·祛暑解表(辛温合辛凉);古典记为暑温初起、恶寒发热无汗而兼口渴面赤、脉右大——形似伤寒而实非伤寒 · Summerheat-dispelling formula; augments the classical three-herb powder with cool and aromatic flowers, recorded for early-stage summerheat warmth with aversion to cold and fever without sweating together with thirst and a flushed face

Xin Jia Xiang Ru Yin (Newly Augmented Elsholtzia Drink) xīn jiā xiāng rú yǐn · 新加香薷饮

Composition 组成

  • Elsholtzia or Mosla herb (xiang ru)
  • honeysuckle flower (jin yin hua)
  • fresh lablab flower (xian bian dou hua)
  • magnolia bark (hou po)
  • and forsythia fruit (lian qiao). Five ingredients. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 香薷、金银花、鲜扁豆花、厚朴、连翘。共五味(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Wenbing Tiaobian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Xin Jia Xiang Ru Yin is recorded in the Wenbing Tiaobian of Wu Jutong, and its name says what it is: the old Xiang Ru preparation with something newly added. Where the Song formulary's powder held three ingredients — the acrid-warm herb, the bean and the magnolia bark — this one keeps the herb and the bark and replaces the bean with fresh lablab flower, then adds honeysuckle flower and forsythia fruit. It is a warm-acrid pair with three cool ones. That combination is the interesting part, and it is also the part a reader is likely to read backwards. Someone who arrives at a category named for summer heat expects cooling. What the classical indication actually describes is a person with aversion to cold and fever and no sweating — the cold side — who at the same time is thirsty with a flushed face — the heat side. Wu Jutong wrote at length about exactly this kind of presentation, because it looks like a cold damage pattern and is not one, and because a physician who treated only the chills with warm-acrid herbs would drive the heat further in. The warm half is here to open the surface; the cool half is here to meet the heat that is already present. Neither half makes sense without the other, and the formula is a record of a tradition arguing with itself about which error is worse. What it is not is a treatment for heat stroke. It is worth repeating here because the category name invites the mistake. Heat stroke is a core temperature above 40°C with disturbed brain function; it is treated by rapid cooling and emergency transport, on a timescale of minutes, and a person with hot skin and altered mental state in the heat belongs on that pathway, not in a pattern. The classical indication for this formula is a febrile illness at its beginning in a person who is still fully conscious. Three of the five ingredients need a note. Jin yin hua is the flower of Lonicera japonica. It has a namesake that is a different plant: shan yin hua comes from other Lonicera species, has a different saponin profile, and has been associated with adverse reaction reports around injectable preparations. This library does not treat the two as interchangeable. Honeysuckle flower itself is credited with a low order of toxicity, but allergic reactions including contact dermatitis and urticaria have been reported, and it is one of the most common botanical ingredients in proprietary products, so it is worth asking what else is in the box. Forsythia fruit is generally well tolerated and can upset the stomach. Magnolia bark carries the sedative and muscle-relaxant signal from magnolol and honokiol, so an additive effect with sedative medication is at least plausible; wild magnolia is protected in China and commercial supply comes from cultivation. Fresh lablab flower is a flower rather than the bean, but it is the same species, and fresh plant material spoils and carries microbial and residue questions that dried material does not. This page is not a recommendation. No quantity, no preparation, no regimen, no claim of benefit. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, impaired liver or kidney function, and any sedative, antipyretic, diuretic or anticoagulant medicine taken on medical advice each remove the room. If a preparation like this has been taken and there is persistent vomiting, localising abdominal pain, rash with swelling or breathing difficulty, tremor, or confusion, treat it as an emergency and bring the packaging.

新加香薷饮著录于吴鞠通《温病条辨》,方名已经说明了它是什么:在旧的香薷散之上「新加」。宋代方书的三物香薷散是辛温的香薷、扁豆与厚朴;这一首保留香薷与厚朴,把扁豆换成**鲜扁豆花**,再加金银花与连翘。辛温两味配辛凉三味。 这个组合才是值得看的地方,也正是读者最容易读反的地方。看到「祛暑」二字,人预期的是清凉。而古典主治描述的是一个**同时具备两侧**的人:恶寒发热、无汗(寒的一侧),同时口渴、面赤(热的一侧)。吴鞠通对这类表现论述极多,正因为它形似伤寒而实非伤寒 —— 只看到恶寒而专用辛温,会把热往里赶。方中温的一半负责开表,凉的一半负责迎接已经在里的热;少了哪一半都不成其为这首方。它是一份记录:一个传统在内部争论,哪一种错误更不可原谅。 它不是治热射病的方。这一点在本条仍需重述,因为类别名本身就在引人犯错。热射病是核心体温超过 40℃ 伴中枢功能异常,处理是快速降温与转运,时间以分钟计;皮肤灼热伴意识改变的人属于那条急救路径,而不是一个待辨的证。本方的古典主治是热病初起、神志仍清之人。 五味里有三味需要注脚。**金银花**是忍冬(Lonicera japonica)的花,它有一个同名而异物的对照:**山银花**来自忍冬属的另一些植物,成分谱不同,且曾与注射剂的不良反应报告相关;本库不认为二者可以互换。金银花本身一般认为毒性低,但接触性皮炎与荨麻疹一类过敏反应有报告,而且它是最常见的成药成分之一,所以值得问一句盒子里还有什么。**连翘**一般耐受良好,可引起胃肠不适。**厚朴**沿上条的注脚:和厚朴酚与厚朴酚的镇静与肌松信号,与镇静类药物叠加至少是可能的;野生厚朴在国内受保护,商品来自栽培。**鲜扁豆花**虽是花不是豆,却是同种植物的花,且鲜品会腐败,并有干品所没有的微生物与残留问题。 本页不是建议:不列用量、不列制法、不列服法,也不主张它对任何情况有益。妊娠、哺乳、儿童、老年、肝肾功能受损,以及正在使用镇静/解热/利尿/抗凝类处方药,任何一项都足以抹去空间。若已服用此类制剂并出现持续呕吐、逐渐固定的腹痛、伴肿胀或呼吸困难的皮疹、震颤或意识改变,属急症:立即就医,并把原包装带上。

祛暑剂·清透暑热余邪;古典记为暑温发汗后余邪未解,或暑伤肺络之轻证——头目不清、微渴、微咳 · Summerheat-dispelling formula; a light aromatic preparation of fresh ingredients, recorded for residual summerheat after sweating has been induced, or for the light pattern of summerheat injuring the lung network — muddled head, slight thirst, slight cough

Qing Luo Yin (Network-Clearing Drink) qīng luò yǐn · 清络饮

Composition 组成

  • Fresh lotus leaf edge (xian he ye bian)
  • fresh honeysuckle flower (xian jin yin hua)
  • watermelon rind (xi gua cui yi)
  • fresh lablab flower (xian bian dou hua)
  • luffa skin (si gua pi)
  • and fresh bamboo leaf shoot (xian zhu ye xin). Six ingredients
  • most of them specified fresh. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 鲜荷叶边、鲜金银花、西瓜翠衣、鲜扁豆花、丝瓜皮、鲜竹叶心。共六味
  • 多以鲜品入药(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Wenbing Tiaobian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Qing Luo Yin is recorded in the Wenbing Tiaobian, and it is the mildest thing in this category. Six ingredients, and what strikes a modern reader first is that most of them are kitchen items: the edge of a lotus leaf, honeysuckle flower, the green rind of a watermelon, lablab flower, the skin of a mature luffa, and the shoot of a bamboo leaf. That is worth saying plainly, because it is easy to assume that a classical pharmacopoeia is made of exotic substances. Much of it is not. It is made of what grew outside the door. The name says what it is for. Luo is the network of collaterals, the fine branching vessels between the main channels, and to clear the network is to reach something that is neither in the exterior nor deep in the interior but lodged in between. The classical indication is correspondingly modest: after sweating has been induced for a summerheat illness and the main fever has gone, some of the evil remains, and what remains shows as a head that is not quite clear, a slight thirst, a slight cough, without the high fever or the distress of the acute stage. Classical authors also used it for what they called summerheat injuring the lung network. It is a formula for the tail of an illness, not for its beginning, and certainly not for its emergency. Two honest limits belong here. The first is that the text specifies fresh material for most of the six, and fresh is not the same as dried: the aromatic fraction that the formula depends on is the fraction that drying loses. This library records that the classical composition uses fresh material and does not claim that a dried version is equivalent. The second is that fresh plant material carries its own problems that dried material does not — spoilage, microbial growth, and whatever was sprayed on the plant. Three of the six need naming. Lotus leaf contains nuciferine and related alkaloids, and there is a large commercial market in lotus-leaf products sold for weight loss; this library makes no claim about body weight or blood lipids, and it notes that products sold for those purposes have repeatedly been found adulterated with pharmaceutical substances in various countries. The watermelon rind is the green outer peel of the fruit, a food item, and the luffa skin comes from a mature luffa — the same fruit that yields the fibrous loofah used as a sponge, but a different part of it. The bamboo leaf shoot is the young leaf of a bamboo; it is not the same plant as the commonly used dan zhu ye, which is Lophatherum gracile, and the two are not interchangeable. Honeysuckle flower is the flower of Lonicera japonica and is not the same as shan yin hua from other Lonicera species. The one thing to carry away from this entry is a caution rather than a remedy. Six mild ingredients invite the assumption that the state they are recorded for can be assessed at home — a muddled head and a slight cough. A cough that lasts more than eight weeks needs to be worked up rather than treated, and that work-up includes tuberculosis, bronchiectasis and lung cancer. A head that is not clear after a febrile illness, especially with neck stiffness, photophobia or vomiting, is a reason to be seen, not a reason to make a tea. This page records that the formula exists in the literature. No quantity, no preparation, no regimen, and no claim that it helps anything. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults and impaired kidney function each remove what room there was.

清络饮著录于《温病条辨》,是本库这一类别中最轻的一首。六味药,现代读者第一眼会注意到的,是其中多半是厨房里的东西:荷叶边、金银花、西瓜翠衣(西瓜的青色外皮)、扁豆花、老丝瓜的皮、竹子的嫩叶。这一点值得直说,因为人容易假定一部古典本草里都是珍奇怪物。并非如此,它大部分是门口长出来的东西。 方名说明了它治什么。「络」是络脉,是在主要通道之间细分支的网络;「清络」是到达一个既不在表、也不深入在里、而卡在其间的东西。古典主治相应地很轻:暑温已经发过汗、大热已退,余邪未净,表现为头目不清、微渴、微咳,没有急性期的高热与烦躁。古典作者也用它治所谓「暑伤肺络」。这是一首治病之尾的方,不是治病之始的方,更不是急症之方。 这里有两条诚实的限制。第一:原方六味中多数注明用**鲜品**,而鲜不等同于干 —— 本方所依赖的芳香气,正是干燥会失去的那一部分。本库记录「古典组成用鲜品」,不主张干品等效。第二:鲜品带着干品没有的问题 —— 腐败、微生物滋生,以及植株上被喷洒过的东西。 六味中有三味需要点名。**荷叶**含荷叶碱等生物碱;市面上有大量以「荷叶」名义售出的减重产品,本库对体重与血脂不作任何主张,并需指出:此类产品在多国被反复检出掺有化学药物成分。**西瓜翠衣**是西瓜的青色外层果皮,属食物;**丝瓜皮**取自老熟丝瓜 —— 与用作海绵的丝瓜络同一果实而不同部位。**竹叶心**是竹的嫩叶,与常用的**淡竹叶**(Lophatherum gracile)是两种不同植物,不可互换。**金银花**是忍冬的花,与来自忍冬属其他植物的山银花不是一物。 读完本条要带走的不是一味药,而是一句提醒。六味都很平和,容易让人以为它所主治的状态可以自己在家判断 —— 头目不清、微咳而已。但持续八周以上的咳嗽是需要检查而不是处理的,检查范围包括结核、支气管扩张与肺癌。热病之后头目不清,尤其伴颈项强直、畏光或呕吐,是去就诊的理由,不是煮一壶茶的理由。本页记录的是文献中有此方:不列用量、不列制法、不列服法,也不主张它对任何情况有益。妊娠、哺乳、儿童、老年、肾功能受损,任何一项都足以抹去空间。

和解剂·调和肝脾;古典记为「痛泻」——腹痛即泻、泻后痛减,传统解释是肝旺乘脾(泻责之脾,痛责之肝) · Harmonising formula; recorded for diarrhoea with abdominal pain in which the pain eases once the stool has passed, classically explained as liver overacting on spleen

Tong Xie Yao Fang (Important Formula for Painful Diarrhoea) tòng xiè yào fāng · 痛泻要方

Composition 组成

  • White atractylodes rhizome (bai zhu)
  • dry-fried
  • white peony root (bai shao)
  • dry-fried
  • aged tangerine peel (chen pi)
  • dry-fried
  • saposhnikovia root (fang feng). Four ingredients in all. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 炒白术、炒白芍、炒陈皮、防风。共四味(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Danxi Xinfa · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Tong Xie Yao Fang is a four-ingredient formula attributed to the Danxi Xinfa, and the name is unusually honest: it names the symptom pair it is recorded for, diarrhoea that comes with abdominal pain, rather than a disease. The classical explanation is compact and worth quoting in substance — the diarrhoea is attributed to the spleen, the pain to the liver, and the pattern is read as liver overacting on spleen. What makes the formula interesting to a modern reader is that the pair of symptoms it describes now sits inside a very large differential. Chronic or recurrent diarrhoea today is worked through rather than named. Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea is one end of it. The rest includes bile acid diarrhoea, microscopic colitis, coeliac disease, lactose and fructose malabsorption, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, thyroid disease, diabetic autonomic neuropathy, inflammatory bowel disease, drug effects — metformin, proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics, magnesium-containing antacids, and immune checkpoint inhibitors among them — and, at the other end, colorectal cancer. The features that push a person from the first group towards investigation rather than reassurance are not subtle: blood in the stool, diarrhoea that wakes a person from sleep, unintentional weight loss, fever, iron-deficiency anaemia, or a new change in bowel habit beginning after the age at which screening starts. Nocturnal diarrhoea in particular is treated as a marker of organic rather than functional disease. It is also fair to say what has and has not been shown. Preparations in this line have been studied in small clinical trials for diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, and some report improvement. The trials are generally small, often unblinded or poorly described, and their results do not amount to established benefit. This library records that the formula exists in the literature and that the research is not conclusive. It makes no claim that it helps anything. Each ingredient carries a real note. Atractylodes rhizome is used here dry-fried rather than raw; the two are not treated as the same material in the classical literature, and the processed form is what the formula names. White peony root is the barked, boiled and dried root of Paeonia lactiflora; it is a different material from red peony root, and the two are not interchangeable even though both are peony. Peony also appears in the classical incompatibility list against Veratrum. Tangerine peel is citrus peel stored for at least a year before use, and stored peel of this kind has been reported to carry mould and mycotoxin contamination when kept badly. Saposhnikovia root is an apiaceous root; the family is associated with furanocoumarin photosensitivity in some of its members, and root of this kind has a history of being substituted with other apiaceous roots, so what the label says and what is in the packet are not always the same thing. This page is not a recommendation. No quantity, no preparation, no regimen, no claim. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, older adults, impaired liver or kidney function, and any anticoagulant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, diuretic or immunosuppressant medicine taken on medical advice each remove what room there was. Blood in the stool, weight loss, fever, night waking, or anaemia are investigated rather than treated with a formula.

痛泻要方著录于《丹溪心法》,全方四味。它的方名异常老实 —— 它直接写明了自己对应的那一对症状(痛与泻),而不是一个病名。古典的解释很紧凑,值得一说:**泻责之脾,痛责之肝**,病机读成肝旺乘脾。而对今天的读者来说,这首方有意思的地方恰恰在于:它描述的那一对症状,如今落在一个很大的鉴别范围里。 慢性或反复的腹泻,今天是要逐一排查而不是直接命名的。腹泻型肠易激综合征只是其中一端。其余包括:胆汁酸性腹泻、显微镜下结肠炎、乳糜泻、乳糖与果糖吸收不良、小肠细菌过度生长、胰腺外分泌功能不全、甲状腺疾病、糖尿病自主神经病变、炎症性肠病、药物因素(二甲双胍、质子泵抑制剂、抗生素、含镁抗酸剂,以及免疫检查点抑制剂等),另一个极端是结直肠癌。把一个人从「可以解释观察」推向「应当检查」的那些特征并不隐晦:**便血、夜间腹泻把人从睡眠中唤醒、非自愿的体重下降、发热、缺铁性贫血、以及在筛查起始年龄之后新出现的排便习惯改变**。其中夜间腹泻尤其被视为器质性而非功能性疾病的标记。 也该如实说明:这一路制剂在腹泻型肠易激综合征上做过小规模临床研究,部分报告有改善。这些研究普遍样本小、多为未设盲或方法学描述不充分,其结果的证据强度不足以构成已确立的获益。本库记录的是文献中有此方,以及研究尚无定论 —— 不主张它对任何情况有益。 四味药各自都有一条实在的注脚。白术此处用的是炒制品而非生品,古典文献并不把两者当作同一物,方中写明的就是炮制品。白芍是芍药栽培品去外皮、煮后干燥的根,与赤芍是两种不同药材,虽同为芍药却不可互替;芍药亦在「诸参辛芍叛藜芦」的传统配伍禁忌之列。陈皮是橘的果皮,需陈放至少一年方可称「陈」,而存放不当的陈年果皮已有霉变与真菌毒素污染的文献报告。防风是伞形科的根,伞形科部分成员与呋喃香豆素光敏性相关,且此类根药材历来存在以同科其它根充代的情况 —— 标签上写的与袋子里装的不总是一回事。 本页不是建议。不列用量、不列制法、不列服法,也不做任何疗效主张。妊娠、哺乳、儿童、老年、肝肾功能受损,以及正在使用抗凝/降糖/降压/利尿/免疫抑制类处方药,任何一项都足以抹去残余的空间。便血、体重下降、发热、夜间腹泻或贫血,属于需要查明原因的情形,而不是用一首方去应对的情形。

清热剂·泻火通便;古典记为上中二焦热聚 —— 烦躁口渴、面赤唇焦、口舌生疮、咽喉肿痛、便秘溲赤 · Clearing formula with a purgative component; recorded for heat accumulation in the upper and middle burner — vexation and thirst, flushed face, sores of the mouth and tongue, sore throat, constipation and dark urine

Liang Ge San (Diaphragm-Cooling Powder) liáng gé sǎn · 凉膈散

Composition 组成

  • Rhubarb (da huang)
  • sodium sulphate (po xiao
  • also called mang xiao)
  • honey-fried licorice (zhi gan cao)
  • gardenia fruit (shan zhi zi)
  • mint leaf (bo he)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • forsythia fruit (lian qiao). Seven ingredients in all. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 大黄、朴硝(芒硝)、炙甘草、山栀子仁、薄荷叶、黄芩、连翘。共七味(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Liang Ge San is recorded in the Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang, the Song official formulary. It is a clearing formula, but the way it clears is the thing worth understanding before anything else: it contains both rhubarb and sodium sulphate, which together produce a brisk purge. The name says cooling the diaphragm; the mechanism says emptying the bowel. A reader who arrives expecting something to drink for mouth ulcers and does not notice the purge has misread the formula. The modern parallel makes the risk concrete. Sodium sulphate and rhubarb are the same two classes of agent that appear in bowel preparations and saline laxatives, and those preparations have a well-documented record of causing acute kidney injury and serious electrolyte disturbance, particularly in older adults and in people with impaired kidney function, heart failure, or who are also taking diuretics, ACE inhibitors, or NSAIDs. Sodium sulphate is a sodium load. In heart failure, cirrhosis with ascites, renal impairment and hypertension, a large sodium load is not a neutral event. Rhubarb is an anthraquinone stimulant laxative; European regulators restrict stimulant laxatives to short courses precisely because longer use is associated with dependence, electrolyte loss and melanosis coli — a pigmentation of the bowel wall that has been reported repeatedly and is generally reversible on stopping. Rhubarb also contains tannins, which are constipating, so the same root can produce loose stool and then the opposite. The classical picture deserves unpacking in modern terms too. Mouth and tongue sores, sore throat, vexation and thirst: a mouth ulcer that has not healed after three weeks is assessed rather than treated, and the list includes nutritional deficiency, drug reaction, lichen planus, Behcet disease and malignancy. Sore throat is assessed for streptococcal infection and for the emergencies that hide behind it — quinsy, epiglottitis. Constipation has its own red flags: new onset in later life, blood, weight loss, anaemia, and any suggestion of obstruction. And vexation in a feverish person can be agitation from hypoxia, sepsis or delirium rather than a pattern to be classified. Two ingredients in the formula point at licorice as well: glycyrrhizin causes a mineralocorticoid-like syndrome with sodium retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure, and low potassium in turn raises the toxicity of digoxin and compounds the effect of diuretics. This formula therefore has two independent routes to hypokalaemia in the same prescription. Gardenia fruit contains geniposide; liver enzyme elevation has been reported with gardenia-containing preparations, and the preclinical signal is stronger than the human one — both halves of that sentence matter. Scutellaria root has been reported in case series of herbal liver injury, which is one reason any jaundice, dark urine or right-sided pain after taking such a preparation is treated as a reason to stop and seek care. Mint relaxes the lower oesophageal sphincter and can worsen reflux, and camphor- or menthol-containing preparations applied near an infant nose have been reported to provoke breathing difficulty. Forsythia fruit is generally regarded as low in toxicity, but it is worth separating it by name from St John wort, whose Chinese name shares the same two characters and which is a potent enzyme inducer with a long list of documented interactions. This page is not a recommendation. No quantity, no preparation, no regimen, no claim. Pregnancy and breastfeeding, children, older adults, kidney or heart disease, and any diuretic, digoxin, antihypertensive, lithium, anticoagulant or immunosuppressant medicine taken on medical advice each remove what room there was. Persistent vomiting, blood in the stool, reduced urine output, confusion or jaundice are emergency features.

凉膈散著录于《太平惠民和剂局方》这部宋代官修方书。它是清热剂,但**它清热的方式**是在其它一切之前就该弄明白的事:方中含大黄与朴硝,两者合用会产生一次较猛的泻下。方名说的是「凉膈」,机制说的是「通腑」。一位以为这是口疮时喝的东西、而没有注意到泻下这一层的读者,把这首方读错了。 现代的类比可以把风险说清楚。硫酸钠与大黄,正是出现在肠道准备与盐类泻剂中的那两类成分;而这类制剂导致急性肾损伤与严重电解质紊乱的记录相当充分,尤其在老年人、肾功能受损者、心衰者,以及同时在使用利尿剂、ACEI/ARB 或 NSAID 的人身上。**硫酸钠是一次钠负荷** —— 在心衰、肝硬化腹水、肾功能不全与高血压中,一次大量钠负荷不是中性事件。大黄属蒽醌类刺激性泻药;欧洲监管机构将刺激性泻药限制为短期使用,正是因为较长期使用与依赖、电解质丢失以及结肠黑变病相关 —— 后者是肠壁的色素沉着,已有反复报告,停用后一般可逆。大黄同时又含鞣质,而鞣质是收涩的,所以同一味根可以先致泻、后致便秘。 古典的画面也值得换成今天的话拆开来看。口舌生疮、咽喉肿痛、烦躁口渴:一个**超过三周未愈合的口腔溃疡**是要评估而不是治疗的,待排除的包括营养缺乏(铁、叶酸、维生素 B12)、药物反应、口腔扁平苔藓、白塞病与恶性病变。咽痛要评估链球菌感染,以及躲在它后面的急症 —— 扁桃体周围脓肿、会厌炎。便秘有自己的红旗:晚年新发、便血、体重下降、贫血、以及任何提示梗阻的迹象。而发热者的烦躁,可能是缺氧、脓毒症或谵妄引起的躁动,而不是一个等着被归类的证型。方中还有炙甘草这一层:甘草酸引起类盐皮质激素样综合征 —— 钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高,而低钾又会升高地高辛的毒性,并与利尿剂的作用叠加。**这首方因此同时存在两条通向低钾的路径。** 栀子含京尼平苷(geniposide);含栀子制剂已有肝酶升高的报告,且临床前信号强于人体证据 —— 这句话的两半都重要。黄芩已在中药肝损伤的病例系列中被报告,这正是「服用后出现黄疸、尿色深或右上腹痛应当停用并就医」的理由。薄荷会松弛食管下括约肌从而加重反流;樟脑/薄荷脑类制剂涂在婴幼儿鼻部附近已有引起呼吸困难的报告。连翘一般被认为毒性较低,但值得按名字把它与**贯叶连翘**分开 —— 后者中文名共用「连翘」二字,却是强酶诱导剂,有长串已证实的相互作用。 本页不是建议。不列用量、不列制法、不列服法,也不做任何疗效主张。妊娠与哺乳、儿童、老年、肾脏或心脏疾病,以及正在使用利尿剂/地高辛/降压药/锂剂/抗凝药/免疫抑制剂的处方药,任何一项都足以抹去残余的空间。持续呕吐、便血、尿量减少、意识改变或黄疸,属于急症征象。

清热剂·清宣郁热;《伤寒论》记为「虚烦不得卧、心中懊憹、反复颠倒」,用于热病之后余热郁于胸膈 · Two-ingredient Shanghan Lun formula recorded for empty vexation (xu fan) — restless inability to settle, an oppressive sensation in the chest and epigastrium, turning and turning without relief — in the aftermath of a febrile illness

Zhi Zi Chi Tang (Gardenia and Fermented Soybean Decoction) zhī zǐ chǐ tāng · 栀子豉汤

Composition 组成

  • Gardenia fruit (zhi zi) and fermented soybean (dan dou chi). Two ingredients in all. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 栀子(生)、香豉(淡豆豉)。共两味(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Zhi Zi Chi Tang has two ingredients and comes from the Shanghan Lun. It is recorded for a state the classical texts call empty vexation: a person who cannot settle, who turns and turns, who has an oppressive, undefinable discomfort behind the breastbone, in the aftermath of a febrile illness that has otherwise passed. It is one of the smallest formulas in the canon and one of the hardest to read correctly, because the complaint it names is a feeling rather than a finding. That is precisely why it needs saying plainly first. An oppressive sensation in the chest and upper abdomen, in someone who has recently been ill, is today worked through as a differential and not named. Acute coronary syndrome is at the top of that list, and it can present without classic crushing pain, particularly in older adults, in women and in people with diabetes. Alongside it sit gastro-oesophageal reflux, oesophageal spasm, pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, pancreatitis, and anxiety and panic. Chest discomfort with breathlessness, sweating, nausea, or radiation to the jaw or arm is an emergency assessment, and no formula is part of that assessment. The classical word for the sensation, nao nong, means an indescribable oppression, and it is exactly the kind of description that today earns an electrocardiogram. The classical tradition also wrote its own exclusion rule into this one, and it is worth quoting because it is unusually concrete. The Shanghan Lun states that if a person habitually passes loose stools, the gardenia decoctions are not given. A text that names the people it should not be used in is doing something modern readers rarely expect from an ancient formulary, and this library records the rule rather than smoothing it away. The same text also built variants around this pair — adding licorice for the person who is given to sighing and short of breath, ginger for the person who vomits, magnolia bark and immature bitter orange for abdominal fullness — which shows the classical authors adjusting to the presentation rather than defending a fixed recipe. The two ingredients each carry a note. Gardenia fruit contains geniposide; liver enzyme elevation has been reported with gardenia-containing preparations, the preclinical hepatotoxicity signal is stronger than the human evidence, and the fruit is also the source of a yellow food colourant, so it reaches people through more than one route. Fermented soybean, the dan dou chi of the formula, is black soybean fermented with mulberry leaf and sweet wormwood according to the Pharmacopoeia. Soy is a declared major allergen, which matters more than any subtle argument about its properties. Fermented soy foods as a class can contain tyramine, and the interaction with monoamine oxidase inhibitors is the reason that class carries a caution; how much tyramine a given batch of this particular product holds is not well characterised, and this library does not pretend otherwise. This page is not a recommendation. No quantity, no preparation, no regimen, no claim. Restless inability to sleep is assessed for its own causes — depression and anxiety, sleep apnoea, restless legs, thyroid disease, caffeine and alcohol, shift work, and medication effects — before it is classified. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, liver disease, and any antidepressant, immunosuppressant or anticoagulant medicine taken on medical advice each remove what room there was.

栀子豉汤出自《伤寒论》,全方两味。它所对应的状态,古典文献称为「虚烦」:一个人静不下来,反复颠倒,胸膈之间有一种说不清的憋闷不适,发生在一次热病已经过去之后。它是方书里最小的方之一,也是最难读对的方之一 —— 因为它命名的主诉是一种**感觉**而不是一项所见。 正因为如此,有一句话必须先说清楚。一个近期生过病的人,胸与上腹的憋闷不适,今天是要逐一鉴别而不是直接命名的。急性冠脉综合征排在这张单子的最前面,而且它可以不以典型的压榨样疼痛出现 —— 在老年人、女性与糖尿病人身上尤其如此。紧随其后的是胃食管反流、食管痉挛、心包炎、肺栓塞、肺炎、胰腺炎,以及焦虑与惊恐发作。**胸不适伴气短、出汗、恶心,或向颌部与手臂放射,属于需要急诊评估的情形**,评估里没有任何一味药的位置。古典用来描述这种感觉的词是「懊憹」,意思是说不清的憋闷 —— 而恰恰是这类描述,在今天会换来一张心电图。 古典传统还给这首方写了一条自己的排除条款,值得引出来,因为它异常具体:《伤寒论》明言「凡用栀子汤,病人旧微溷者,不可与服之」—— 平素大便溏薄的人,栀子类方不与。一部古代方书主动写明「哪些人不宜用」,是现代读者很少预期的事;本库记录这条规则,而不把它抹平。同一部书还在这两味之外做了加减:气短者加甘草,呕者加生姜,腹满者加厚朴与枳实 —— 这说明古典作者是随证加减,而不是守着一个固定配方。 两味药各自都有一条注脚。栀子含京尼平苷;含栀子制剂已有肝酶升高的报告,临床前肝毒性信号强于人体证据;栀子同时也是黄色食用色素的来源,因此它不止一条路径到达人身上。方中的香豉即淡豆豉,按药典是黑大豆与桑叶、青蒿一并发酵加工的制品。**大豆是法定主要致敏原**,这一点比关于其性味的任何细微争论都更要紧。发酵豆制品作为一类可能含酪胺,与单胺氧化酶抑制剂的相互作用是这一类被提示的原因;至于某一批淡豆豉具体含多少酪胺,并未被很好表征 —— 本库不假装知道。 本页不是建议。不列用量、不列制法、不列服法,也不做任何疗效主张。静不下心的失眠,要先查它自己的原因 —— 抑郁与焦虑、睡眠呼吸暂停、不宁腿综合征、甲状腺疾病、咖啡因与酒精、轮班工作、以及药物影响 —— 然后才谈归类。妊娠、哺乳、儿童、肝病,以及正在使用抗抑郁/免疫抑制/抗凝类处方药,任何一项都足以抹去残余的空间。

和解剂·寒热并用(辛开苦降);《伤寒论》原文:「胸中有热,胃中有邪气,腹中痛,欲呕吐者,黄连汤主之」 · Shanghan Lun formula recorded for heat above and cold below — heat in the chest, a pathogenic factor in the stomach, pain in the abdomen and an urge to vomit. The type specimen of the acrid-opening, bitter-descending family

Huang Lian Tang (Coptis Decoction) huáng lián táng · 黄连汤

Composition 组成

  • Coptis rhizome (huang lian)
  • licorice (gan cao)
  • dried ginger (gan jiang)
  • cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • ginseng (ren shen)
  • pinellia rhizome (ban xia)
  • jujube (da zao). Seven ingredients in all. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 黄连、炙甘草、干姜、桂枝、人参、半夏(洗)、大枣。共七味(本库不列用量)
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Huang Lian Tang comes from the Shanghan Lun and it holds its opposite in the same bowl: coptis rhizome, which is bitter and cold, together with dried ginger and cinnamon twig, which are acrid and warm. The original line is short and clinical — heat in the chest, a pathogenic factor in the stomach, pain in the abdomen, an urge to vomit. Later writers gave this shape a name, acrid opening and bitter descending, and put it at the head of a whole family of formulas that use the same trick. The formula is genuinely interesting for that reason, and it is also the one in this batch most likely to be taken as a self-diagnosis. It should not be. Pain in the abdomen with an urge to vomit is, in an emergency department, a presentation that is worked through surgically as much as medically. Bowel obstruction, appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, perforation, bowel ischaemia, and — because inferior wall myocardial infarction and diabetic ketoacidosis both present with abdominal pain and vomiting — a cardiac and metabolic branch as well. The classical phrase heat above, cold below is a way of describing a combination of findings, not a label a person can assign to themselves, and nothing in it tells you whether the pain is obstruction. The ingredient with the most practical consequence here is coptis, because its principal alkaloid is berberine, and berberine is one of the better documented interaction risks in the whole materia medica. It inhibits cytochrome P450 3A4 and 2D6 and P-glycoprotein. Raised blood levels of tacrolimus and ciclosporin after berberine have been reported, which matters enormously for transplant recipients; warfarin, digoxin, some statins and some antidiabetic medicines appear on the same caution list. Berberine also commonly causes nausea and constipation. Its most serious and least widely known property is that it displaces bilirubin from albumin: berberine has been linked to kernicterus and is contraindicated in neonates and avoided in jaundiced infants and in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Coptis is also not the same drug as picrorhiza, whose Chinese name carries the same character. Three more ingredients carry notes that cannot be skipped. Pinellia rhizome in its raw state is a genuine hazard — calcium oxalate raphides plus a lectin cause painful mucosal swelling that can threaten the airway, which is why only processed pinellia is used, and why the classical incompatibility list sets it against the aconite group and the tradition treats it as contraindicated in pregnancy. Ginseng is not American ginseng and not codonopsis, and it appears in both classical incompatibility lists: against Veratrum in the eighteen antagonisms, and against flying squirrel faeces in the nineteen incompatibilities. Reports of altered INR in people taking warfarin and of hypoglycaemia in people taking glucose-lowering medicine are the two interactions worth knowing. Cinnamon twig is the twig of a Cinnamomum species; cassia cinnamon contains measurable coumarin, which is why European food safety bodies set a tolerable intake for it, and long sustained intake of cassia is the exposure that concern is about. Licorice closes the list with the syndrome it always carries — sodium retention, potassium loss, raised blood pressure, and a compounding effect with digoxin and diuretics. This page is not a recommendation. No quantity, no preparation, no regimen, no claim. Transplant recipients, people taking warfarin or a direct oral anticoagulant, people on digoxin, lithium, insulin or a sulfonylurea, pregnancy and breastfeeding, children, and anyone with liver, kidney or heart disease have no room here at all. Localising abdominal pain, vomiting that will not settle, a rigid abdomen, blood in the vomit or stool, chest pain, or jaundice are emergency features.

黄连汤出自《伤寒论》,它把相反的两头放在同一碗里:苦寒的黄连,与辛温的干姜、桂枝同用。原文很短也很临床 —— 「胸中有热,胃中有邪气,腹中痛,欲呕吐者,黄连汤主之」。后人为这种结构起了名字,叫辛开苦降,并把它放在一整族用同一手法的方剂之首。这首方因此确实有意思,但它也是本批里最容易被读者当成自我诊断标签的一首。 不该如此。**腹痛伴欲呕**,在急诊里是一个既按内科也按外科思路排查的主诉:肠梗阻、阑尾炎、胆囊炎、胰腺炎、穿孔、肠缺血,以及 —— 因为下壁心肌梗死与糖尿病酮症酸中毒同样可以表现为腹痛呕吐 —— 一条心脏与代谢的分支。古典的「上热下寒」是一种描述一组所见的方式,不是一个人可以给自己贴的标签,它也不告诉你这次的腹痛是不是梗阻。 本方中实际后果最重的一味是黄连,因为它的主要生物碱是小檗碱(berberine),而小檗碱是整部本草里相互作用记录最充分的之一。它抑制 CYP3A4、CYP2D6 与 P-糖蛋白:**已有小檗碱升高他克莫司与环孢素血药浓度的报告**,这对移植受者是要紧的事;华法林、地高辛、部分他汀与部分降糖药也在同一张提示单上。小檗碱还常见引起恶心与便秘。它最严重、却最少人知道的性质是:**它会把胆红素从白蛋白上置换下来** —— 小檗碱与核黄疸相关,新生儿禁用,黄疸婴儿与葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏者避免使用。黄连也≠胡黄连,后者中文名共用「黄连」二字却是另一味药。 另有四味各有一条不能跳过的注脚。半夏生品是真正有危险的药材 —— 草酸钙针晶加凝集素会引起疼痛性黏膜肿胀,可威胁气道,这正是只用炮制品(姜半夏/法半夏)的原因;传统配伍禁忌把它与乌头类相对,孕期中也视为禁忌。人参不等于西洋参、也不等于党参,并且同时出现在两条传统配伍禁忌里:十八反中与藜芦相对,十九畏中「人参最怕五灵脂」。服用华法林者 INR 改变的报告、与降糖药同用时低血糖的报告,是两条值得知道的相互作用。桂枝是樟属植物的嫩枝;**桂皮(肉桂)含可测量的香豆素**,这正是欧洲食品安全机构为其设定耐受摄入量的原因,而长期大量摄入桂皮正是那个关切所指向的暴露。炙甘草以它一贯带来的综合征收尾 —— 钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高,并与地高辛及利尿剂叠加。 本页不是建议。不列用量、不列制法、不列服法,也不做任何疗效主张。移植受者、正在使用华法林或口服抗凝药者、使用地高辛/锂剂/胰岛素或磺脲类者、妊娠与哺乳期、儿童,以及任何有肝、肾或心脏疾病的人,这里没有留下任何空间。逐渐固定的腹痛、止不住的呕吐、板状腹、呕吐物或粪便带血、胸痛或黄疸,属于急症征象。

补益剂·温中补虚;即小建中汤加黄芪,古典记为「虚劳里急,诸不足」 · Tonic formula; Xiao Jianzhong Tang with milkvetch root added, recorded for depletion (虚劳) with internal urgency (里急) and "various insufficiencies" (诸不足)

Huangqi Jianzhong Tang (Milkvetch Decoction to Construct the Middle) huáng qí jiàn zhōng tāng · 黄芪建中汤

Composition 组成

  • Milkvetch root (huang qi)
  • cassia twig (gui zhi)
  • peony root (bai shao)
  • prepared liquorice root (zhi gan cao)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • jujube fruit (da zao)
  • maltose (yi tang). Seven ingredients in all. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 黄芪、桂枝、芍药、炙甘草、生姜、大枣、饴糖。共七味(本库不列用量)。即小建中汤加黄芪。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Huangqi Jianzhong Tang is what happens when one ingredient is added to a formula that already exists: it is Xiao Jianzhong Tang plus huang qi, milkvetch root. The base formula is itself a modification — cinnamon twig decoction with the peony doubled and maltose added — so this is a third-generation composition, and the lineage is worth stating plainly because the names in this family are easy to confuse. The line it is recorded for in the Jingui Yaolüe is short: 虚劳里急,诸不足 — a state of depletion, a sensation of internal cramping or urgency, and "various insufficiencies." The honest modern observation is that 虚劳 is not a diagnosis. It is a description of a person who is tired, thin, and not thriving. Today that description maps onto a differential that has to be worked through rather than tonified: unintentional weight loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, coeliac disease, thyroid disease and diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic infection including tuberculosis, obstructive sleep apnoea, depression, and malignancy. Guidance in most countries treats unexplained weight loss as an indication for investigation, not for a tonic. A second and more specific point: 里急 — cramping abdominal discomfort with a sense of urgency — is also how irritable bowel syndrome, bile acid diarrhoea, microscopic colitis and colorectal cancer can each begin, and the features that move someone from reassurance to endoscopy (blood in the stool, new onset after the screening age, symptoms that wake a person from sleep, anaemia) are the same ones that make depletion a poor explanation. Two composition facts deserve to sit next to that. First, 饴糖 is maltose, and this decoction therefore carries a substantial sugar load. That is not a neutral matter for a person with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance — and the people described as 虚 are often exactly the people who have lost weight and are being investigated for diabetes. Second, 甘草 (liquorice) contains glycyrrhizin, and sustained intake of glycyrrhizin can produce a mineralocorticoid-like picture: sodium and water retention, potassium loss, and raised blood pressure. Potassium loss is the mechanism by which it becomes dangerous alongside digoxin or a thiazide or loop diuretic, and cases of hypokalaemic weakness and arrhythmia from liquorice are reported in the clinical literature. Identity matters as much as mechanism. 黄芪 is the root of Astragalus membranaceus or A. mongholicus; it is not 红芪, which is a Hedysarum root, and the genus contains species that accumulate swainsonine, the alkaloid behind locoweed poisoning, which is why substitution inside this genus is not a trivial matter. 芍药 here means 白芍, not 赤芍, and peony is named in the classical 十八反 incompatibility with 藜芦 (Veratrum). 黄芪 shows immunomodulatory activity in preclinical work; what that means for someone taking immunosuppressive medicine after a transplant, or living with autoimmune disease, is not settled, and this entry does not settle it. The formula is recorded here as a document of how a classical text handled depletion. It is not a substitute for finding out why a person is losing weight.

黄芪建中汤著录于《金匮要略》,本方是在一张已有方子上加一味的结果:小建中汤再加黄芪。而小建中汤本身又是一张改方(桂枝汤倍芍药加饴糖),所以这是第三代组成;这个脉络值得写清楚,因为这一家子的方名极易混淆。条文极短:**虚劳里急,诸不足**。 老实说,「虚劳」不是一个诊断,它是对一个疲乏、消瘦、状态不旺的人的描述。今天这个描述对应的是一串要排查的名单,而不是要补的对象:不明原因体重下降、缺铁性贫血、乳糜泻、甲状腺疾病与糖尿病、炎症性肠病、含结核在内的慢性感染、睡眠呼吸暂停、抑郁,以及肿瘤。各国指南都把不明原因体重下降当作**检查指征**,而不是进补指征。更进一步说:「里急」这种腹中拘急窘迫的感觉,也是肠易激、胆汁酸性腹泻、显微镜下结肠炎乃至结直肠癌各自的起病方式;而把一个人从「宽慰」推向「内镜」的那些特征(便血、筛查年龄后新发、夜间症状、贫血),恰恰就是让「虚劳」成为一个坏解释的那几条。 组成里有两件事必须放在一起讲。其一,**饴糖是麦芽糖** —— 这碗汤带着一次真实的糖负荷。对糖尿病或糖耐量受损的人这不是中性事件,而被描述为「虚」的人往往正是已经消瘦、正在查糖尿病的那批人。其二,**甘草含甘草酸**,持续摄入可产生盐皮质激素样表现:钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高;而失钾正是它与地高辛或噻嗪类/袢利尿剂同用时变危险的机制,临床上由甘草引起低钾性肌无力与心律失常的报道是实在的。 辨物与讲机制同样重要:**黄芪**是膜荚黄芪或蒙古黄芪的根,不是**红芪**(岩黄芪属),而黄芪属内有含**苦马豆素**(疯草中毒的那个生物碱)的种类,所以这个属内的替代不是小事。方中的**芍药是白芍不是赤芍**,且芍药在十八反中与藜芦相对。黄芪在临床前研究中显示免疫调节活性;这对移植后服用免疫抑制剂的人、或对自身免疫病的人意味着什么,目前没有定论,本条也不裁决。 本方在这里是作为「古典文献如何处理虚损」的一份记录被收录。它不能替代去查明一个人为什么在消瘦。

祛痰剂·温阳化饮;古典记为「心下有痰饮,胸胁支满,目眩」,并立「病痰饮者,当以温药和之」之法 · Formula for phlegm-fluid (痰饮); recorded for fullness below the heart, propping fullness in the chest and flanks, and dizziness — with the principle "for phlegm-fluid, harmonise it with warm medicinals" (病痰饮者,当以温药和之)

Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang (Poria, Cassia Twig, Atractylodes and Liquorice Decoction) líng guì zhú gān tāng · 苓桂术甘汤

Composition 组成

  • Poria (fu ling)
  • cassia twig (gui zhi)
  • white atractylodes rhizome (bai zhu)
  • prepared liquorice root (zhi gan cao). Four ingredients in all. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 茯苓、桂枝、白术、炙甘草。共四味(本库不列用量)。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang is four ingredients, and the line it comes from in the Jingui Yaolüe is one of the most quoted methodological statements in the whole tradition: 病痰饮者,当以温药和之 — for phlegm-fluid, harmonise it with warm medicinals. The findings recorded alongside are 心下有痰饮, a sensation of fullness or sloshing below the heart, meaning the epigastrium; 胸胁支满, propping fullness in the chest and flanks; and 目眩, dizziness or visual spinning. Elsewhere the same text adds 短气有微饮,当从小便去之 — slight breathlessness from a small amount of fluid, which should be removed through the urine. Read as a modern sentence, that is: epigastric fullness, chest and flank fullness, dizziness, breathlessness, and a stated intention to move fluid out by way of urination. Every one of those sits on a list that has to be excluded first. Dizziness is triaged into central and peripheral before anything else is done, because posterior circulation stroke and cerebellar haemorrhage present as isolated vertigo — often without the focal signs that textbook descriptions promise. Chest or epigastric fullness with breathlessness is assessed for acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, pulmonary embolism and pericardial effusion before it is assessed for anything else, and in older people and in people with diabetes the ischaemic presentation may be breathlessness and epigastric discomfort with no chest pain at all. And "remove it through the urine" is, today, done with loop diuretics in a person whose renal function, sodium and potassium are being watched — which is precisely the context in which the fourth ingredient matters. That fourth ingredient is liquorice. Glycyrrhizin in sustained intake can produce a mineralocorticoid-like picture: sodium and water retention, potassium loss, raised blood pressure, and in reported cases hypokalaemic paralysis and cardiac arrhythmia. Potassium loss is also the mechanism by which digoxin toxicity becomes far more likely, and a potassium-wasting diuretic combined with a potassium-wasting herbal constituent is not additive in a comfortable way. For a formula recorded for exactly the kind of breathlessness that today turns out to be heart failure, this is the most important thing on the page. Identity matters too. 茯苓 is a fungus, Wolfiporia cocos, and it is not 土茯苓, which is a Smilax root from a completely different family; the two are substituted for one another in the market and they are unrelated organisms. 白术 is not 苍术. 桂枝 is cassia twig, and cassia contains coumarin, for which European food safety authorities have set a tolerable daily intake. Liquorice containing glycyrrhizin is itself a recognised source of interactions with conventional medicine, which is why the point above is about arithmetic rather than about herbs. Nothing here is a claim that this composition does what the classical text says it does. It is recorded because the formula states a method — warm it and move it — that remains the vocabulary Chinese medicine uses for retained fluid, and because the findings it was aimed at are precisely the findings that now get a workup before they get a name.

苓桂术甘汤只有四味,而它在《金匮要略》里出自的那句话,是整个传统中被引用最多的方法论表述之一:**病痰饮者,当以温药和之**。同时记录的见症是:心下有痰饮(心下即胃脘部的痞满或振水感)、胸胁支满、**目眩**。同书别处又补一句:短气有微饮,当从小便去之。 把这句翻译成今天的话就是:上腹痞满、胸胁撑满、眩晕、气短,并且明确说要把水从小便这条路上排出去。这几条,**每一条都在「必须先排除」的名单上**。眩晕要先分中枢性与周围性,这是其他一切之前的一步 —— 因为后循环卒中和小脑出血就表现为孤立性眩晕,而且常常没有教科书许诺的那些局灶体征。胸脘痞满伴气短,在考虑其他任何事之前要先评估急性冠脉综合征、心衰、肺栓塞与心包积液;而在老年人和糖尿病患者身上,缺血的表现可能完全没有胸痛,只有气短和上腹不适。至于「当从小便去之」,今天是用袢利尿剂来做的,同时密切监测肾功能、钠与钾 —— 而这恰恰就是第四味药要紧的语境。 那第四味是**甘草**。甘草酸持续摄入可产生盐皮质激素样表现:钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高,并有低钾性麻痹与心律失常的病例报道。失钾也正是地高辛中毒风险大幅升高的机制;一个排钾的利尿剂配上一个排钾的草药成分,这种叠加并不让人安心。对一首古典上就是治「今天会被查成心衰的那种气短」的方来说,这是全页最要紧的一句。 辨物同样重要:**茯苓是真菌**(Wolfiporia cocos),**不是土茯苓**(菝葜属的根,完全不同科属);市场上两者互混,而它们是毫无关系的两种生物。**白术不是苍术**。**桂枝是桂**,桂皮含香豆素,欧洲食品安全机构为它设了耐受摄入量。含甘草酸的甘草本身就是与处方药相互作用的公认来源,所以上面那一点讲的是算术而不是草药。 这里没有任何「本方确有古典所说之功」的主张。收录它是因为这首方陈述了一种方法 —— 温之、化之 —— 这套方法至今仍是中医描述水液停留的语汇;也因为它所瞄准的那组见症,恰恰是今天要先做检查、再给名字的那组。

温里剂·温经扶阳;伤寒论少阴病篇,记为「口中和,其背恶寒」「身体痛,手足寒,骨节痛,脉沉」 · Warming formula; recorded in the Shao Yin section for coldness of the back with a neutral mouth, and for body and joint pain with cold hands and feet and a deep pulse

Fu Zi Tang (Aconite Decoction) fù zǐ tāng · 附子汤

Composition 组成

  • Processed aconite daughter root (fu zi)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • ginseng (ren shen)
  • white atractylodes rhizome (bai zhu)
  • peony root (bai shao). Five ingredients in all. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 炮附子、茯苓、人参、白术、芍药。共五味(本库不列用量)。
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Fu Zi Tang is recorded in the Shao Yin section of the Shanghan Lun in two short lines. The first: 少阴病,得之一二日,口中和,其背恶寒者,当灸之,附子汤主之 — in the first day or two of a Shao Yin disorder, when the mouth is neutral and the back is cold, apply moxa; Fu Zi Tang governs it. The second: 少阴病,身体痛,手足寒,骨节痛,脉沉者 — body pain, cold hands and feet, joint pain, a deep pulse. The name is both the whole problem and the whole interest. 附子 is processed aconite daughter root, and aconitine and the related alkaloids are among the most acutely toxic substances in the materia medica. The reported picture is paraesthesiae of the mouth and limbs progressing to ventricular arrhythmia and asystole, and poisoning from improperly processed root and from home-prepared preparations is reported regularly. This entry records the hazard and deliberately does not record any method for reducing it, because a reader who intends to handle this root needs a pharmacopoeia and a licensed supplier, not a knowledge base. It is also worth saying that 附子 is not 白附子, which is a Typhonium rhizome: different plant, different traditional use, and the names are close enough to be dangerous. Several Aconitum species are used regionally, and their alkaloid content is not comparable. The second thing worth saying is that the person the text describes — cold back, cold hands and feet, aching body and joints, no fever mentioned, a deep pulse — is a person a modern clinician would also stop and look at closely, though not for the reason the text does. Coldness, body aches and profound fatigue without fever is how sepsis presents in older adults and in people who are immunocompromised; hypothermia rather than fever is a recognised marker of worse outcome, and its absence is not reassurance. The same cluster covers hypothyroidism, anaemia, adrenal insufficiency, hypoperfusion from any cause, and the first two days of influenza and other viral illness in an adult, in which myalgia and chills dominate and fever may never appear or may already have passed. Aching limbs and shoulders with stiffness in a person over fifty also raises polymyalgia rheumatica, which is a working diagnosis made on blood tests and response, and which carries a specific association with giant cell arteritis and risk of sight loss. None of these is excluded by a deep pulse. Two further things belong on the page. First, 附子汤 is not the only formula carrying this name: the Jingui Yaolüe also mentions a 附子汤 in the pregnancy chapter, and its original composition is not transmitted. This entry takes the five-ingredient Shanghan Lun version and does not adjudicate between them. Second, 人参 is named in the classical 十八反 against 藜芦 (Veratrum) and in the 十九畏 against 五灵脂; it is not 党参, not 西洋参 and not 红参, and its interaction literature — with warfarin in particular — is substantial enough that a person on anticoagulants should not add it without telling whoever manages that medicine. Fu Zi Tang is recorded here because it is the clearest statement in the classical corpus of what "cold" meant as a clinical picture. It is also the clearest case of a picture that today means: take a temperature, take a set of observations, and keep watching — rather than warm the person up.

附子汤在《伤寒论》少阴病篇,只有短短两条。其一:少阴病,得之一二日,**口中和,其背恶寒**者,当灸之,附子汤主之。其二:少阴病,**身体痛,手足寒,骨节痛,脉沉**者,附子汤主之。 方名就是全部的问题,也是全部的看点。**附子是炮制后的乌头子根**,乌头碱及其同类生物碱是本草中急性毒性最强的一类物质:报道的表现是口唇与四肢麻木起病,进而室性心律失常、心搏停止;因炮制不当或自行制备而中毒的病例在持续被报道。本条记录这个危害,并**刻意不记录任何降低危害的方法** —— 想要处理这味药的人需要的是药典和有资质的供应渠道,而不是一个知识库。还要说清:**附子不是白附子**(独角莲的块茎),两者植物来源不同、传统用途不同,而名字近到足以出事;不同地区使用多种乌头属植物,其生物碱含量并不可比。 第二件值得说的是:条文描述的这个人 —— 背恶寒、手足寒、身体骨节痛、未提发热、脉沉 —— 今天的临床医生同样会停下来仔细看,只是理由不同。**畏寒、身痛、极度乏力而不发热,正是脓毒症在老年人与免疫受损者身上的起病方式**;低体温而不是发热是公认的预后不良标志,「没有发烧」不是让人安心的证据。同一组表现还覆盖甲状腺功能减退、贫血、肾上腺皮质功能不全、任何原因的低灌注,以及成人流感等病毒感染的头两天 —— 那时肌痛与寒战占主导,发热可能始终不出现,或已经退了。五十岁以上的人出现肩背四肢酸痛伴僵硬,还要考虑风湿性多肌痛,那是靠血沉/CRP 与治疗反应作出的临床诊断,并且与巨细胞动脉炎及失明风险有明确关联。这些,脉沉一条都排除不了。 还有两点要写:**附子汤一名对应不止一首方** —— 《金匮要略》妇人妊娠篇亦记有附子汤,而其原方组成未传。本条取《伤寒论》五味版,不裁决二者。其次,**人参**在十八反中与藜芦相对、在十九畏中与五灵脂相对;它**不是党参、不是西洋参、不是红参**;它与华法林等的相互作用文献是实在的 —— 正在服用抗凝药的人若要加用,必须让管理那张处方的人知道。 收录附子汤,是因为它是古典文献里对「寒」作为一组临床见症最清晰的陈述;也因为它同时是最清晰的一个例子:这组见症在今天意味着量体温、做观察、持续监护,而不是把人捂热。

泻下剂·逐水;金匮要略记为「腹满,口舌干燥,此肠间有水气」,并注「口中有津液」为水去之验 · Draining formula; recorded for abdominal fullness with a dry mouth and tongue read as "water qi between the intestines" (肠间有水气), with the note that the mouth becoming moist is the sign the fluid has begun to move

Ji Jiao Li Huang Wan (Stephania, Zanthoxylum, Descurainia and Rhubarb Pill) jǐ jiāo lì huáng wán · 己椒苈黄丸

Composition 组成

  • Stephania root (fang ji)
  • zanthoxylum seed (jiao mu)
  • descurainia or lepidium seed (ting li zi)
  • rhubarb root and rhizome (da huang). Four ingredients in all. Quantities are not listed here.

组成

  • 防己、椒目、葶苈子、大黄。共四味(本库不列用量)。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Ji Jiao Li Huang Wan comes from the phlegm-fluid chapter of the Jingui Yaolüe, and the line is unusually specific: 腹满,口舌干燥,此肠间有水气,己椒苈黄丸主之 — abdominal fullness with a dry mouth and tongue; this is water qi between the intestines. The text adds a follow-up observation: once the mouth has moisture again, the fluid has begun to move. Abdominal fullness together with thirst is a pair of findings that today is sorted before it is named, because the two biggest things it can be are both urgent. Free fluid in the abdomen — ascites — has a cause, and finding that cause is the entire job: cirrhosis, malignancy, heart failure, nephrotic syndrome and tuberculous peritonitis are the common ones, and which of them it is changes everything that follows. The other is bowel obstruction, in which distension, thirst and a dry mouth go together because fluid is being sequestered into the bowel and lost from the circulation; obstruction with vomiting, absolute constipation, or a tense tender abdomen is a surgical matter. Neither is a pattern to be read. The composition carries one of the best-documented safety stories in the entire materia medica, and it sits in the first ingredient. 防己 in modern Chinese Pharmacopoeia usage is the root of Stephania tetrandra, 粉防己. But the same name has historically been applied to 广防己, the root of Aristolochia fangchi, which contains aristolochic acid. Aristolochic acid is the cause of the nephropathy and urothelial carcinoma seen in the Belgian weight-loss clinic cohort of the early 1990s, and of Balkan endemic nephropathy; it is classified as a human carcinogen, and the renal failure is progressive and continues after exposure stops. The harm happened because two unrelated roots were traded under one name. That is worth knowing independently of this formula, because the same naming problem affects several other medicinals in this group and is the single most consequential identity issue in Chinese herbal practice. Two smaller identity points. 椒目 is the seed of Zanthoxylum, not the pericarp — the pericarp is the familiar Sichuan pepper used as a spice, the seed is a different part used for a different purpose. And 大黄 is rhubarb, whose anthraquinones are stimulant laxatives with a substantial literature on dependence, melanosis coli, and potassium loss with sustained use. Anything producing copious watery stool in a person who also has cirrhosis, heart failure or kidney disease is interacting with medicines whose margins are narrow — diuretics, digoxin, lithium, and every medicine where potassium is the whole game. 葶苈子 is the seed of Descurainia sophia or Lepidium apetalum, members of the mustard family; preclinical studies report cardiotonic activity and the human evidence is not established, so it is recorded here as unestablished rather than as either a claim or a dismissal. Ji Jiao Li Huang Wan is recorded because it is the most concrete statement in the classical corpus about fluid lying in the wrong compartment. It is also one of the places where the two systems differ most in what they can actually do, because the modern answer to the same finding is: identify the cause, remove the fluid, and watch the electrolytes.

己椒苈黄丸出自《金匮要略》痰饮咳嗽篇,条文異常具体:**腹满,口舌干燥,此肠间有水气**,己椒苈黄丸主之。原文还补了一句效验观察:口中有津液者,是水去之验。 「腹满」配上「口渴」,在今天是一组**先分诊、后命名**的见症,因为它最可能是的两种情况都很急。其一是**腹水** —— 腹水必有病因,找出病因就是全部工作:肝硬化、恶性肿瘤、心衰、肾病综合征、结核性腹膜炎是常见的几种,而究竟是哪一种,会改变其后的一切。其二是**肠梗阻** —— 腹胀、口渴、口干同时出现,是因为液体被隔离进肠腔、从循环中丢失;伴呕吐、完全不排气排便、或腹肌紧张压痛的梗阻是外科问题。这两者都不是可以拿来「辨证」的东西。 本方的组成里带着整个本草中**记录最完备的安全事件之一**,而且就在第一味药上。今《中国药典》的「**防己**」是**粉防己**(Stephania tetrandra)的根。但历史上「防己」这个名字也被用于**广防己** —— 马兜铃科**Aristolochia fangchi** 的根,**含马兜铃酸**。马兜铃酸正是 1990 年代初比利时减肥诊所队列中出现的肾病与尿路上皮癌的病因,也是巴尔干地方性肾病的病因;它被列为人类致癌物,其肾损害是进行性的,**在停止接触后仍继续进展**。伤害之所以发生,是因为两种毫无关系的根被当作同一个名字在流通。这一点值得脱离本方单独记住,因为同样的命名问题波及这一类里的好几种药材,是中药实践中最要紧的辨物问题。 另外两个小一点的辨物点:**椒目是花椒的种子**,不是果皮 —— 果皮是作香料的花椒,种子是同一植物上不同部位、用途也不同。**大黄**含蒽醌类,属刺激性泻药,关于依赖、结肠黑变病以及长期使用导致失钾的文献相当充分。任何能造成大量水样便的东西,用在同时有肝硬化、心衰或肾病的人身上,就是在与治疗窗很窄的药打交道 —— 利尿剂、地高辛、锂盐,以及一切以血钾为命门的药。**葶苈子**是播娘蒿或独行菜的种子(十字花科);临床前研究报道了强心活性,**人体证据未建立**,本条如实记为未建立,既不作为主张也不作为否定。 收录己椒苈黄丸,是因为它是古典文献中关于「水停在错误的腔隙里」最具体的一次陈述;也因为它是两种体系在「实际能做什么」上差距最大的地方之一 —— 今天面对同一组见症的答案是:找病因、放腹水、盯电解质。

补益剂·养阴益胃;古典记为阳明温病下后胃阴受伤,症见口渴咽干、舌干红、不饥不食 · Enriching yin formula; recorded for injury to stomach yin in the aftermath of a warm-febrile disease, with thirst, dry throat, and a loss of appetite

Yi Wei Tang (Benefit the Stomach Decoction) yì wèi tāng · 益胃汤

Composition 组成

  • Glehnia or Adenophora root (sha shen)
  • Ophiopogon tuber (mai dong)
  • raw Rehmannia root (sheng di)
  • Solomon's-seal rhizome (yu zhu)
  • and crystal sugar (bing tang). Five ingredients in all. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 沙参、麦冬、细生地、玉竹、冰糖。共五味(本库不列用量)。
Source 出处 · Wenbing Tiaobian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Yi Wei Tang is recorded in the Wenbing Tiaobian for the stage after a febrile illness has passed its peak: the heat has receded, the fluids are damaged, and what is left is a person with a dry mouth, a dry red tongue with little coating, and — in the phrase the text uses — 不饥不食, neither hungry nor eating. The composition answers that description directly: three sweet, moistening roots, one rhizome, and crystal sugar. The honest modern framing is that 不饥不食 is not a pattern to be tonified but a symptom to be explained. Loss of appetite that persists after an illness, especially with weight going down, is an indication for investigation in every clinical guidance set: unresolved or smouldering infection including tuberculosis, malignancy, iron-deficiency anaemia, thyroid disease, depression, uraemia and liver disease, medication effects, and in older people the simple downward spiral of deconditioning and sarcopenia. The second half of the picture matters too. Dry mouth and thirst are produced by a long list of ordinary things — anticholinergic medicines, antihistamines, some antidepressants and antipsychotics, diuretics, opioids, uncontrolled diabetes, radiotherapy or surgery involving the salivary glands, mouth breathing from nasal obstruction or sleep apnoea, dehydration, and anxiety. Dry mouth with thirst and weight loss is, before anything else, a reason to check blood glucose. Identity is the other half of what is worth saying. 沙参 is one name for two unrelated plants: 北沙参 is the root of Glehnia littoralis, a salt-tolerant coastal plant in the carrot family, while 南沙参 comes from Adenophora species in the bellflower family. Classical texts use the word without specifying, and the two are not interchangeable as botanicals. 麦冬 is likewise admitted from two species under the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Ophiopogon japonicus and Liriope spicata (山麦冬). 生地 is unprocessed Rehmannia glutinosa root, and it is a different substance from 熟地, the processed form — the pairing shows up in other entries in this library precisely because the difference is real. 玉竹 is Polygonatum odoratum, which is not 黄精 (Polygonatum sibiricum and relatives); same genus, different species, different traditional use. One composition fact deserves to be stated without softening: 冰糖 is sugar. A bowl of this decoction carries a genuine sugar load, and the person described in the classical line — recovering, thin, not eating — is often exactly the person whose blood glucose has not yet been checked. This entry records how a classical text handled a convalescent state. It is not a substitute for finding out why someone is not eating.

益胃汤著录于《温病条辨》,用于热病高峰已过之后的那一段:热退了,津液伤了,留下的是一个口中干燥、舌干红少苔、按原文的说法「不饥不食」的人。组成正是照着这个描述配的:三味甘润的根、一味根茎,再加冰糖。 老实说,「不饥不食」不是一个可以进补的证,而是一个需要解释的症状。**病后持续食欲不振**,尤其伴体重下降,在各国的临床指引里都是**检查指征**而不是调补指征:未清的或迁延的感染(含结核)、肿瘤、缺铁性贫血、甲状腺疾病、抑郁、尿毒症与肝病、药物影响,以及老年人单纯的失用性衰退与肌少症。另一半同样要讲:**口干与口渴**由一长串很平常的原因造成 —— 抗胆碱药、抗组胺药、部分抗抑郁与抗精神病药、利尿剂、阿片类、未控制的糖尿病、涉及唾液腺的放疗或手术、因鼻塞或睡眠呼吸暂停而张口呼吸、脱水,以及焦虑。**口干+口渴+体重下降,首先要做的是查血糖。** 辨物是另一半要说的话。**沙参**这一个名字对应两种毫不相干的植物:**北沙参**是伞形科珊瑚菜(生于海边、耐盐)的根,**南沙参**则是桔梗科沙参属的根;古典文献用这个词时未作区分,而作为植物药两者不能互替。**麦冬**在中国药典里同样收两个来源:麦冬与**山麦冬**。**生地**是玄参科地黄的根、未经炮制,与炮制过的**熟地**是两物 —— 本库另有条目正因这个差别而并列两味,差别是实在的。**玉竹**是玉竹,不是**黄精**,同属不同种、传统用途也不同。 组成里还有一件事不该含糊:**冰糖就是糖**。这一碗汤带着一次真实的糖负荷,而古典条文描述的那个病后消瘦、不想吃东西的人,往往正是还没查过血糖的那个人。 本条是「古典文献如何处理病后调理」的一份记录。它不能替代去查明一个人为什么吃不下东西。

补益剂·清养肺胃;古典记为燥伤肺胃阴分,症见咽干口渴、身热不解、干咳少痰 · Enriching yin formula; recorded for dryness injuring the yin of lung and stomach, with dry throat, thirst, lingering heat, and a dry cough with scant sputum

Sha Shen Mai Dong Tang (Glehnia and Ophiopogon Decoction) shā shēn mài dōng tāng · 沙参麦冬汤

Composition 组成

  • Glehnia or Adenophora root (sha shen)
  • Ophiopogon tuber (mai dong)
  • Solomon's-seal rhizome (yu zhu)
  • Trichosanthes root (tian hua fen)
  • white mulberry leaf (dong sang ye)
  • raw hyacinth bean (sheng bian dou)
  • and unprepared liquorice root (sheng gan cao). Seven ingredients in all. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 沙参、麦冬、玉竹、天花粉、冬桑叶、生扁豆、生甘草。共七味(本库不列用量)。
Source 出处 · Wenbing Tiaobian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Sha Shen Mai Dong Tang is recorded in the Wenbing Tiaobian for the situation its title names: 燥伤肺胃阴分, injury by dryness to the yin of the lung and stomach. The picture is a dry throat, thirst, heat that will not fully settle, and — the symptom that carries the formula — 干咳少痰, a dry cough with scant sputum. It is one of the most frequently quoted formulas in the Chinese tradition for cough after a febrile illness, and it is worth being precise about what a dry cough is today. Cough lasting more than eight weeks is called chronic, and its common causes are not dryness: upper airway cough syndrome from the nose and sinuses, asthma and non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis, reflux, ACE inhibitor medicine, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, interstitial lung disease, and post-infectious cough that simply outlasts the infection. Lung cancer sits on that list, and the features that move a dry cough from reassurance to imaging are the ones worth knowing: new onset in a person over about forty, a smoker or former smoker, blood in the sputum, hoarseness, unexplained weight loss, or a cough that changes character rather than settles. A dry cough is also a well-recognised adverse effect of a class of blood pressure medicine, which is worth checking before attributing it to a climate or a season. One ingredient requires a longer note than the others. 天花粉 is the root of Trichosanthes kirilowii — the same plant that gives 瓜蒌, 瓜蒌皮 and 瓜蒌仁, but a different part and a different substance, and despite the name it is not pollen. Two facts about it are documented and neither is minor. First, trichosanthin, the ribosome-inactivating protein isolated from this root, was developed and used in China as an abortifacient, including for termination of pregnancy and for ectopic pregnancy; pregnancy is therefore an absolute exclusion, not a caution. Second, injectable trichosanthin preparations have produced anaphylactic shock, and hypersensitivity to Trichosanthes is reported. Readers who know this root only as a moistening herb tend to be surprised by both. Three smaller identity points. 生扁豆 is hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus); like other pulses it contains saponins and a phytohaemagglutinin, and raw or undercooked bean of this kind causes nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, so it is thoroughly cooked for use. 桑叶 is the leaf of white mulberry, Morus alba — distinct from 桑白皮 (root bark), 桑枝 (twig) and 桑葚 (fruit), which are different parts with different uses. 甘草 here is the unprepared root, and liquorice contains glycyrrhizin: sustained intake produces a mineralocorticoid-like picture of sodium and water retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure, and potassium loss is the mechanism by which it becomes dangerous alongside digoxin or a thiazide or loop diuretic. The two moistening roots carry the same caveat as elsewhere in this library: 沙参 covers two unrelated plants, and 麦冬 has two official species. This formula is recorded here as a document of the 燥 concept and how a classical text reasoned from it. It is not a way of deciding what a persistent cough is.

沙参麦冬汤著录于《温病条辨》,方名即已点出场合:**燥伤肺胃阴分**。表现是咽干、口渴、身热缠绵不退,以及承载着这首方的那个症状 —— **干咳少痰**。它是传统里治热病后咳嗽被引用得最多的方之一,而「干咳」在今天是什么意思,值得说准。 **咳嗽超过八周称为慢性咳嗽**,常见原因并不是「燥」:鼻与鼻窦来源的上气道咳嗽综合征、哮喘与非哮喘性嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎、胃食管反流、ACE 抑制剂这类药、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、支气管扩张、间质性肺病,以及单纯拖过了感染期的感染后咳嗽。**肺癌也在这一串里**;而把干咳从「宽慰」推向「影像」的那些特征值得记住:四十岁以后新发、吸烟或曾吸烟、**痰中带血**、声音嘶哑、不明原因体重下降,或咳嗽性质变了而不是在好转。另外,干咳本身是一类降压药公认的不良反应 —— 在把它归给气候或季节之前,先核对一下用药。 有一味药需要比其它几味多写几句。**天花粉**是栝楼的根 —— 与**瓜蒌、瓜蒌皮、瓜蒌仁**同一株植物,但部位不同、物质不同,而且**它不叫花粉就不是花粉**。关于它有两件事是有记载的,都不是小事:其一,从这味根里分离出的**天花粉蛋白**是一种核糖体失活蛋白,在中国曾被开发并用于**终止妊娠**,包括引产与异位妊娠,所以**孕期是绝对排除项**,而不是「谨慎」;其二,天花粉注射制剂曾引起**过敏性休克**,对栝楼属的过敏反应亦有报道。只知道它是「润燥药」的读者,往往对这两点都感到意外。 另外三个辨物点:**生扁豆**是扁豆(Lablab purpureus),与别的豆类一样含**皂苷与植物凝集素**,生品或夹生会引起恶心、呕吐与腹泻,所以须熟透入药;**桑叶**是桑(Morus alba)的叶,与**桑白皮**(根皮)、**桑枝**(嫩枝)、**桑葚**(果穗)是同一株的不同部位、用途各异;方中**甘草**是生品,而甘草含**甘草酸**:持续摄入可产生盐皮质激素样表现(钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高),失钾正是它与地高辛或噻嗪类/袢利尿剂同用时变危险的机制。两味润药沿用本库它处的提示:**沙参**对应两种毫不相干的植物,**麦冬**有两个法定来源。 本方在这里是作为「燥」这一概念与古典思路的一份记录被收录。它不是判断一个持续咳嗽是什么的办法。

补益剂·滋养肺肾;古典记为肺肾阴亏、虚火上炎,症见咳嗽气喘、痰中带血、咽喉燥痛、午后潮热、骨蒸盗汗 · Enriching yin formula; recorded for depletion of lung and kidney yin with rising deficient fire, presenting as cough and breathlessness, blood-streaked sputum, dry painful throat, dizziness, and afternoon fever with night sweating

Bai He Gu Jin Tang (Lily Bulb Decoction to Consolidate the Metal) bǎi hé gù jīn tāng · 百合固金汤

Composition 组成

  • Lily bulb (bai he)
  • prepared Rehmannia root (shu di huang)
  • raw Rehmannia root (sheng di huang)
  • Ophiopogon tuber (mai dong)
  • Scrophularia root (xuan shen)
  • Chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • white peony root (bai shao)
  • Fritillaria bulb (bei mu)
  • Platycodon root (jie geng)
  • and liquorice root (gan cao). Ten ingredients in all. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 百合、熟地黄、生地黄、麦冬、玄参、当归身、白芍、贝母、桔梗、甘草。共十味(本库不列用量)。
Source 出处 · Yifang Jijie · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Bai He Gu Jin Tang is recorded in the Yifang Jijie for 肺肾阴亏 with 虚火上炎 — depletion of the yin of lung and kidney and the upward flaring of what the tradition calls deficient fire. The listed picture is cough and breathlessness, blood-streaked sputum, a dry and painful throat, dizziness, and afternoon fever with night sweating. 金 here is the lung, and the formula's name says what it intends to do to it. The symptom that must be dealt with before anything else in that list is 痰中带血. Blood in the sputum today is a work-up, not a pattern. The differential includes lung cancer — which can present with nothing more than streaks — tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, pulmonary embolism when there is also pleuritic pain or breathlessness, pulmonary aspergillosis, vasculitis such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis, mitral stenosis, and coagulation disorders, alongside benign sources such as the nose, the sinuses, the gums, or simply forceful coughing. In massive haemoptysis the lethal mechanism is asphyxiation from blood filling the airway rather than blood loss, which makes it an airway emergency. Any amount of blood beyond a single streak, any haemoptysis in a smoker or a person over forty, or any that recurs, belongs in front of imaging and sputum studies. The second cluster asks the same question from a different direction: afternoon fever, night sweating and cough with weight loss is tuberculosis until it is excluded, and it sits alongside lymphoma, HIV and endocarditis on the same list. This is worth stating plainly because the classical description of 虚火上炎 and the modern description of a consumptive illness describe the same person, and only one of the two frameworks has a test that changes what happens next. Several ingredients carry real identity or hazard notes. 百合 is a Lilium bulb; the medicinal bulb and the florist's lily are not the same product, several species are traded, and English "lily" covers unrelated plants including daylily, Hemerocallis. One household fact deserves recording: lilies are severely nephrotoxic to cats, and a cat that chews a leaf or drinks vase water can develop acute kidney injury. 贝母 is another name covering different species — 川贝 from Fritillaria cirrhosa and relatives, 浙贝 from Fritillaria thunbergii — with different alkaloid profiles and different traditional uses, and the group is named in the classical 十八反 as incompatible with 乌头, aconite. 玄参 is Scrophularia ningpoensis, and the character 参 it shares with 人参, 党参, 丹参 and 沙参 covers plants from several unrelated families. This formula contains both 生地黄 and 熟地黄, unprocessed and processed Rehmannia side by side, which is a deliberate pairing and a useful reminder that 地黄 is not one substance. 桔梗 (Platycodon grandiflorus) contains platycodin saponins that irritate mucous membranes and can provoke nausea. 当归 is Angelica sinensis, contains furanocoumarins that cause photosensitivity, and has case reports of interaction with warfarin. 白芍 is not 赤芍, and peony is named in the 十八反 with 藜芦. 甘草 contains glycyrrhizin, with the potassium-loss mechanism described elsewhere in this library. This entry records a classical formulation and the reasoning behind it. It is not a way of evaluating blood in the sputum, and this library offers no view on what any individual should take.

百合固金汤著录于《医方集解》,主治**肺肾阴亏、虚火上炎**。所列表现为咳嗽气喘、**痰中带血**、咽喉燥痛、头晕目眩,以及**午后潮热、骨蒸盗汗**。方名里的「金」指肺,方名本身说明了它想对肺做什么。 这一串表现里必须放在最前面处理的是**痰中带血**。今天,咯血是要查的,不是一个证。鉴别包括**肺癌**(它可以只表现为痰里带血丝)、**结核**、**支气管扩张**、伴有胸膜性疼痛或气短时的**肺栓塞**、肺曲霉病、肉芽肿性多血管炎这类血管炎、**二尖瓣狭窄**、凝血障碍,同时也有鼻、鼻窦、牙龈或单纯剧烈咳嗽这类良性来源。**大咯血的致死机制是血液灌满气道导致窒息,而不是失血**,所以它是气道急症。痰中血量超过一次血丝、吸烟者或四十岁以上者任何咯血、以及反复出现的咯血,都应当去做影像与痰检。 第二组症状从另一个方向问出同一个问题:**午后潮热+盗汗+咳嗽+体重下降,在排除之前就是结核**,而在这同一串里还并列着淋巴瘤、HIV 与感染性心内膜炎。这一点值得明说 —— 因为「虚火上炎」这个古典描述与消耗性疾病的现代描述指向的是同一个人,而两套框架里只有一套有能改变后续处理的检查。 几味药各有实在的辨物与风险提示。**百合**是百合属的鳞茎:药用干品与切花百合不是同一个产品,市售涉及多个种,而英文 lily 覆盖着互不相干的植物(包括黄花菜所属的萱草属)。有一条家庭场景的事实值得记下:**百合属对猫有严重肾毒性**,猫啃食叶片或饮用插花的水即可发生急性肾损伤。**贝母**同样是一个覆盖不同种的名字:**川贝**(卷叶贝母等)与**浙贝**(浙贝母)生物碱谱不同、传统用途不同,且贝母在十八反中与**乌头**相对。**玄参**是玄参科植物,它与**人参、党参、丹参、沙参**共用的那个「参」字,覆盖着好几个毫不相干的科。本方**生地黄与熟地黄同用**,炮制与未炮制并列一方,这是有意的配伍,也是「地黄不是一味药」的提醒。**桔梗**含桔梗皂苷,刺激黏膜,可引起恶心。**当归**是当归,含**呋喃香豆素**(光敏),并有与**华法林**相互作用的病例报告。**白芍不是赤芍**,且芍药在十八反中与**藜芦**相对。**甘草**含甘草酸,失钾机制见本库它处。 本条是古典组方与其思路的一份记录。它不是评估痰中带血的办法,本库也不对任何个人该用什么提出意见。

泻下剂·滋阴增液、泄热通便;古典记为热结阴亏、燥屎不行、下之不通 · Combined enriching and purging formula; recorded for heat bind with depleted fluids, when the stool does not move and ordinary purging has failed

Zeng Ye Cheng Qi Tang (Increase the Fluids and Order the Qi Decoction) zēng yè chéng qì tāng · 增液承气汤

Composition 组成

  • Scrophularia root (xuan shen)
  • Ophiopogon tuber (mai dong)
  • raw Rehmannia root (xi sheng di)
  • rhubarb root (da huang)
  • and sodium sulphate (mang xiao). Five ingredients in all — the first three are Zeng Ye Tang by itself
  • which already has an entry in this library. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 玄参、麦冬、细生地、大黄、芒硝。共五味(前三味即增液汤
  • 本库已另立条目
  • 本库不列用量)。
Source 出处 · Wenbing Tiaobian · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Zeng Ye Cheng Qi Tang is Zeng Ye Tang with two purgatives added. The three sweet, moistening roots — 玄参, 麦冬, 细生地 — are the fluid-increasing half; 大黄 and 芒硝 are the purging half. The classical image is 增水行舟: raise the water and the boat floats. It is one of the more self-explanatory names in the tradition, and the indication it is recorded for is also the sharpest thing about it. That indication is 下之不通 — the person has already been purged, and it did not work. Today, having already purged without result is a reason to stop and look rather than to escalate. The things that make a bowel fail to move after a purge include mechanical obstruction from tumour, adhesion, volvulus or hernia, faecal impaction with overflow diarrhoea that mimics the opposite problem, toxic megacolon, paralytic ileus after surgery or from medicine, and severe colonic stricture from inflammatory bowel disease or ischaemia. Adding a stronger stimulant purgative to a mechanical obstruction is the wrong direction, and it is one of the few places in herbal literature where a classical indication translates directly into a modern imaging request. Even where the cause is ordinary constipation, the modern sequence differs. New-onset constipation after roughly fifty is an indication for colorectal cancer screening; the rest of the list is hypothyroidism, hypercalcaemia, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, depression, immobility, low fluid and fibre intake, irritable bowel syndrome, and medicine — opioids, anticholinergics, calcium channel blockers, iron, and some antidepressants among them. One item on that list is an emergency rather than a differential: constipation with back pain, saddle anaesthesia, or new bladder or bowel incontinence can be cord or cauda equina compression, and that is a same-day scan. The two added ingredients each carry their own weight. 大黄 is rhubarb, an anthraquinone stimulant laxative; this class is no longer first-line for ordinary constipation, long-term use is associated with melanosis coli and with potassium loss, and European regulators have restricted anthraquinone laxatives to short-term use for that reason. Rhubarb root also contains tannins, which is why a purge with it can be followed by the opposite problem. 芒硝 is hydrated sodium sulphate — Glauber's salt — and that is a genuine sodium load, relevant in heart failure, hypertension and kidney disease; osmotic purgatives and bowel preparations have caused acute kidney injury and severe electrolyte disturbance, which is the mechanism to take seriously rather than the purgation itself. 芒硝 is also not 硝石, which is potassium nitrate, saltpetre. One point of classification is worth keeping: the three-ingredient version without the purgatives is Zeng Ye Tang, and it is already in this library. The difference between the two is exactly the two ingredients that make this one a purgative formula rather than a moistening one. This entry documents the composition and the reasoning. It is not guidance for anyone with a bowel that has stopped working.

增液承气汤就是**增液汤再加两味攻下药**。三味甘润的根 —— 玄参、麦冬、细生地 —— 是「增液」的一半,大黄与芒硝是「承气」的一半。古典取象是**增水行舟**:水涨起来,船自己就走了。这是传统里字面最清楚的方名之一,而它被记录的适应症,恰恰是全方最值得说的一点。 这个适应症是**下之不通** —— 已经下过了,没通。今天,**已经攻下而无效是停下来检查的理由,而不是加大的理由**。攻下之后仍不通的原因包括:肿瘤、粘连、肠扭转或疝造成的**机械性肠梗阻**;**粪便嵌塞伴溢液性腹泻**(表现与便秘相反,极易误判);中毒性巨结肠;术后或药物引起的麻痹性肠梗阻;炎症性肠病或缺血造成的严重肠腔狭窄。**往机械性梗阻上再加一味刺激性泻药是反向操作**,这也是本草文献里少数几个「古典适应症可以直接翻译成现代影像检查申请」的地方。 即便确实是普通便秘,今天的顺序也不同。**五十岁前后新发的便秘是结直肠癌筛查指征**;其余一长串是:甲状腺功能减退、高钙血症、糖尿病、帕金森病、抑郁、长期卧床、饮水与膳食纤维不足、肠易激综合征,以及药物(阿片类、抗胆碱药、钙通道阻滞剂、铁剂与部分抗抑郁药都在其中)。这一串里有一项不是鉴别而是急症:**便秘伴背痛、鞍区麻木、或新出现的大小便失禁**,可能是脊髓或马尾受压,属于当天就要做影像的情况。 后加的两味各自都有分量。**大黄**是蒽醌类刺激性泻药:这一类已不是普通便秘的一线选择,长期使用与**结肠黑变病**及**失钾**相关,欧洲监管机构据此把蒽醌类泻药限制为短期使用;大黄根同时含**鞣质**,这也是用它可以先泻后秘的原因。**芒硝**是**含水硫酸钠**,即一次真实的**钠负荷**,在心衰、高血压、肾病中都不是中性事件;渗透性泻药与肠道准备制剂曾引起**急性肾损伤**与严重电解质紊乱 —— 要认真对待的是这个机制,而不是「泻得干净」这件事。另:**芒硝不是硝石**(硝酸钾)。 还有一点分类值得保留:**去掉两味攻下药的三味方就是增液汤**,本库已另立条目。两方之差,正是使之成为「泻下剂」而非「润燥剂」的那两味。本条记录的是组成与其思路,它不是给「肠道不动了」的人的指引。

和解剂·散水消痞;古典记为水热互结,症见心下痞硬、干噫食臭、腹中雷鸣、下利 · Harmonising formula; recorded for water and heat bound together in the epigastrium, with focal distension that is hard on pressure, belching that carries the smell of food, audible rumbling in the abdomen, and diarrhoea

Shengjiang Xiexin Tang (Fresh Ginger Decoction to Drain the Epigastrium) shēng jiāng xiè xīn tāng · 生姜泻心汤

Composition 组成

  • Pinellia tuber (ban xia)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • coptis rhizome (huang lian)
  • dried ginger (gan jiang)
  • ginseng (ren shen)
  • liquorice root (gan cao)
  • and jujube (da zao). Eight ingredients in all — it is Banxia Xiexin Tang with fresh ginger added and the dried ginger reduced. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 半夏、生姜、黄芩、黄连、干姜、人参、甘草、大枣。共八味 —— 即半夏泻心汤加生姜、减干姜(本库不列用量)。
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Shengjiang Xiexin Tang is Banxia Xiexin Tang with one ingredient changed: fresh ginger goes in, and the dried ginger is reduced. The classical text separates the two formulas by a single clinical detail — 干噫食臭, belching that carries the smell of undigested food, and 腹中雷鸣, audible rumbling in the abdomen. That is a strikingly fine distinction to build a separate formula on, and it is the reason this family is worth reading as a family rather than as four unrelated recipes. 心下痞 means a sensation of blockage and fullness below the heart — the epigastrium — which the text says may or may not be hard when pressed. It is a description of a feeling, not of a disease. The honest modern translation is that this person has epigastric fullness, early satiety, belching and a change in bowel habit. That combination has a differential, and the differential is not optional: gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease with Helicobacter pylori, gastroparesis (diabetic, post-viral, or medication-related), pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and chronic pancreatitis, biliary disease, coeliac disease, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, gastric outlet obstruction, and gastric malignancy. Medicaments are high on any such list — non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, iron, potassium salts, bisphosphonates, metformin, and the GLP-1 receptor agonists that many people now take. What decides whether epigastric symptoms are investigated rather than self-managed is not the sensation but the company it keeps. Unintentional weight loss, progressive difficulty swallowing, persistent vomiting, iron-deficiency anaemia or a positive faecal occult blood test, a palpable mass, new symptoms beginning later in life, or a family history of gastric cancer — any of these changes the plan. So does a different observation, one that has nothing to do with the stomach: epigastric discomfort with sweating, breathlessness, nausea or exertional provocation is a recognised way for myocardial ischaemia, particularly of the inferior wall, to present. 「Indigestion」 is a common self-description of a cardiac event. Belching with the smell of food plus audible rumbling plus loose stool after eating also has a mundane modern reading: carbohydrate malabsorption (lactose, fructose), coeliac disease, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, and altered anatomy after abdominal surgery all produce exactly that picture. Identity matters more than usual in this composition. 生姜 and 干姜 are the fresh and dried rhizome of the same plant, Zingiber officinale; 干姜 is not 高良姜 (Alpinia officinarum), which is a different plant with a different traditional role. 半夏 is acrid and intensely irritating to mucous membranes in its unprepared state; only processed forms — 法半夏, 姜半夏, 清半夏 — are used internally, and that is a genuine safety fact rather than a formality. 黄芩 is Scutellaria baicalensis, which is not American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora); skullcap-labelled products have appeared in published liver-injury case series, frequently complicated by adulteration or misidentification, so the label on a bottle is not a guarantee of the plant inside. 黄连 is Coptis, not 胡黄连 (Picrorhiza), a wholly unrelated plant. Its principal alkaloid, berberine, is a documented inhibitor of CYP enzymes and P-glycoprotein, with case reports of raised cyclosporine and tacrolimus concentrations; berberine also displaces bilirubin from albumin, which is why Coptis preparations are treated as unsuitable for jaundiced newborns and are avoided in pregnancy and breastfeeding. 人参 is Panax ginseng — not 党参 (Codonopsis) and not 西洋参 (Panax quinquefolius) — and it appears in the classical incompatibility lists among the 「参」 set. 甘草 carries glycyrrhizin, which inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and produces a mineralocorticoid-like state: hypertension, hypokalaemia, oedema, and in severe cases hypokalaemic myopathy and rhabdomyolysis; the danger is not the amount in a single bowl so much as the combination with thiazide or loop diuretics, digoxin, or anything else that lowers potassium. 大枣 is a dried fruit and therefore a real sugar load, and 酸枣仁 is the seed of a related plant, not the same substance. This entry records how one classical text separated two nearly identical formulas by one symptom. It is not a way of deciding that epigastric symptoms are benign.

生姜泻心汤就是半夏泻心汤改动了一味药:加生姜、减干姜。古典文献用来区分两方的,只有一个临床细节 —— **「干噫食臭」**(打嗝带出未消化食物的气味)与**「腹中雷鸣」**(腹中咕噜有声)。为这样一个细节另立一方,是相当精细的分辨;这也正是这个类方族值得作为一族来读、而不是当作四个互不相干的方子的原因。 **心下痞**指心口以下(胃脘部)的堵闷感,条文说它按之或硬或不硬。这是对一种**感觉**的描述,不是对一种疾病的描述。老实翻译成今天的话:这个人上腹饱胀、早饱、嗳气、大便改变。这样一组表现对应一份鉴别清单,而这份清单不能跳过:**胃食管反流病、功能性消化不良、幽门螺杆菌相关的消化性溃疡、胃轻瘫**(糖尿病性、感染后或药物所致)、**胰腺外分泌功能不全与慢性胰腺炎、胆道疾病、乳糜泻、小肠细菌过度生长、胃流出道梗阻,以及胃癌**。药物在这类清单上位次很靠前 —— 非甾体抗炎药、铁剂、钾盐、双膦酸盐、二甲双胍,以及今天很多人正在使用的 GLP-1 受体激动剂。 决定「上腹不适要不要查」的不是这个感觉本身,而是它跟什么一起出现。**非意愿的体重下降、进行性吞咽困难、持续呕吐、缺铁性贫血或粪便隐血阳性、可触及的肿块、晚年新发症状、胃癌家族史** —— 任一条都改变处理方案。还有一条与胃无关的观察同样改变方案:**上腹不适伴出汗、气短、恶心,或由活动诱发,是心肌缺血(尤其下壁)已被承认的一种表现方式**。「消化不良」是心脏事件很常见的自我描述。 **嗳气带食臭+腹中雷鸣+食后腹泻**,在今天还有一层很平常的解读:碳水化合物吸收不良(乳糖、果糖)、乳糜泻、小肠细菌过度生长,以及腹部手术后的解剖改变,都能造出完全一样的画面。 本方的辨物比平常更要紧:**生姜与干姜**是同一植物(姜)的鲜根茎与干燥根茎;**干姜不是高良姜**(Alpinia officinarum,另一植物、另一用途)。**半夏**生品辛辣、对黏膜有强烈刺激性,内服只用炮制品 —— 法半夏、姜半夏、清半夏,这是实在的安全事实而不是走过场。**黄芩**是 Scutellaria baicalensis,不是美黄芩(Scutellaria lateriflora);标称 skullcap 的产品曾出现在公开的肝损伤病例系列中,且常牵涉掺伪与误判,所以瓶签不等于瓶中之物。**黄连**是 Coptis,不是**胡黄连**(Picrorhiza,毫不相干的另一植物);其主要生物碱**小檗碱**是已被证实的 CYP 酶与 P-糖蛋白抑制剂,有升高环孢素、他克莫司浓度的病例报告;小檗碱还会置换胆红素,故**黄疸新生儿视为不宜**,孕期与哺乳期亦回避。**人参**是 Panax ginseng,**不是党参**(Codonopsis)、**也不是西洋参**(Panax quinquefolius),且它出现在十八反中与藜芦相对的那一组「参」里。**甘草**含甘草酸,抑制 11β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶 2 型,产生类盐皮质激素状态:高血压、低钾、水肿,重者可致低钾性肌病与横纹肌溶解;危险往往不在某一碗里的量,而在它与噻嗪类或袢利尿剂、地高辛或任何其它降钾因素的叠加。**大枣**是干果,因此是一次真实的糖负荷;**酸枣仁**是近缘植物的种子,不是同一物。 本条是「一部古典文献如何凭一个症状把两张几乎相同的方子分开」的记录。它不能用来判定上腹症状是良性的。

和解剂·补中消痞;古典记为心下痞硬而满、干呕心烦不得安、下利日数十行、谷不化、腹中雷鸣 · Harmonising formula; recorded for focal distension that is full and hard, dry retching with restlessness and an inability to settle, and repeated diarrhoea with undigested food and audible borborygmi

Gancao Xiexin Tang (Licorice Decoction to Drain the Epigastrium) gān cǎo xiè xīn tāng · 甘草泻心汤

Composition 组成

  • Pinellia tuber (ban xia)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • coptis rhizome (huang lian)
  • ginseng (ren shen)
  • dried ginger (gan jiang)
  • liquorice root (gan cao)
  • and jujube (da zao). Seven ingredients in all — the same seven as Banxia Xiexin Tang
  • with the liquorice deliberately increased. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 半夏、黄芩、黄连、人参、干姜、甘草(炙)、大枣。共七味 —— 与半夏泻心汤同七味
  • 而甘草特意加重(本库不列用量)。
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Gancao Xiexin Tang is Banxia Xiexin Tang with the liquorice increased. One ingredient, in a larger share, is the entire difference — and because that ingredient is liquorice, it is also the safety headline of the formula. The classical line describes focal distension that is full and hard, dry retching, restlessness and an inability to settle, and diarrhoea so frequent that the text counts it, with food passing undigested and audible rumbling in the abdomen. The Jingui Yaolüe uses the same formula name for 狐惑, a condition described as ulceration of the throat, the eyes and the genitals. Modern readers habitually map that description onto Behçet's disease; the mapping is suggestive and is repeated in the Chinese literature, but it is an interpretation of a symptom description, not a demonstrated equivalence, and this library does not settle the question. Take the bowel picture first. Diarrhoea that runs for weeks and passes undigested food is, in any contemporary guidance, an indication for investigation rather than for tonic support. The standard workup for chronic diarrhoea (conventionally more than four weeks) covers bile acid diarrhoea, coeliac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, microscopic colitis, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, hyperthyroidism, Clostridioides difficile, diabetic enteropathy, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and a long medication list that includes metformin, proton pump inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, SGLT2 inhibitors, magnesium-containing preparations, and the GLP-1 receptor agonists now in wide use. The immediate danger in that state is not the diagnosis but the fluid and potassium loss — and that is exactly the danger liquorice amplifies. A person who is losing potassium from the bowel and taking a formula whose defining change is more liquorice is moving in the wrong direction on the single electrolyte that matters most. Liquorice deserves the detail. Glycyrrhizin inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, so cortisol acts at the mineralocorticoid receptor and the body behaves as though it were receiving aldosterone: sodium and water retention, hypertension, and potassium wasting. Published case reports describe hypokalaemic hypertension, oedema, hypokalaemic myopathy, and rhabdomyolysis, and case series exist for people who were simply eating liquorice confectionery regularly. The risk is materially higher alongside thiazide or loop diuretics, digoxin, or any other potassium-lowering agent — hypokalaemia is the mechanism by which digoxin toxicity becomes dangerous. Because 甘草 is the one ingredient this formula deliberately raises, it is the formula in this family where that interaction deserves to be said plainly. Take the ulcer picture second. Recurrent oral ulceration together with genital ulceration has its own differential: Behçet's disease, herpes simplex, inflammatory bowel disease, reactive arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nutritional deficiency (iron, folate, vitamin B12), and drug-induced ulceration — nicorandil and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the classic examples. One presentation must not be handled by correspondence or by self-treatment: acute, widespread painful oral erosions with skin lesions, blistering, mucosal involvement elsewhere, or fever could be erythema multiforme or Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and that is an emergency. Recurrent oral ulceration that does not heal within a few weeks also needs to be looked at directly, because oral squamous carcinoma can present that way. The remaining identities repeat across this family: 半夏 is used only in processed form because the unprepared tuber irritates mucous membranes; 黄连 (Coptis) is not 胡黄连 (Picrorhiza) and carries berberine, a documented CYP and P-glycoprotein inhibitor that displaces bilirubin, which is why it is avoided in jaundiced newborns and in pregnancy and breastfeeding; 黄芩 (Scutellaria baicalensis) is not American skullcap, and skullcap-labelled supplements have been reported in liver-injury case series involving adulteration or misidentification; 人参 is Panax ginseng, distinct from 党参 and 西洋参; 干姜 is dried Zingiber officinale, not 高良姜; 大枣 is a dried fruit and a genuine sugar load. This entry records what a classical text did with a difficult convalescent picture. It is not a plan for chronic diarrhoea, and it is not a plan for ulceration.

甘草泻心汤就是半夏泻心汤加重了甘草。**一味药、加量使用,就是全部的差别** —— 而因为这一味是甘草,它也同时成了本方的安全头条。 条文描写的是**心下痞硬而满、干呕、心烦不得安**,以及腹泻频繁到条文要计数、**谷不化**(食物不化)、腹中雷鸣。《金匮要略》以同一个方名治**狐惑**,描述为咽喉、眼目与前阴的蚀烂。现代读者习惯把这段描述对应到白塞病;这个对应在中文文献里被反复提及、也有提示性,但它是**对一组症状描述的解释,不是已被证明的等同关系**,本库不裁决这个问题。 先看肠道那一半。**持续数周、完谷不化的腹泻**,在任何当代临床指引里都是**检查指征**而不是进补指征。慢性腹泻(通常指超过四周)的常规检查路径包括:胆汁酸性腹泻、乳糜泻、炎症性肠病、显微镜下结肠炎、胰腺外分泌功能不全、甲状腺功能亢进、艰难拟梭菌感染、糖尿病性肠病、小肠细菌过度生长,以及一长串药物 —— 二甲双胍、质子泵抑制剂、非甾体抗炎药、抗生素、SGLT2 抑制剂、含镁制剂,以及今天广泛使用的 GLP-1 受体激动剂。这种状态下最紧迫的危险**不是诊断,而是水与钾的丢失** —— 而这恰恰是甘草会放大的那个危险。一个正在从肠道丢钾的人,服一张把甘草特意加重的方子,是在最要紧的那一项电解质上往错的方向走。 甘草值得写细一点。**甘草酸抑制 11β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶 2 型**,于是皮质醇作用于盐皮质激素受体,身体表现得像是接到了醛固酮:钠水潴留、血压升高、排钾。公开的病例报告描述了低钾性高血压、水肿、低钾性肌病乃至横纹肌溶解,也有仅仅长期食用甘草糖果的病例系列。**与噻嗪类或袢利尿剂、地高辛或任何其它降钾因素并用时风险明显升高** —— 低钾正是使地高辛中毒变得致命的机制。因为甘草是本方**唯一特意加重**的一味,这是这一族里最该把这件事说清的一方。 再看蚀烂那一半。**复发性口腔溃疡合并外阴溃疡**有它自己的鉴别清单:白塞病、单纯疱疹、炎症性肠病、反应性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮、营养缺乏(铁、叶酸、维生素 B12),以及药物性溃疡 —— 尼可地尔与非甾体抗炎药是最典型的两个例子。其中有一种表现**不能靠通信或自行处理**:急性、广泛、疼痛的口腔糜烂伴皮损、水疱、其它部位黏膜受累或发热,可能是多形性红斑或 Stevens-Johnson 综合征,**那是急症**。超过数周不愈的复发性口腔溃疡也需要当面看,因为口腔鳞癌可以这样起病。 其余辨物与本族各方相同:**半夏**只用炮制品,生品刺激黏膜;**黄连**(Coptis)不是**胡黄连**(Picrorhiza),含小檗碱 —— 已被证实的 CYP 与 P-糖蛋白抑制剂,且置换胆红素,故黄疸新生儿不宜、孕期与哺乳期回避;**黄芩**(Scutellaria baicalensis)不是美黄芩,标称黄芩属的补充剂有肝损伤病例报道且常牵涉掺伪与误判;**人参**是 Panax ginseng,与**党参**、**西洋参**不同物;**干姜**是姜的干燥根茎,不是**高良姜**;**大枣**是干果,是一次真实的糖负荷。 本条记录的是一部古典文献如何处理一个棘手的病后局面。它不是慢性腹泻的方案,也不是溃疡的方案。

和解剂·寒热并用;古典记为心下痞,而复恶寒汗出 · Harmonising formula combining cold and hot; recorded for focal distension together with chilliness and sweating

Fuzi Xiexin Tang (Aconite Decoction to Drain the Epigastrium) fù zǐ xiè xīn tāng · 附子泻心汤

Composition 组成

  • Rhubarb root (da huang)
  • coptis rhizome (huang lian)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • and prepared aconite daughter root (fu zi). Four ingredients in all — it is Dahuang Huanglian Xiexin Tang with aconite added. The classical text has the aconite simmered separately while the other three are steeped briefly in boiling water. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 大黄、黄连、黄芩、附子。共四味 —— 即大黄黄连泻心汤加附子。古典记载中附子另煮取汁
  • 余三味以麻沸汤渍之(本库不列用量)。
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Fuzi Xiexin Tang is Dahuang Huanglian Xiexin Tang with aconite added. One ingredient separates them, and it is the most consequential one in this library: a hot, cardiotoxic root is placed into a formula otherwise built from three bitter cold ones. That is the classical idea of 寒热并用, cold and hot used together, and reading it is only useful if the toxicity of the hot half is stated without softening. The classical text also specifies two different extraction methods in a single formula: the aconite is simmered on its own, while the rhubarb, coptis and scutellaria are steeped briefly in boiling water and strained rather than boiled. This is a genuine and unusual feature of the source. It is recorded here as a textual fact, not as a preparation instruction, and not as a way of managing the risk: prolonged heating hydrolyses the toxic diester alkaloids of aconite into far less toxic ones, and traditional processing does the same, but both reduce the hazard rather than remove it. The indication line is short: 心下痞, 而复恶寒汗出 — epigastric fullness, and on top of it chilliness and sweating. That pairing deserves to be read as a warning rather than as a pattern to be matched. Epigastric discomfort accompanied by sweating and a sensation of cold is a recognised way for acute coronary syndromes to present, especially in older people, women, and people with diabetes, who are precisely the groups most likely to describe the event as indigestion. The same combination is produced by sepsis, which in older people may present with hypothermia rather than fever; by gastrointestinal bleeding and hypovolaemia; by a perforated peptic ulcer; and by hypoglycaemia. All of these are reasons to be assessed in person and none of them is self-managed. Aconite needs the full statement. 附子 is the processed daughter root of Aconitum carmichaelii; 川乌 is the mother root of the same plant and 草乌 comes from other Aconitum species. The whole genus carries aconitine-type diester alkaloids, which hold voltage-gated sodium channels open. Poisoning produces tingling and numbness of the mouth and limbs, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, ventricular tachyarrhythmias and fibrillation, and asystole. Poisoning clusters following improperly processed or excessive aconite have been reported from China, Hong Kong and elsewhere, including fatal cases; there is no specific antidote and management is supportive with control of the arrhythmia. Because aconite belongs to the 乌头 group that the classical incompatibility lists set against 半夏, 瓜蒌, 贝母, 白蔹 and 白及, it is worth noticing that these four formulas each keep those two sides apart — the ones that contain Pinellia do not contain aconite, and the one that contains aconite does not contain Pinellia. The cold half carries its own cautions. 大黄 is an anthraquinone stimulant laxative; chronic use is associated with melanosis coli (a benign, reversible pigmentation seen at colonoscopy), potassium loss, and dependence, and stimulant laxatives are conventionally avoided in pregnancy and breastfeeding and are not used when intestinal obstruction or undiagnosed abdominal pain is a possibility. 大黄 is Rheum, and it is not 土大黄, the Rumex docks that are sometimes substituted. 黄连 supplies berberine, a documented inhibitor of CYP enzymes and P-glycoprotein with case reports of raised immunosuppressant concentrations; berberine also displaces bilirubin, which is why Coptis preparations are regarded as unsuitable for jaundiced newborns and are avoided in pregnancy and breastfeeding. 黄连 is Coptis, not 胡黄连. 黄芩 is Scutellaria baicalensis, not American skullcap; skullcap-labelled supplements have been reported in liver-injury case series frequently complicated by adulteration or misidentification. This entry records a formula whose entire interest lies in putting two opposite things in one bowl. It is not a way of deciding that epigastric fullness with sweating is something to wait out.

附子泻心汤就是大黄黄连泻心汤加了一味附子。**一味之差,而这一味是本库里分量最重的一味**:在一张原本由三味苦寒药构成的方子里,放进一味辛热而**有心脏毒性**的根。这就是古典所谓**寒热并用**;但要读懂它,前提是辛热那一半的毒性被不含糊地写清楚。 古典条文还规定了**同一方内两种不同的提取法**:附子另煮取汁,大黄、黄连、黄芩三味则以「麻沸汤」短时浸泡、绞去滓而不煎煮。这是原文献里一个确实存在且不同寻常的特征。本库把它作为**文献事实**记录,**不是制法说明,更不是风险管理的方法**:长时间加热会把附子中的双酯型生物碱水解为毒性低得多的产物,传统炮制也是同理,但两者都是**降低**危险,而不是**消除**危险。 主治条文很短:**心下痞,而复恶寒汗出** —— 上腹痞闷,再加上怕冷与出汗。这一组应当被读作**警示**,而不是一个可以对照归类的证。**上腹不适伴出汗与畏寒**,是急性冠脉综合征已被承认的一种起病方式,在老年人、女性与糖尿病患者中尤其如此 —— 而这些人恰恰最可能把这回事描述成「消化不良」。同样的组合还由以下情况造成:**脓毒症**(老年人可表现为低体温而非发热)、**消化道出血与低血容量**、**消化性溃疡穿孔**、**低血糖**。这些都需要当面评估,没有一种是可以自行处理的。 附子需要写完整。**附子**是乌头(Aconitum carmichaelii)子根的加工品;**川乌**是同一植物的母根,**草乌**来自乌头属的另一些种。乌头属全株含**乌头碱型双酯型生物碱**,使电压门控钠通道持续开放。中毒表现为口舌与四肢麻木刺痛、恶心呕吐、头晕、**室性心动过速与室颤、心搏骤停**。因炮制不当或过量而中毒的聚集性病例在中国大陆、中国香港及其它地区均有公开报道,含致死病例;**无特异解毒剂**,处理以支持治疗与控制心律失常为主。因为附子属于十八反中与**半夏、瓜蒌、贝母、白蔹、白及**相对的乌头类,值得注意这四首方各自都把这两边分开 —— 含半夏的不含附子,含附子的不含半夏。 苦寒那一半也有它自己的注意事项:**大黄**是蒽醌类刺激性泻药,长期使用与**结肠黑变病**(结肠镜下所见、良性且可逆)、**失钾**与**依赖**相关;刺激性泻药在孕期与哺乳期按惯例回避,在**疑似肠梗阻或未诊断的腹痛**存在时亦不使用。大黄是 Rheum,**不是土大黄**(酸模属,偶见误替)。**黄连**提供小檗碱 —— 已被证实的 CYP 酶与 P-糖蛋白抑制剂,有升高免疫抑制剂浓度的病例报告;小檗碱还置换胆红素,故含黄连的制剂**对黄疸新生儿视为不宜**,孕期与哺乳期回避;且**黄连不是胡黄连**。**黄芩**是 Scutellaria baicalensis,**不是美黄芩**;标称黄芩属的补充剂出现在肝损伤病例系列中,常牵涉掺伪或误判。 本条记录的是一张把两种相反的东西放进同一碗里的方子。它不能用来判定「上腹痞闷加出汗」是可以等着看的事。

清热剂·泻热消痞;古典记为心下痞、按之濡、其脉关上浮 · Clearing formula; recorded for focal distension that is soft on pressure, with a floating pulse at the guan position

Dahuang Huanglian Xiexin Tang (Rhubarb and Coptis Decoction to Drain the Epigastrium) dà huáng huáng lián xiè xīn tāng · 大黄黄连泻心汤

Composition 组成

  • Rhubarb root (da huang) and coptis rhizome (huang lian). Two ingredients by the Shanghan Lun text
  • some editions and later commentators add scutellaria root (huang qin). This library records the two-ingredient reading and notes the disagreement rather than settling it. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 大黄、黄连。按《伤寒论》文本为二味
  • 部分版本与后世注家加入黄芩。本库取二味说
  • 并如实记录分歧
  • 不作裁决(本库不列用量)。
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Dahuang Huanglian Xiexin Tang is the smallest formula in this family and, in a sense, the root of it: add aconite and it becomes Fuzi Xiexin Tang. The classical instruction is unusual — the two ingredients are steeped briefly in boiling water (麻沸汤) and strained, rather than decocted at length. Classical commentators have long connected that instruction with a real chemical observation: rhubarb contains both anthraquinone glycosides, which are strongly laxative, and condensed tannins, which are astringent, and prolonged boiling extracts proportionally more of the tannin fraction. That is the traditional explanation and it is recorded here as such; it is a commentarial rationale, not a demonstrated clinical difference, and it is certainly not a preparation instruction. The indication line is 心下痞,按之濡, 其脉关上浮: fullness below the heart that is soft when pressed, with a floating pulse at the guan position. Two things about that sentence are worth saying plainly. First, the classical texts themselves distinguish 痞 that is soft from 痞 that is hard and full — the same word, different palpation, and in this library that difference is what separates this formula from the others in the group. In practice, however, an epigastric mass, guarding or rigidity, fullness with persistent vomiting, or tenderness that wakes someone from sleep are reasons to be examined, not reasons to sort a sensation into a category. Second, the pulse description belongs to the classical examination and is recorded as part of the text; a pulse is not used here to reach any conclusion about any person. The more important thing to say about this formula is a naming problem, because it is the kind of problem that injures people. The Shanghan Lun formula for 心下痞 is not the same entity as the 泻心汤 of the Jingui Yaolüe, which is recorded with rhubarb, scutellaria and coptis for 吐血 and 衄血 — vomiting blood and nosebleed. Similar names, different texts, different recorded indications. And bleeding is where this library stops rather than continues: haematemesis and melaena are presentations of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, which includes peptic ulcer, varices, Mallory-Weiss tears, and malignancy, and which is managed with resuscitation, risk stratification and endoscopy, not with a decoction. Nosebleed is usually trivial and occasionally is not — posterior epistaxis, anticoagulation, a bleeding disorder, or hypertension-associated bleeding are all reasons for it to be dealt with directly. Nothing in this entry is offered for bleeding of any kind. The two ingredients each carry documented cautions. 大黄 is an anthraquinone stimulant laxative. Chronic use is associated with melanosis coli, a benign and reversible brown pigmentation of the colonic mucosa that is noticed at colonoscopy; with potassium loss and the dependence that follows from long-term use; and stimulant laxatives are conventionally avoided in pregnancy and breastfeeding and are not used where intestinal obstruction, inflammatory bowel disease or undiagnosed abdominal pain is a possibility. Hypokalaemia from laxative use interacts with digoxin and with diuretics in the direction that matters most. 大黄 is Rheum, admitted from several species in the Pharmacopoeia, and it is not 土大黄, the Rumex docks that are sometimes supplied in its place. 黄连 is Coptis and its principal alkaloid is berberine, a documented inhibitor of CYP enzymes and P-glycoprotein, with case reports of raised cyclosporine and tacrolimus concentrations in transplant patients; berberine displaces bilirubin from albumin, which is why Coptis preparations are regarded as unsuitable for jaundiced newborns and are avoided in pregnancy and breastfeeding. 黄连 is not 胡黄连 (Picrorhiza). Where an edition adds 黄芩, that is Scutellaria baicalensis, which is not American skullcap; skullcap-labelled supplements have been reported in liver-injury case series often complicated by adulteration or misidentification, so a label is not a guarantee of the plant inside. This entry is a record of what a classical text said about one kind of epigastric fullness, and of a textual disagreement that is still open. It is not a way of deciding that epigastric symptoms are benign, and it offers nothing for bleeding.

大黄黄连泻心汤是这一族里最小的一方,某种意义上也是这一族的根:加上附子,就成了附子泻心汤。古典条文里有一处不寻常的交代 —— 两味药以**麻沸汤**(滚水)**短时浸泡、绞去滓**,而不是久煎。后世注家很早就把这条交代与一个确实存在的化学事实联系起来:大黄既含**蒽醌苷**(泻下作用强),又含**缩合鞣质**(具收敛作用),久煎会相对更多地提出鞣质部分。本库将其作为**传统解释**记录 —— **它是注释性的理由,不是已被证明的临床差别,更不是制法说明**。 主治条文是**心下痞,按之濡,其脉关上浮**。这句话有两点该说清楚。第一,**古典文献自己区分了「痞」之软与痞之硬满** —— 同一个字,按诊不同;在本库里,正是这个差别把本方与同族各方分开。但在实际中,**上腹部包块、腹肌紧张或板样强直、痞满伴持续呕吐、或痛至夜间醒来的压痛**,都是需要被当面检查的理由,而不是把一种感觉归进某一类的理由。第二,脉象描述属于古典诊法的一部分,作为文本记录在此;**切脉在此不用于对任何人作出任何结论**。 关于本方更该说的是一个**命名问题**,因为它正是会伤到人的那类问题。《伤寒论》治**心下痞**的这一方,与《金匮要略》以大黄、黄芩、黄连治**吐血、衄血**的**泻心汤**并非同一实体。**名字相近,文本不同,所记主治不同。** 而出血这件事,本库在这里是**停下来**而不是继续:**呕血与黑便是上消化道出血的表现**,其成因包括消化性溃疡、静脉曲张、Mallory-Weiss 撕裂与恶性肿瘤,处理靠复苏、危险分层与内镜,**不是靠一碗汤剂**。鼻出血多数无碍,有时不是 —— **后鼻道出血、正在抗凝、存在凝血障碍或与高血压相关的出血**,都需要当场处理。本条**不为任何形式的出血提供任何方案**。 两味药各有被记载的注意事项:**大黄**是蒽醌类刺激性泻药。长期使用与**结肠黑变病**(结肠黏膜良性、可逆的褐色色素沉着,结肠镜下发现)、**失钾**以及长期使用后的**依赖**相关;刺激性泻药在孕期与哺乳期按惯例回避,在**肠梗阻、炎症性肠病或未诊断的腹痛**可能存在的情形下不使用。泻药所致低钾与地高辛、与利尿剂的相互作用,正落在最要紧的方向上。大黄是 Rheum,药典收数个种;**它不是土大黄**(酸模属,偶被充替)。**黄连**是 Coptis,主要生物碱为**小檗碱** —— 已被证实的 CYP 酶与 P-糖蛋白抑制剂,有移植受者环孢素、他克莫司浓度升高的病例报告;小檗碱置换胆红素,故含黄连的制剂**对黄疸新生儿视为不宜**,孕期与哺乳期回避;且**黄连不是胡黄连**(Picrorhiza)。若某一版本加黄芩,那是 Scutellaria baicalensis,**不是美黄芩**;标称黄芩属的补充剂出现在肝损伤病例系列中,常牵涉掺伪或误判 —— **瓶签不等于瓶中之物**。 本条是「一部古典文献对一种上腹痞闷说了什么」的记录,也是对一个**至今开放**的文本分歧的记录。它不能用来判定上腹症状是良性的;它对出血不提供任何东西。

和解剂·散饮生津;古典记为汗下之后邪未解,症见胸胁满微结、小便不利、渴而不呕、但头汗出、往来寒热、心烦 · Harmonising formula that disperses retained fluid and generates fluid; recorded after sweating and purgation for fullness and slight binding in the chest and flanks, difficult urination, thirst without vomiting, sweating confined to the head, alternating chills and fever, and irritability

Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Tang (Bupleurum, Cinnamon Twig and Dried Ginger Decoction) chái hú guì zhī gān jiāng tāng · 柴胡桂枝干姜汤

Composition 组成

  • Bupleurum root (chai hu)
  • cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • dried ginger (gan jiang)
  • trichosanthes root (gua lou gen
  • also called tian hua fen)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • oyster shell (mu li)
  • liquorice root (gan cao). Seven ingredients — it is Xiao Chai Hu Tang with the pinellia
  • ginseng
  • fresh ginger and jujube taken out
  • and cinnamon twig
  • dried ginger
  • trichosanthes root and oyster shell put in their place. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 柴胡、桂枝、干姜、栝楼根(天花粉)、黄芩、牡蛎、甘草。共七味 —— 即小柴胡汤去半夏、人参、生姜、大枣
  • 加桂枝、干姜、栝楼根、牡蛎(本库不列用量)。
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Tang is Xiao Chai Hu Tang with four ingredients taken out and four put in. The removals are the ones that nourish and settle — pinellia, ginseng, fresh ginger, jujube. The additions are cinnamon twig, dried ginger, trichosanthes root and oyster shell. Reading the substitution tells you what the classical text thought was happening: not a deficiency to be supported, but a fluid problem — 饮, retained fluid — plus a dryness that needs fluid generated rather than poured in. There is a detail in the source line that matters more than the formula. Shanghan Lun introduces it as 伤寒五六日,已发汗而复下之 — five or six days in, sweating has already been induced and then purging was applied. The state the formula addresses is described as the aftermath of treatment. So is Ganjiang Huangqin Huanglian Renshen Tang in this batch (医复吐下之, the practitioner then applied emesis and purgation again), and so is Mahuang Shengma Tang (大下后, after drastic purging). Three of the four formulas here take a treatment-caused deterioration as their starting point. That is worth sitting with: the classical corpus recorded iatrogenesis as a clinical category, and the modern habit is to skip over that half of the sentence. What the text lists is a cluster, not a disease. Fullness and slight binding in the chest and flanks, difficult urination, thirst without vomiting, sweating confined to the head, alternating chills and fever, and irritability. Each of those has a modern differential that is not optional. Alternating chills and fever — the signature item — is a fever pattern, and a fever pattern is investigated: malaria, bacteraemia and endocarditis, tuberculosis, lymphoma, brucellosis, cholangitis, deep abscess, and drug fever. Two of the signs belong together and are better known from another line. 但头汗出 together with 小便不利 and thirst is the combination the classical texts repeatedly associate with jaundice — damp-heat trapped inside, the sweat stopping at the neck. Today that pairing is a bilirubin and liver function test, and a right upper quadrant ultrasound if the numbers move. The point is not that the old description was wrong; it is that what took careful observation to notice in the second century takes a blood test now, and the blood test is the thing that changes management. Thirst and reduced urine output carry their own lists: diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus, hypercalcaemia, dehydration, diuretics, anticholinergics, and Sjögren's. Reduced output in an older man is often prostatic; in anyone it can be acute kidney injury, and acute kidney injury has a cause that is worth finding. The safety notes for this formula are specific. 栝楼根 is trichosanthes root, sold as 天花粉 — the root of Trichosanthes kirilowii. It is not the fruit (瓜蒌), not the seed (瓜蒌仁), and not pollen, whatever the name suggests. The protein isolated from it, trichosanthin, was developed and used to terminate pregnancy and to treat ectopic pregnancy; injections of it have recorded anaphylactic shock. Pregnancy is therefore an absolute exclusion for this formula, and not a matter of degree. 牡蛎 is oyster shell, essentially calcium carbonate, a mineral product in which shellfish can accumulate heavy metals from the water they grew in. 甘草 over time is a real pharmacological agent: glycyrrhizin inhibits 11β-HSD2 and produces a pseudohyperaldosteronism of hypertension, hypokalaemia and oedema, in severe cases hypokalaemic myopathy and rhabdomyolysis; alongside a diuretic or digoxin, the potassium loss is the mechanism that kills. 桂枝 is cassia cinnamon bark, and cassia species carry appreciable coumarin, hepatotoxic at sustained intake. 黄芩 is Scutellaria baicalensis and must not be confused with American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora); baicalensis-containing supplements appear in liver injury case series, frequently entangled with adulteration and misidentification. 柴胡 is Bupleurum: species substitution is documented, Bupleurum longiradiatum is toxic and must not appear, and Bupleurum-containing formulae were implicated in interstitial pneumonia in Japan, mostly together with interferon and in people with pre-existing lung disease. 干姜 is dried ginger, not fresh ginger and not galangal. This entry records what the formula is recorded for. It is not a recommendation to use it, and nothing here is a treatment plan.

柴胡桂枝干姜汤就是小柴胡汤去掉四味、加上四味。去掉的是补与降的那一组(半夏、人参、生姜、大枣),加上的是桂枝、干姜、栝楼根、牡蛎。看加减就能看出古典文献把它当成什么问题:不是虚而要补,是饮与渴 —— 有水饮停留,又有津液不能上承。 但这一条最值钱的不是方,是条文的前半句:《伤寒论》写的是「伤寒五六日,已发汗而复下之」。也就是说,这首方所处理的局面,是**治完之后**的局面。本批的干姜黄芩黄连人参汤(「医复吐下之」)与麻黄升麻汤(「大下后」)同样如此 —— 四首里有三首把「治疗之后变糟」写进了适应症本身。古典文献把医源性恶化当成一类临床情形记录在案,而今天的读者往往跳过这半句。 条文列的是一组症候群,不是一种病:胸胁满微结、小便不利、渴而不呕、但头汗出、往来寒热、心烦。每一项都有今天必须走的鉴别:往来寒热是发热型式,要查疟疾、菌血症与感染性心内膜炎、结核、淋巴瘤、布鲁氏菌病、胆管炎、深部脓肿与药物热;渴与小便不利要查糖尿病与尿崩症、高钙、脱水、利尿剂、抗胆碱药与干燥综合征;老年男性排尿困难常见于前列腺,而任何人的尿量减少都可能是急性肾损伤,且急性肾损伤是有原因可找的。 有两项必须合看:**「但头汗出+小便不利+渴」正是古典文献反复与黄疸并提的那一组**(湿热郁蒸、汗出剂颈而还)。今天这一组是一张胆红素与肝功化验单,数字动了就加做右上腹超声。要点不是古人看错了,而是公元二世纪需要细察才能发现的东西,现在一张血检就能看见,而这张血检才会改变处置。 安全:**栝楼根即天花粉**,是栝楼(Trichosanthes kirilowii)的根,**既不是瓜蒌(果实)、也不是瓜蒌仁(种子)、更不是花粉**;从其中分离出的天花粉蛋白曾被开发用于终止妊娠与异位妊娠,注射制剂有过敏性休克记载 —— 故孕期对本方是绝对排除项,没有「少量」这一说。牡蛎是贝壳=碳酸钙类矿物药,贝壳类可蓄积重金属。甘草长期即实效药:甘草酸抑制 11β-HSD2 造成假性醛固酮增多症(高血压、低钾、水肿,重者低钾性肌病与横纹肌溶解),与利尿剂/地高辛叠加时低钾是致命机制。桂枝为桂皮类树皮,含相当量香豆素,持续摄入有肝毒性。黄芩是 Scutellaria baicalensis,**不可与美黄芩(Scutellaria lateriflora)混同**,含黄芩属的补充剂有肝损伤病例系列且常牵涉掺伪与误判。柴胡存在品种混乱,**大叶柴胡有毒不可入药**,含柴胡制剂在日本曾牵涉间质性肺炎(多与干扰素合用、且多用于已有肺病者)。干姜是干品生姜,**不等于生姜,也不等于高良姜**。 本条目只记录文献所载,不构成使用建议,也不构成任何处置方案。

和解剂·双解太少;古典记为发热微恶寒、支节烦疼、微呕、心下支结、外证未去 · Harmonising formula that releases the exterior and harmonises at once; recorded for fever with slight aversion to cold, troublesome pain in the limbs and joints, slight vomiting, a propped bind below the heart, with the exterior pattern not yet resolved

Chaihu Guizhi Tang (Bupleurum and Cinnamon Twig Decoction) chái hú guì zhī tāng · 柴胡桂枝汤

Composition 组成

  • Bupleurum root (chai hu)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • pinellia tuber (ban xia)
  • ginseng (ren shen)
  • liquorice root (gan cao)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • jujube (da zao)
  • cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • peony root (shao yao). Nine ingredients — Xiao Chai Hu Tang and Gui Zhi Tang combined at half strength each
  • which is why the formula is often described as the two of them laid side by side. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 柴胡、黄芩、半夏、人参、甘草、生姜、大枣、桂枝、芍药。共九味 —— 即小柴胡汤与桂枝汤各取一半相合(本库不列用量)。
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Chaihu Guizhi Tang is what you get when two of the most-used formulas in Shanghan Lun are put in the same pot: Xiao Chai Hu Tang for the half-exterior half-interior stage, and Gui Zhi Tang for the exterior. Neither is at full strength. The line that introduces it is short and precise — 伤寒六七日,发热,微恶寒,支节烦疼,微呕,心下支结,外证未去者. Fever with slight chills, painful limbs, a little vomiting, a sensation of something propped up under the heart, and the exterior pattern still present. The item a modern reader is most likely to skim is 支节烦疼, aching in the limbs and joints, and it is the one that carries the most risk. Fever plus joint pain is a differential with a clock attached: septic arthritis destroys a joint within days and is drained within hours rather than observed; rheumatic fever, Lyme disease, parvovirus B19, rubella, hepatitis B prodrome, chikungunya and dengue, gout, adult-onset Still's disease, systemic lupus, reactive arthritis and infective endocarditis all present this way. Telling them apart requires the joint to be looked at, and where sepsis is possible, aspirated. 心下支结 — a propped, bound feeling below the heart — is the same epigastric territory that the Xiexin Tang family of formulas addresses, and the differential is the same one: reflux, functional dyspepsia, peptic ulcer with Helicobacter pylori, gastroparesis, pancreatic and biliary disease, coeliac disease, mucosal injury from non-steroidal anti-inflammatories or iron, and the standing fact that inferior wall ischaemia regularly presents as upper abdominal discomfort. 微呕, slight vomiting, belongs to that list too; with unintentional weight loss, persistent vomiting, or new symptoms beginning later in life, the plan changes. This formula is also one of the better-known Kampo prescriptions in Japan, where saikokeishito has been used and studied in small clinical series, including in epilepsy and in febrile seizures. Those studies exist, and they are small; the effect is not established, and this entry makes no claim for it. If a study is worth citing, its size is worth citing too. The safety notes are largely cumulative from the two parent formulas, which is part of the point — a combined formula carries both sets. Raw pinellia is a mucosal irritant through its calcium oxalate raphides and lectins and can swell the throat; only the prepared forms (法半夏, 姜半夏, 清半夏) are taken internally, and it is one half of the 十八反 incompatibility with aconite. 人参 is Panax ginseng, not Codonopsis (党参) and not American ginseng (西洋参), and carries case reports of reducing warfarin's effect, of hypoglycaemia, and of insomnia with palpitations. 甘草 brings the glycyrrhizin problem: pseudohyperaldosteronism with hypertension, hypokalaemia and oedema, dangerous when added to a diuretic or digoxin. 芍药 is ambiguous in the market between 白芍 and 赤芍, which are processed differently and are not interchangeable by name. 桂枝 carries cassia coumarin. 大枣 is dried fruit and therefore sugar. 柴胡 carries bupleurum's species problem and its interstitial pneumonia signal. 黄芩 carries the skullcap identification problem. Two parent formulas in one bowl means two sets of cautions in one bowl, and that arithmetic is exactly what gets lost when a combination formula is described as gentle.

柴胡桂枝汤是《伤寒论》里两首最常用方的合方:小柴胡汤治半表半里,桂枝汤治表,两方各取一半相合,所以也有「两方并列」的说法。条文很短也很有分寸:伤寒六七日,发热、微恶寒、支节烦疼、微呕、心下支结、外证未去者。 最容易被今天读者一眼掠过的是「支节烦疼」,而它恰恰是风险最高的一项。**发热+关节痛是一份带时钟的鉴别清单**:化脓性关节炎在数天内破坏关节,处置是数小时内引流而不是观察;风湿热、莱姆病、细小病毒 B19、风疹、乙肝前驱期、基孔肯雅热与登革热、痛风、成人 Still 病、系统性红斑狼疮、反应性关节炎、感染性心内膜炎都以这种方式起病。区分它们的办法是去看那个关节,怀疑化脓时是穿刺。 「心下支结」(心下如有物支撑结聚)与泻心汤类方是同一片区域,鉴别也是同一份:反流、功能性消化不良、消化性溃疡与幽门螺杆菌、胃轻瘫、胰胆疾病、乳糜泻、非甾体抗炎药或铁剂造成的黏膜损伤,以及下壁心肌缺血常表现为上腹不适。「微呕」也在这份清单里;一旦合并非自愿的体重下降、持续呕吐或晚发的新症状,处置路径就要变。 这首方在日本汉方里叫 saikokeishito,有用于癫痫与热性惊厥的小规模临床观察。研究是存在的,规模也确实是小的;**疗效未被证实**,本条目不为此作任何主张 —— 引用一项研究,就该连它的规模一起引用。 安全侧基本是两首母方之和,这本身就是要点 —— 合方承担两套警示。生半夏因草酸钙针晶与凝集素强烈刺激黏膜、可致咽部肿胀,内服只用炮制品(法半夏/姜半夏/清半夏),且它是十八反中与乌头类相对的一方。人参是 Panax ginseng,**不等于党参、也不等于西洋参**,有降低华法林效应的病例报告,另有低血糖、失眠与心悸的记载。甘草是甘草酸问题:假性醛固酮增多症(高血压、低钾、水肿),与利尿剂/地高辛叠加时危险。芍药在市售层面白芍与赤芍长期混淆,二者加工不同、不可按名互替。桂枝含桂皮香豆素。大枣是干果=真实糖负荷。柴胡有品种混乱与间质性肺炎信号。黄芩有黄芩属误判问题。 两首母方同锅,就是两套警示同锅 —— 合方常被说成「平和」,而这层算术恰恰是被「平和」两个字盖掉的部分。

和解剂·寒热格拒·辛开苦降;古典记为「食入口即吐」,属上热下寒、寒格更逆 · Harmonising formula for cold and heat in opposition; recorded for vomiting in which food is ejected the moment it enters the mouth, in a setting the text describes as cold below blocking heat above

Ganjiang Huangqin Huanglian Renshen Tang (Dried Ginger, Scutellaria, Coptis and Ginseng Decoction) gān jiāng huáng qín huáng lián rén shēn tāng · 干姜黄芩黄连人参汤

Composition 组成

  • Dried ginger (gan jiang)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • coptis rhizome (huang lian)
  • ginseng (ren shen). Four ingredients — among the shortest formulas in the classical corpus
  • and the plainest statement of the 辛开苦降 idea: acrid-opening and bitter-descending in the same cup. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 干姜、黄芩、黄连、人参。共四味 —— 古典方中味数最少者之一
  • 也是「辛开苦降」最直白的一例(本库不列用量)。
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Four ingredients. Dried ginger against scutellaria and coptis, with ginseng alongside. That is the whole formula, and the opposition is the point: one hot herb and two cold ones in the same decoction, which is the pattern later writers called 寒热格拒 — cold and heat refusing each other, heat above unable to descend, cold below unable to receive. The line reads 伤寒本自寒下,医复吐下之,寒格更逆吐下,若食入口即吐,干姜黄芩黄连人参汤主之. Read it slowly: there was cold below to begin with, the practitioner then applied emesis and purgation, the blockage got worse, and now food is vomited the moment it enters the mouth. Like Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Tang and Mahuang Shengma Tang in this batch, the source names the treatment that preceded the deterioration. The classical text is not shy about this; modern quoting of these lines usually drops it. 食入口即吐 is the phrase worth stopping at, because it is not the same as ordinary nausea. Vomiting at the moment of swallowing has a short and fairly surgical list: gastric outlet obstruction, pyloric stenosis, duodenal obstruction, malrotation with volvulus in an infant, achalasia and oesophageal stricture, severe gastroparesis, pancreatitis and cholecystitis, bowel obstruction, raised intracranial pressure, diabetic ketoacidosis and adrenal crisis, uraemia, hyperemesis gravidarum, drug effects from opioids, GLP-1 receptor agonists or chemotherapy, and — again, and always — inferior wall myocardial ischaemia. In a young infant, effortless projectile vomiting without bile and without much abdominal pain is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis until an ultrasound says otherwise, and that is a surgical condition with an electrolyte problem attached to it. The classical framing puts 干姜 at the top for the cold below and 黄芩、黄连 for the heat above. Modern pharmacology reads those two cold herbs rather differently from a formula chart. 黄连 is coptis, and its berberine is a demonstrated inhibitor of CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and P-glycoprotein; there are case reports of it raising cyclosporine and tacrolimus concentrations to clinically relevant degrees, which matters directly to anyone on a transplant regimen. Berberine also displaces bilirubin from albumin, which is why it is treated as unsuitable in jaundiced newborns and during pregnancy and breastfeeding — kernicterus is not a theoretical endpoint. 黄芩 carries the Scutellaria baicalensis versus Scutellaria lateriflora identification problem and the liver injury reports that travel with it. 人参 has the warfarin and hypoglycaemia reports. 干姜 is dried ginger, not fresh ginger and not galangal. 黄连 is not 胡黄连, which is an entirely different plant. None of this makes the formula interesting as something to try. What makes it worth holding in a knowledge base is the structure: four herbs, two of them directly opposed, and a source line that names the practitioner's own intervention as part of the cause.

四味药。干姜对着黄芩、黄连,人参在一旁。整首方就这些,而对立本身就是要点:一味大热与两味苦寒同在一碗里,这就是后人说的「寒热格拒」—— 上热不得降、下寒不得纳。 条文的措辞值得逐字读:「伤寒本自寒下,医复吐下之,寒格更逆吐下,若食入口即吐,干姜黄芩黄连人参汤主之。」原本就有下寒,医者又用吐法与下法,格拒更逆,于是食物一入口就吐。和本批的柴胡桂枝干姜汤、麻黄升麻汤一样,**文献把导致恶化的那次治疗写了进去**。古典文献对此并不讳言,而今天引用这些条文时通常把这一句省掉。 「食入口即吐」是要停下来的那四个字,它不等于一般的恶心。**一咽下就吐,清单很短而且偏外科**:胃出口梗阻、幽门狭窄、十二指肠梗阻、婴儿肠旋转不良伴扭转、贲门失弛缓与食管狭窄、重度胃轻瘫、胰腺炎与胆囊炎、肠梗阻、颅内压升高、酮症酸中毒与肾上腺危象、尿毒症、妊娠剧吐、阿片类/GLP-1 受体激动剂/化疗的药物效应,以及 —— 再一次 —— 下壁心肌缺血。婴儿若出现无胆汁、腹痛不明显的喷射性呕吐,在超声排除之前按**肥厚性幽门狭窄**处理,那是外科情况且带着电解质问题。 古典把干姜列在前面治下寒,黄芩、黄连治上热。现代药理读这两味苦寒药的方式与方解不同:黄连含小檗碱,是已被证实的 CYP3A4/2D6/P-糖蛋白抑制剂,有升高环孢素与他克莫司浓度到临床相关程度的病例报告 —— 对移植后服药的人这直接关系到用药安全;小檗碱还置换胆红素,故黄疸新生儿与孕期哺乳期视为不宜,**核黄疸不是理论终点**。黄芩有 Scutellaria baicalensis 与美黄芩的误判问题及其肝损伤病例报告。人参有华法林与低血糖的报告。干姜不是生姜、也不是高良姜;**黄连不等于胡黄连**(完全不同的另一味药)。 这些都不构成「值得一试」的理由。它值得进知识库的是结构本身:四味药、两味正相对,而文献把自己的那次干预写进了病因。

发越郁阳·清上温下;古典记于大下之后,症见手足厥逆、下部脉不至、咽喉不利、唾脓血、泄利不止 —— 条文自言「为难治」 · Formula that releases constrained yang while clearing above and warming below; recorded after drastic purgation for cold extremities, an impalpable distal pulse, throat obstruction, spitting pus and blood, and unceasing diarrhoea — the source itself calls it 难治, difficult to treat

Mahuang Shengma Tang (Ephedra and Cimicifuga Decoction) má huáng shēng má tāng · 麻黄升麻汤

Composition 组成

  • Ephedra (ma huang)
  • cimicifuga rhizome (sheng ma)
  • angelica sinensis root (dang gui)
  • anemarrhena rhizome (zhi mu)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • polygonatum odoratum rhizome (wei rui
  • also called yu zhu)
  • peony root (shao yao)
  • asparagus tuber (tian men dong)
  • cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • liquorice root (gan cao)
  • gypsum (shi gao)
  • atractylodes macrocephala rhizome (bai zhu)
  • dried ginger (gan jiang). Fourteen ingredients — among the largest formulas in Shanghan Lun. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 麻黄、升麻、当归、知母、黄芩、萎蕤(玉竹)、芍药、天门冬、桂枝、茯苓、甘草、石膏、白术、干姜。共十四味 —— 《伤寒论》中味数最多的一方之一(本库不列用量)。
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Fourteen ingredients, and the source line says 为难治 — difficult to treat. A corpus that usually writes as though it knows what to do stops here and says so. That admission is the most useful sentence in the entry, and it is the one that gets deleted when people quote the formula. The setting, again, is after treatment: 伤寒六七日,大下后 — after drastic purging. What follows is a picture of someone unwell in several systems at once. 寸脉沉而迟, a deep slow pulse at the wrist; 手足厥逆, cold hands and feet; 下部脉不至, the pulse at the ankle cannot be felt; 咽喉不利, the throat obstructed; 唾脓血, spitting pus and blood; 泄利不止, diarrhoea that will not stop. Read that as a modern reader and it reads like a person in trouble. Cold extremities with an impalpable distal pulse is a description of failing peripheral perfusion: septic, hypovolaemic or cardiogenic shock, acute limb ischaemia, aortic dissection, severe hypothermia, profound dehydration. Acute limb ischaemia is a vascular surgical emergency measured in hours — the limb is salvageable for roughly six. It is not a pulse that a decoction should be expected to bring back. 唾脓血, pus and blood in what is brought up, is imaging today. Lung abscess, bronchiectasis, tuberculosis, necrotising pneumonia, lung cancer, pulmonary infarction, invasive fungal infection, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and bronchopleural or oesophago-airway fistula are the list, and the first investigation is a chest X-ray or CT rather than a formula. 咽喉不利 with any difficulty breathing or swallowing is an airway assessment: epiglottitis, retropharyngeal abscess, Ludwig's angina and deep neck infection can close an airway quickly. 泄利不止 means fluid and electrolyte loss and a search for the cause — Clostridioides difficile, invasive bacterial enteritis, uraemia, thyrotoxicosis, medication. The formula is led by 麻黄, ephedra, and this is where the safety note has to be blunt. Ephedra contains ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, sympathomimetic amines that raise blood pressure and heart rate, cause insomnia, tremor and urinary retention, and are hazardous where there is angina, poorly controlled hypertension, hyperthyroidism, prostatic enlargement or narrow-angle glaucoma. They stack with caffeine, stimulants, decongestants and monoamine-oxidase inhibitors. The United States banned ephedra-containing dietary supplements in 2004; in China the plant is controlled as a precursor for methamphetamine manufacture; ephedrine remains on the World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited list. That the leading herb is a pressor amine, in a formula whose indication includes cold extremities and an unfelt distal pulse, is a contradiction worth stating plainly. Raising the blood pressure is not the same as restoring perfusion, and something that makes the numbers look better while a limb is ischaemic has made the situation harder to read, not easier. The rest of the fourteen: 石膏 is hydrated calcium sulphate, a mineral product, and mineral products carry the question of heavy metal impurity; it is not 滑石, which carries the asbestos association. 升麻 is Cimicifuga; black cohosh, Cimicifuga racemosa, has a substantial record of liver injury reports, and while the Chinese materia medica species are related rather than identical, this entry does not treat them as equivalent. 天门冬 is asparagus tuber, not the ornamental asparagus fern that is a common houseplant and a common poisoning call. 萎蕤 is Polygonatum odoratum. 当归 contains furanocoumarins with photosensitivity, and there are case reports of it raising INR in people on warfarin. 白术 is Asteraceae, which matters to anyone allergic to ragweed or chrysanthemum. 知母 has preclinical hypoglycaemic signals; that is a reason for caution, not a reason to combine it with glucose-lowering medicine. 茯苓 is a fungal sclerotium, not 土茯苓. 甘草 carries glycyrrhizin. 桂枝 carries cassia coumarin. 芍药 is the white-versus-red ambiguity. 干姜 is dried ginger, not galangal. 黄芩 is the skullcap identification problem again. Fourteen herbs means fourteen sets of unknowns, and the text that recorded this formula had the honesty to call it 难治 first.

十四味,条文自己写着「为难治」。一部通常写得像知道该怎么办的书,到这里停住说明白:这不好治。这句自白是整条里最有用的一句,也是人们引用这首方时最常被删掉的一句。 背景又一次是治疗之后:「伤寒六七日,大下后」。此后出现的是一个人同时多处出问题的画面 —— 寸脉沉而迟、手足厥逆、下部脉不至、咽喉不利、唾脓血、泄利不止。 用今天的眼光读,这是一个情况不好的人。**四肢冷加上摸不到的足部脉搏,就是外周灌注衰竭的描述**:脓毒性、低血容量性或心源性休克,急性肢体缺血,主动脉夹层,重度低体温,或严重脱水。急性肢体缺血是按小时计的血管外科急症 —— 肢体可挽救的窗口大约六小时。这个脉搏不该指望一碗汤药把它带回来。 「唾脓血」今天就是影像:肺脓肿、支气管扩张、结核、坏死性肺炎、肺癌、肺梗死、侵袭性真菌感染、肉芽肿性多血管炎、支气管胸膜瘘或食管气道瘘 —— 第一项检查是胸片或 CT,不是方子。「咽喉不利」一旦合并呼吸或吞咽困难,就是气道评估:会厌炎、咽后脓肿、Ludwig 咽峡炎与颈部深部感染可以在很短时间内封闭气道。「泄利不止」意味着水电解质丢失与找病因:艰难拟梭菌、侵袭性细菌性肠炎、尿毒症、甲亢、药物。 这首方以麻黄为首,而安全提示必须说得直接:**麻黄含麻黄碱与伪麻黄碱,是拟交感胺** —— 升压、加快心率、失眠、震颤、尿潴留;心绞痛、血压控制不佳、甲亢、前列腺增生与闭角型青光眼均为危险情形;与咖啡因、兴奋剂、减充血剂和单胺氧化酶抑制剂叠加。美国 2004 年起禁售含麻黄的膳食补充剂;中国将麻黄类按甲基苯丙胺前体管制;麻黄碱仍在世界反兴奋剂机构禁用清单内。**以一味升压的拟交感胺为君,而所治之人「手足厥逆、下部脉不至」—— 这个矛盾值得明写:升高血压不等于恢复灌注;一种让数字变好看而肢体仍在缺血的东西,是让局面更难判断,不是更容易。** 其余十三味:石膏是含水硫酸钙的矿物药,矿物药就有重金属杂质这一问,且它**不是滑石**(滑石有石棉伴生问题)。升麻是 Cimicifuga 属;**黑升麻(Cimicifuga racemosa)有大量肝损伤报告**,中药所用为同属近缘种而非同种植株,本条目不主张等同。天门冬是天门冬的块根,**不是**作为观赏植物的文竹/天门冬属绿植(常见误食中毒)。萎蕤即玉竹(Polygonatum odoratum)。当归含呋喃香豆素(光敏),并有与华法林合用升高 INR 的病例报告。白术属菊科 —— 对豚草或菊花过敏者这一项要紧。知母有降血糖的临床前信号;**那不是与降糖药同用的理由,是需要谨慎的理由**。茯苓是真菌菌核,**不是土茯苓**。甘草是甘草酸问题;桂枝是桂皮香豆素;芍药是白芍赤芍之别;干姜不是高良姜;黄芩又是黄芩属误判。 十四味药就是十四组未知,而记录这首方的那段文字,先把「难治」两个字写在了前面。

活血祛瘀剂·破血消癥;古典归为「缓中补虚」,主治五劳虚极羸瘦、腹满不能饮食、内有干血、肌肤甲错、两目黯黑 · Blood-invigorating formula that breaks static blood; classified in the classical corpus as 缓中补虚 (relaxing the centre while supplementing deficiency) and recorded for extreme wasting, abdominal fullness with inability to eat, 干血 (dry static blood) held inside, dry scaly skin and darkened skin around the eyes

Dahuang Zhechong Wan (Rhubarb and Ground Beetle Pill) dà huáng zhè chóng wán · 大黄䗪虫丸

Composition 组成

  • Rhubarb (da huang)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • liquorice root (gan cao)
  • peach kernel (tao ren)
  • apricot kernel (xing ren)
  • peony root (shao yao)
  • dried rehmannia root (gan di huang)
  • dried lacquer (gan qi)
  • gadfly (meng chong)
  • leech (shui zhi)
  • white grub larva (qi cao)
  • ground beetle (zhe chong
  • also called tu bie chong). Twelve ingredients. Four of them are insects or insect larvae
  • two are kernels
  • one is a tree resin. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 大黄、黄芩、甘草、桃仁、杏仁、芍药、干地黄、干漆、虻虫、水蛭、蛴螬、䗪虫(土鳖虫)。共十二味 —— 四味虫类(虻虫、水蛭、蛴螬、䗪虫)
  • 两味种仁
  • 一味树脂(干漆)。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Dahuang Zhechong Wan is the most forceful blood-breaking formula in this library, and it is also the one the classical text describes in the language of supplementation. Jingui Yaolüe lists it under 血痹虚劳 — wasting and exhaustion — for a person who is emaciated, full in the abdomen, unable to eat, with 内有干血 (dry, static blood held inside), 肌肤甲错 (dry skin like fish scales) and 两目黯黑 (darkened skin around the eyes). The stated aim is 缓中补虚: to relax the centre and supplement the deficiency. Read the ingredient list back against that aim and the tension is immediate. Twelve ingredients; rhubarb leading; four of them insects or larvae; a tree resin; two cyanogenic kernels. Nothing here nourishes. "Supplementing" in this line means taking away what blocks nourishment — and that is exactly what makes a formula of attacking substances a tonic in the classical frame. The sign list deserves to be taken apart, because every item on it has a modern differential that is not optional. Emaciation with abdominal fullness and inability to eat is, today, a workup: malignancy, cirrhosis with ascites, tuberculosis, HIV, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, hyperthyroidism, depression, and the medication and social causes that sit behind unintentional weight loss. Nobody should land on "dry blood" before that list has been gone through. 肌肤甲错, the dry scaling skin, carries its own list: ichthyosis, severe xerosis, hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease, malnutrition with zinc or essential fatty acid deficiency, chronic liver disease. 两目黯黑 — periorbital hyperpigmentation — is common and usually benign on its own, but inside a picture of wasting it belongs to the same workup rather than reading as a decorative touch. The safety profile is the heaviest in this batch and it is not a mild one. Dried lacquer (干漆) is the processed resin of Toxicodendron vernicifluum, the lacquer tree — the same genus as poison ivy — and urushiol is a potent contact sensitiser. Peach kernel and apricot kernel both contain amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside; two of them sit side by side here. Leech (水蛭) contains hirudin and related anticoagulant peptides. Rhubarb is an anthraquinone laxative: with prolonged use it drives potassium loss and is associated with melanosis coli. Liquorice carries the glycyrrhizin pseudoaldosteronism problem — potassium loss with rising blood pressure, which becomes dangerous when stacked on diuretics, digoxin or anthraquinone laxatives. Two separate paths to potassium loss are present in this single formula. Pregnancy is an absolute exclusion, not a caution. Everything leading in this formula acts on blood, the insect substances included, and the classical line itself describes a person who is already wasted rather than robust. Chinese-language literature contains a substantial number of clinical reports on this formula for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, mostly small and with methodological limitations. The library records that the research exists; it does not record that the effect has been established.

大黄䗪虫丸是本库药力最峻的破血方,而古典文献却把它写进「虚劳」篇、用「补」的语言来描述它。《金匮要略》把它列在血痹虚劳病下:五劳虚极羸瘦,腹满不能饮食,内有干血,肌肤甲错,两目黯黑,治法写作「缓中补虚」。把十二味药列出来再回头看这四个字,张力立刻显出来 —— 大黄为君,四味是虫类,一味树脂,两味种仁,其中没有任何一味是滋养之品。古典这里的「补」,指的是搬走挡住营养的东西,不是加进去什么;也正是这一点,让一首全是攻伐之品的方在古典框架里成为「补虚」之方。 症状清单每一项今天都有必须走完的鉴别。羸瘦+腹满+不能食=体重下降待查:恶性肿瘤、肝硬化腹水、结核、HIV、炎症性肠病、乳糜泻、胰腺外分泌不足、甲亢、抑郁,以及药物与社会因素。不该在这张清单走完之前先落到「干血」上。「肌肤甲错」同样有清单:鱼鳞病、重度皮肤干燥、甲减、慢性肾病、营养不良与锌/必需脂肪酸缺乏、慢性肝病。「两目黯黑」(眶周色素沉着)单独看常见且多为良性,但放在消瘦的语境里,它属于同一个待查,而不是一句修辞。 安全线必须写清,且这一首最重。干漆是漆树(Toxicodendron vernicifluum)树脂的加工品,与毒葛同属,漆酚是强致敏原。桃仁与杏仁**两味同方都含苦杏仁苷(氰苷)**。水蛭含水蛭素类抗凝肽。大黄是蒽醌类泻药,久用导致失钾并与结肠黑变病相关。甘草有甘草酸假性醛固酮增多症问题 —— 失钾升压,与利尿剂、地高辛或蒽醌类泻药叠加时可致命;**这一方里就有两条各自通向失钾的路径**。 孕期是绝对排除项,不是「慎用」。全方皆入血分之品,虫类药尤其;而条文所指的人本已羸瘦,不是形气俱实。 中文文献里这方用于肝纤维化与肝硬化的临床观察数量不少,但多为小规模、方法学质量有限。本库如实记「研究存在」,不记「疗效已被确立」。

活血祛瘀剂·破血消癥;古典主治疟病日久不愈、结为癥瘕、胁下痞硬成块(疟母) · Blood-breaking formula that disperses masses; recorded for 疟母, the hard fixed swelling under the ribs that follows long unresolved malaria

Bijia Jian Wan (Turtle Shell Pill) biē jiǎ jiān wán · 鳖甲煎丸

Composition 组成

  • Turtle shell (bie jia)
  • belamcanda rhizome (wu shan
  • also called she gan)
  • scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • bupleurum root (chai hu)
  • woodlouse (shu fu)
  • dried ginger (gan jiang)
  • rhubarb (da huang)
  • peony root (shao yao)
  • cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • lepidium seed (ting li zi)
  • pyrrosia leaf (shi wei)
  • magnolia bark (hou po)
  • moutan bark (mu dan pi)
  • dianthus (qu mai)
  • campsis flower (zi wei
  • also called ling xiao hua)
  • pinellia rhizome (ban xia)
  • ginseng (ren shen)
  • ground beetle (zhe chong)
  • donkey-hide gelatin (e jiao)
  • wasp nest (feng ke
  • also called lu feng fang)
  • crude niter (chi xiao)
  • dung beetle (qiang lang)
  • peach kernel (tao ren). The classical list runs to twenty-three ingredients
  • the longest formula in this library. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 鳖甲、乌扇(射干)、黄芩、柴胡、鼠妇、干姜、大黄、芍药、桂枝、葶苈子、石韦、厚朴、牡丹皮、瞿麦、紫葳(凌霄花)、半夏、人参、䗪虫、阿胶、蜂窠(露蜂房)、赤硝、蜣螂、桃仁。古典列药二十三味
  • 是本库药味最多的一方。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Bijia Jian Wan exists because of one word: 疟母. Jingui Yaolüe records it in the chapter on malaria, for the state in which malaria has not resolved over time and a hard fixed mass forms under the ribs. In the second century that mass had one dominant explanation — chronic malaria, and the enlarged spleen that follows it. Today the same physical finding is a differential with several branches, and malaria is only one of them: schistosomiasis, visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), cirrhosis with portal hypertension, chronic myeloid leukaemia, lymphoma, myelofibrosis, storage diseases, infectious mononucleosis, and infective endocarditis. The classical text was right that repeated malaria enlarges the spleen. The point is that a palpable left upper quadrant mass today is an imaging and blood-count question before it is anything else. And malaria itself carries a clock, which is the most important thing to say about this formula's home indication. Falciparum malaria can kill within a day or two of symptoms appearing. Diagnosis is a blood film or a rapid diagnostic test, and treatment is an artemisinin-based combination regimen. A formula recorded for the residue of long-standing malaria is not a treatment for malaria, and that is not a technicality — it is the difference between a treated infection and an untreated one. The ingredient list runs to twenty-three items, the longest in this library, and modern interest in it concentrates on hepatic fibrosis and splenomegaly. Four insect-derived substances appear: woodlouse (鼠妇), ground beetle (䗪虫), dung beetle (蜣螂) and wasp nest (蜂窠). Crude niter (赤硝) is a nitrate mineral. Lepidium seed (葶苈子) has reported cardiac glycoside-type activity, which has not been established in humans. Pinellia is used only processed — the raw material is acutely irritant and toxic. Ginseng has reported interactions with warfarin and with blood glucose. Donkey-hide gelatin is an animal product with a documented history of adulteration and reported chromium contamination. Turtle shell is animal-derived as well: several Asian freshwater turtle species are CITES-listed, and substitution and mislabelling in the trade are documented, so identity is not something a buyer can assume. Peach kernel contains amygdalin. Rhubarb is an anthraquinone laxative, with potassium loss and melanosis coli on prolonged use. Cinnamon twig carries coumarin. There is no liquorice in this formula, but the mineral and insect load on its own is considerable. Chinese clinical literature on this formula for liver fibrosis and splenomegaly is large in volume and limited in quality: mostly small studies, rarely blinded. The library records that research exists; efficacy is not established. Pregnancy is an absolute exclusion.

鳖甲煎丸因一个词而存在:疟母。《金匮要略》把它记在疟病篇,主治疟病迁延不愈、胁下结成痞硬之块。在那个时代,这个块最常见的解释就是慢性疟疾与随之而来的脾大。今天同一个体征是一张有多分支的鉴别表,疟疾只是其中一支:血吸虫病、内脏利什曼病(黑热病)、肝硬化门脉高压、慢性粒细胞白血病、淋巴瘤、骨髓纤维化、贮积病、传染性单核细胞增多症、感染性心内膜炎。古典说反复疟疾会导致脾大是对的;问题在于,今天触及左上腹包块,先是影像与血常规的问题,然后才谈别的。 而疟疾本身带时钟 —— 这是关于这首方「原主治」最该说的一句。恶性疟可在出现症状后一两天内致死。诊断靠血涂片或快速诊断试剂,治疗靠青蒿素类联合方案。**为疟疾后遗而设的方,不是疟疾的治疗**;这不是术语之别,而是「治过的感染」与「没治的感染」之别。 二十三味是本库最多,现代关注集中在肝纤维化与脾大。虫类药出现四次:鼠妇、䗪虫、蜣螂、蜂窠。赤硝是硝石类矿物。葶苈子有强心苷类活性的报道,人体证据未建立。半夏只用炮制品,生品有强烈刺激与毒性。人参有华法林与血糖相互作用的病例报告。阿胶有掺伪与铬污染的报道。鳖甲同样取自动物:多种亚洲淡水龟被列入 CITES,市售替代与错标有记载,来源与物种不能靠默认。 桃仁含苦杏仁苷。大黄是蒽醌类泻药,久用失钾并与结肠黑变病相关。桂枝含香豆素。这一方里没有甘草,但矿物与虫类药的负荷本身已经不轻。 中文文献对这方用于肝纤维化与脾大的临床观察数量很大而质量有限:多为小样本,极少盲法。本库如实记「研究存在」,疗效未被确立。孕期是绝对排除项。

活血祛瘀剂·破血下瘀;古典主治产后腹痛、腹中有干血着脐下,另亦用于经水不利 · Blood-breaking formula that drains static blood; recorded in the postpartum chapter for abdominal pain with 干血 (dry static blood) lodged below the navel, and also for obstructed menstruation

Xia Yuxue Tang (Drain Static Blood Decoction) xià yū xuè tāng · 下瘀血汤

Composition 组成

  • Rhubarb (da huang)
  • peach kernel (tao ren)
  • ground beetle (zhe chong
  • also called tu bie chong). Three ingredients
  • and all three act on the blood. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 大黄、桃仁、䗪虫(土鳖虫)。共三味
  • 三味都作用在血分。本库不列用量
  • 也不列煎法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Three ingredients, and Jingui Yaolüe places the formula in the postpartum chapter: abdominal pain in a woman who has just given birth, with 干血 — dried, static blood — lodged below the navel. It is recorded as well for obstructed menstruation. What makes this formula worth writing about, more than its size, is what ultrasound did to its indication. 干血着脐下 is something the classical text inferred from pain, lochia and palpation. Today the postpartum abdomen with pain and unsatisfactory lochia gets scanned, and the single most important thing on that scan is retained products of conception — placental or membrane tissue left inside. That is a cause with a procedure attached to it, and it competes directly with endometritis, which is an infection with antibiotics attached to it. The two do not reliably feel different to the person, and separating them by symptoms alone is not dependable. So the honest mapping is not "干血 = retained tissue". It is this: the thing the classical text was pointing at is now directly visible, and it has a specific management that a blood-breaking formula does not provide. Postpartum pain itself has a list that has to be gone through rather than assumed: uterine involution, endometritis, retained products, perineal and wound infection, caesarean scar complications, ovarian torsion, appendicitis, bowel and urinary causes, and — never low on the list, because it is common and dangerous — pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome presenting after delivery rather than before it. Postpartum fever is endometritis until shown to be otherwise, and puerperal sepsis is the historical reason childbirth was one of the most dangerous events in a person's life. The safety side has a particular shape here, because this is the only formula in the batch whose indication is a physiological state rather than a disease. Pregnancy and the weeks after delivery are hypercoagulable: venous thromboembolism risk is elevated for roughly six weeks postpartum. A formula whose entire purpose is to break blood sits awkwardly against that background in both directions — bleeding on one side, thrombosis on the other. Rhubarb is an anthraquinone laxative, with potassium loss and melanosis coli on prolonged use; anthraquinones have been reported in breast milk in small amounts, and no safe level has been established for lactation. Peach kernel contains amygdalin. Ground beetle is an insect-derived substance with allergic potential and a fixed place in this corpus's pregnancy exclusions. Chinese clinical literature reports this formula for lochia retention and postpartum pain, mostly in small studies. The library records that research exists; it does not record that the effect has been established.

三味药,《金匮要略》把它放在妇人产后病篇:产后腹痛,此为腹中有干血着脐下 —— 另亦用于经水不利。 让这首方值得写的不是它的大小,而是超声对它的主治做了什么。「干血着脐下」是古典从疼痛、恶露与触诊推出来的东西。今天产后腹痛伴恶露不净是要做超声的,而那张超声上最要紧的一项就是妊娠物残留 —— 胎盘或胎膜组织留在里面。这是一个附带处理手段的病因,它直接与子宫内膜炎竞争,后者是附带抗生素的感染。两者在当事人自己的感觉上并不总能分开,单靠症状区分并不可靠。所以诚实的对应不是「干血=残留」,而是:**古典所指的那个东西今天可以直接看见,而且它有特异的处理,破血方提供不了**。 产后腹痛本身要走一张清单而不是默认:子宫复旧、子宫内膜炎、妊娠物残留、会阴与伤口感染、剖宫产切口并发症、卵巢扭转、阑尾炎、肠道与泌尿系原因,以及 —— 因为常见且危险所以不该排在后面 —— 在产后而非产前起病的子痫前期与 HELLP 综合征。产后发热在排除前按子宫内膜炎处理,产褥期脓毒症正是历史上分娩成为人生中最危险事件之一的原因。 安全线在这里有个特别的形状:这是本批唯一一首主治是生理状态而非疾病的方。孕期与产后约六周处于高凝状态,静脉血栓栓塞风险升高。一首以破血为唯一目的的方,在这个背景上两个方向都不合适 —— 一边是出血,一边是血栓。大黄是蒽醌类泻药,久用失钾并与结肠黑变病相关;蒽醌类成分进入乳汁的报道存在且量很小,**哺乳期的安全水平未被确立**。桃仁含苦杏仁苷。䗪虫是虫类药,有过敏报道,并属本库孕期排除项。 中文文献对这方用于恶露不尽与产后腹痛有临床观察,多为小样本。本库如实记「研究存在」,不记「疗效已被确立」。

活血祛瘀剂·破血下瘀(下焦蓄血);《伤寒论》主治太阳病不解、热结膀胱、其人如狂、少腹急结,并明言「其外不解者,尚未可攻…外解已…乃可攻之」 · Blood-breaking formula that drains accumulated blood from the lower burner; recorded for unresolved taiyang disease with heat binding in the bladder, a person who is 如狂 (as if crazed), and lower abdominal urgency and binding — with the explicit condition that the exterior must be resolved before attacking

Taohe Chengqi Tang (Peach Kernel Qi-Guiding Decoction) táo hé chéng qì tāng · 桃核承气汤

Composition 组成

  • Peach kernel (tao ren)
  • rhubarb (da huang)
  • cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • sodium sulphate (mang xiao)
  • liquorice root (gan cao). Five ingredients — it is Tiaowei Chengqi Tang with peach kernel and cinnamon twig added. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 桃仁、大黄、桂枝、芒硝、甘草。共五味 —— 即调胃承气汤加桃仁、桂枝。本库不列用量
  • 也不列煎法与服法。
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Shanghan Lun line 106: 太阳病不解,热结膀胱,其人如狂,血自下,下者愈. Its continuation carries the gate: if the exterior is not yet resolved, one must not attack; resolve the exterior first; once the exterior is resolved and what remains is urgency and binding in the lower abdomen, then one may attack. Two things in that sentence deserve more attention than the formula itself does. The first is 其人如狂 — the person is as if crazed. That is an altered mental state, and an altered mental state is never a diagnosis; it is a differential that has to be run. Hypoglycaemia, hypoxia, sepsis and central nervous system infection, electrolyte disturbance, hepatic encephalopathy, uraemia, drugs and alcohol, withdrawal, intracranial bleeding or stroke, encephalitis and meningitis, thyroid storm, heat stroke, carbon monoxide, and anticholinergic medication all present this way, and several of them kill within hours. In the classical text 如狂 is one item inside a pattern. Today it is the trigger for a set of observations and tests that come first. The second is 血自下,下者愈 — if the blood passes on its own, the person recovers. Read literally, that tells a modern reader that bleeding which stops by itself needs no investigation. It does. Haematuria carries a list: stones, tumour of kidney, ureter or bladder, tuberculosis, glomerulonephritis, prostatic disease, and anticoagulant effect. Bleeding per rectum carries another. Neither is something to watch until it stops. This is one of the places where the library records the classical statement and then says plainly that acting on it today would be a mistake. 少腹急结, the urgency and binding in the lower abdomen, carries the same kind of list: appendicitis, diverticulitis, bowel obstruction, ovarian torsion, ectopic pregnancy, testicular torsion, ureteric stone, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, incarcerated hernia, pelvic inflammatory disease and tubo-ovarian abscess. And the line itself carries a gate — the exterior must be resolved before attacking. The classical text supplied its own exclusion criterion, and readers usually skip it. Five ingredients: peach kernel, rhubarb, cinnamon twig, sodium sulphate, liquorice. Peach kernel contains amygdalin. Rhubarb is an anthraquinone laxative, with potassium loss and melanosis coli on prolonged use. Sodium sulphate here is hydrated sodium sulphate: a real sodium load. Liquorice brings the glycyrrhizin pseudoaldosteronism problem, potassium loss with rising blood pressure. That is three separate paths to low potassium in a five-ingredient formula, and one of them — rhubarb together with liquorice — is a combination with a known potentiation. Cinnamon twig carries coumarin. The formula is used in Japanese kampo as tokakujokito, and there are small clinical observations for menstrual complaints and constipation. The library records that research exists; efficacy is not established. Pregnancy is an absolute exclusion.

《伤寒论》第 106 条:太阳病不解,热结膀胱,其人如狂,血自下,下者愈。后面跟着闸门 —— 其外不解者,尚未可攻,当先解其外;外解已,但少腹急结者,乃可攻之。这句话里有两处比方本身更值得注意。 第一处是「其人如狂」。这是一个改变了的精神状态,而精神状态改变永远不是诊断,它是一张必须跑完的鉴别表:低血糖、缺氧、脓毒症与中枢感染、电解质紊乱、肝性脑病、尿毒症、药物与酒精、戒断、颅内出血或卒中、脑炎脑膜炎、甲亢危象、热射病、一氧化碳、抗胆碱能药物,其中数项以小时计。在古典文本里「如狂」只是证候中的一项;今天它是先做一组观察与检查的扳机。 第二处是「血自下,下者愈」。照字面读,它告诉今天的读者:自己停下来的出血不必查。恰恰相反。血尿有清单:结石、肾/输尿管/膀胱肿瘤、结核、肾小球肾炎、前列腺疾病、抗凝作用。便血有另一张。两者都不该观察到它停为止。本库在这里记下古典原话,并直说照做在今天会是错的。 「少腹急结」带着同一类清单:阑尾炎、憩室炎、肠梗阻、卵巢扭转、异位妊娠、睾丸扭转、输尿管结石、腹主动脉瘤破裂、嵌顿疝、盆腔炎与输卵管卵巢脓肿。而条文自带闸门 —— 表未解不可攻,先解其外。**排除条款是古典自己写的,读者通常把它跳过去。** 五味药:桃仁、大黄、桂枝、芒硝、甘草。桃仁含苦杏仁苷。大黄是蒽醌类泻药,久用失钾并与结肠黑变病相关。芒硝是含水硫酸钠,是真实的钠负荷。甘草有甘草酸假性醛固酮增多症问题 —— 失钾升压。**五味药里三条各自通向低钾的路径**,其中大黄与甘草同方这一组合有已知的协同。桂枝含香豆素。 此方在日本汉方称 tokakujokito,对月经相关不适与便秘有小规模临床观察。本库如实记「研究存在」,疗效未被确立。孕期是绝对排除项。

祛湿剂·祛风湿散寒;《金匮要略》主治病历节、疼痛不可屈伸 · Wind-dampness dispelling formula using warmth; recorded in the chapter on wind-stroke and joint disease for 历节 — painful joints that cannot be flexed or extended

Wutou Tang (Aconite Decoction) wū tóu tāng · 乌头汤

Composition 组成

  • Aconite main root (chuan wu
  • the classical line simply says 乌头 wu tou)
  • ephedra herb (ma huang)
  • peony root (shao yao)
  • astragalus root (huang qi)
  • roasted liquorice root (zhi gan cao). Five ingredients
  • and the classical text specifies that the aconite first be simmered with honey
  • the liquid reduced
  • and the aconite pieces discarded before the other four are decocted and added. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 川乌(古典原文作「乌头」)、麻黄、芍药、黄芪、炙甘草。共五味
  • 古典要求先把乌头与蜜同煎、煎至减量后**去乌头不用**
  • 再入他药。本库不列用量
  • 也不列可照做的制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Jingui Yaolüe places Wutou Tang in the chapter on wind-stroke and joint disease, for 历节: joints that are painful and will not flex or extend. Five ingredients, and the first one carries the safety burden for the whole batch: this is the only formula in this library whose leading herb is Aconitum. The classical text does not treat that lightly. It instructs that the aconite be cut up and simmered with honey, that the liquid be reduced, and that the aconite pieces be discarded before the remaining four herbs are decocted and added. Modern chemistry explains why that instruction exists. The diester-type alkaloids in raw aconite — aconitine above all — are cardiotoxic and neurotoxic, and they hydrolyse under prolonged moist heat into far less toxic monoester alkaloids. Aconitine poisoning has no specific antidote. Reported cases include ventricular arrhythmia, profound numbness and paraesthesia of mouth and limbs, vomiting, and death, arising both from insufficiently cooked decoctions and from homemade medicinal wines and powders. Several countries restrict these plants outright. Nothing in this entry should be read as instruction on how to prepare one. The second ingredient is equally non-inert. Ephedra herb is the source of ephedrine, a sympathomimetic amine with well-defined cardiovascular effects; it has a documented history of serious adverse events in weight-loss and sports supplements and is banned or restricted in several jurisdictions. A formula pairing aconite and ephedra puts two agents acting on the heart in the same bowl. Of the remaining three, peony root is comparatively unremarkable; astragalus carries a genuine species-confusion problem, since some Astragalus species contain the neurotoxic alkaloid swainsonine; and liquorice carries the glycyrrhizin problem described elsewhere in this library — pseudoaldosteronism with potassium loss and raised blood pressure, dangerous alongside diuretics, digoxin or anthraquinone laxatives. What 历节 means today is the part readers most often skip. "Joints too painful to move" is not a diagnosis; it is a presentation with a short mandatory list. Septic arthritis destroys cartilage within days and is excluded by aspirating the joint, not by looking at it. Gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition both mimic it. So do fracture, deep vein thrombosis, cellulitis adjacent to a joint, and rheumatoid arthritis — probably closest to what the classical word covers, and now managed with disease-modifying drugs. Reaching "wind and dampness" before that list has been excluded puts a traditional label in front of a condition with a specific modern management. Chinese-language literature reports clinical observations of Wutou Tang in rheumatoid arthritis and knee osteoarthritis, and a Kampo counterpart called Wutō-tō exists in Japan. The studies are small, mostly open-label, rarely blinded. This library records that research exists; it does not record that efficacy has been established. Pregnancy is an absolute exclusion for this formula.

《金匮要略》把乌头汤放在「中风历节病」篇,主治历节——关节疼痛,不可屈伸。五味药,而第一位是 safety 负担最重的一味:这是本库唯一一首以乌头类为君药的方。 古典对它的处理并不轻率。原文要求把乌头切碎与蜜同煎、煎到减量后**取出乌头不用**,再把他药加入合煎。现代化学给了理由:生乌头中的双酯型生物碱(以乌头碱为首)具心脏毒性与神经毒性,在长时间湿热下水解成毒性低得多的单酯型生物碱。**乌头碱中毒没有特效解毒剂**。报告的病例包括室性心律失常、口舌四肢发麻、呕吐与死亡,成因既有煎煮时间不足的汤剂,也有自制药酒与散剂。多国把这味药列为限制品。本条目的任何一句都不应被读成「可以这样炮制」。 第二味同样不清白。麻黄是麻黄碱的来源,拟交感作用明确,在减肥与运动补充剂中有严重不良事件史,多个司法辖区禁用或限制。**乌头与麻黄同方,等于把两个作用于心脏的东西放进同一只碗**。剩下三味里,芍药在安全性上相对平淡;黄芪存在真实的品种混淆问题——Astragalus 属里的某些种含有神经毒性生物碱苦马豆素(swainsonine);甘草则有本库别处已写过的甘草酸问题:假性醛固酮增多症,失钾、升压,与利尿剂、地高辛或蒽醌类泻药叠加时危险。 「历节」今天意味着什么,是最常被跳过去的一段。**「关节痛到不能动」不是诊断,是一个必须在很短时间内跑完短清单的表现。**化脓性关节炎几天内就破坏软骨,靠**穿刺抽液**排除而不是靠看;痛风与焦磷酸钙沉积(假性痛风)都能伪装成它;骨折、深静脉血栓、关节周围蜂窝织炎也在清单上;而类风湿关节炎大概是古典这个词最接近的那个病——但它今天有改善病情的抗风湿药。在清单走完之前先落到「风湿」,等于把一个传统标签放在一个有特异现代处理手段的病前面。 中文文献对乌头汤用于类风湿关节炎与膝骨关节炎有临床观察,日本汉方有对应的「烏頭湯」。多为小样本、开放标签,极少盲法。本库如实记「研究存在」,不记「疗效已被确立」。孕期为绝对排除项。

清热祛湿剂·利窍;《金匮要略》妇人妊娠病篇主治妊娠小便难、饮食如故 · Clearing formula recorded in the chapter on women's disorders in pregnancy for 妊娠小便难,饮食如故 — difficult urination while pregnant, with eating and drinking unchanged

Danggui Beimu Kushen Wan (Angelica, Fritillaria and Sophora Pill) dāng guī bèi mǔ kǔ shēn wán · 当归贝母苦参丸

Composition 组成

  • Angelica sinensis root (dang gui)
  • fritillaria bulb (bei mu)
  • Sophora flavescens root (ku shen). The three are ground and made into pills with honey. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 当归、贝母、苦参。三味研末
  • 炼蜜为丸。本库不列用量
  • 也不列服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Jingui Yaolüe records this three-ingredient pill in its chapter on women's disorders during pregnancy, and its indication takes eleven characters: 妊娠小便难,饮食如故 — difficult urination in someone who is pregnant, whose eating and drinking are unchanged. That trailing clause is doing real work. The classical author is saying this is not a person who is systemically unwell; it is a pregnant woman with one local complaint. The observation is astute, and it is also exactly the point at which the classical frame and modern practice diverge. Difficult or frequent urination in pregnancy is not self-triage today. Urinary tract infection in pregnancy is treated rather than watched, because untreated bacteriuria is followed by pyelonephritis and preterm labour — which is why antenatal care screens for asymptomatic bacteriuria. Next to infection sit ureteric stone, which is harder to diagnose in pregnancy and is looked for with ultrasound rather than CT; physiological compression and hydroureter from the gravid uterus; gestational diabetes presenting with increased urination; and urinary retention. Which of these a person has changes what happens next, and symptoms alone do not reliably separate them. So the honest mapping for 小便难 here is not "damp-heat in the lower burner"; it is "exclude infection and obstruction first". Then comes the disagreement this formula puts on the table. Modern Chinese materia medica lists Sophora flavescens among the herbs used with caution or avoided in pregnancy, and there are reports of liver injury associated with its alkaloids and with matrine preparations. The classical text prescribes it to a pregnant woman. This library does not choose a side. It records both, because smoothing the contradiction away would be the dishonest move. Two adjacent naming traps also deserve their own sentence: 苦参 is Sophora flavescens, while 山豆根 — Sophora tonkinensis, which sometimes appears under similar names — is a different root with a far more serious poisoning literature, including reports of lasting neurological damage. Confusion between them is documented. The second ingredient carries an identity problem of its own. 贝母 divides into 川贝母 and 浙贝母, different fritillaria species with distinct classical uses and different alkaloid profiles, and both are confused with 土贝母, which belongs to a different plant genus altogether. All contain verticine-type steroidal alkaloids. One further classical rule belongs here, because of where it lands in this same batch: the traditional incompatibility system lists 贝母 as contrary to 乌头, the herb leading the formula immediately above this one. The third, Angelica sinensis root, has case reports of interaction with warfarin and reports of photosensitivity from furanocoumarin constituents. Three ingredients, no glamour — and this entry is the clearest instance in the library of an unresolved, documented disagreement between a classical indication and modern pregnancy guidance.

《金匮要略》把这首三味丸方放在「妇人妊娠病」篇,主治只用十一个字:妊娠小便难,饮食如故。后面那半句在做事——古典作者是在说,这个人不是全身不适,只是一个妹妹妇女带着一个局部的主诉。这个观察很锐利;而它也正好是古典框架与现代做法分岔的地方。 **妊娠排尿困难/尿频今天不是自行判断的事。**妊娠期尿路感染是要治而不是观察的,因为未经治疗的无症状菌尿后面跟着肾盂肾炎与早产——这正是产前检查筛查无症状菌尿的原因。紧挨着感染的是输尿管结石:妊娠期更难诊断,靠超声而不是 CT;还有子宫增大带来的生理性压迫与输尿管积水、以多尿起病的妊娠期糖尿病,以及尿潴留。是哪一个,决定了下一步;而症状本身不能可靠地把它们分开。所以这里对「小便难」诚实的对应不是「下焦湿热」,而是**先排除感染与梗阻**。 然后是本方端出来的分歧。**现代中药学把苦参列为妊娠慎用/不宜**,并有与其生物碱及苦参素类制剂相关的肝损伤报道;而古典把它开给一个孕妇。本库不选边,两边都记——把这个矛盾磨平才是不诚实的做法。还有两个易混的名实问题值得各写一句:**苦参=Sophora flavescens,而山豆根=Sophora tonkinensis**(以相近名称出现),后者中毒文献重得多,有神经系统后遗症的报道,两者混称有记载。 第二味有自己的身份难题。**贝母分川贝母与浙贝母**,是不同的贝母属植物,古典用途与生物碱谱都不同;两者还都与**土贝母**相混,而后者属完全不同的另一个属。三者都含贝母素类甾体生物碱。这里还应写一条古典规则,因为它恰好落在本批内部:**十八反把贝母列为乌头之反**——而乌头正是紧挨着这一首、上面那首方的君药。 第三味当归,有华法林相互作用的病例报道,以及呋喃香豆素引起光敏的报道。三味药,毫不炫目;而这一条是本库里「古典主治与现代妊娠期安全性指导意见直接冲突且至今未解决」的最清楚的一例。

理血剂·温经止血;《金匮要略》惊悸吐衄下血胸满瘀血病篇主治吐血不止 · Warming haemostatic formula recorded in the chapter on palpitations, blood ejection and blood stasis for 吐血不止者 — bringing up blood that does not stop

Baiye Tang (Arborvitae Leaf Decoction) bǎi yè tāng · 柏叶汤

Composition 组成

  • Arborvitae leafy twig (bai ye
  • platycladus leaf)
  • dried ginger rhizome (gan jiang)
  • mugwort leaf (ai ye). Three herbs
  • taken with the vehicle named in the original text as 马通汁 — a preparation no longer used anywhere and deliberately not reconstructed here. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 柏叶、干姜、艾叶。三味药
  • 以原文所称「马通汁」为使——此物今已不复使用
  • 本库明确不还原、不代换。本库不列用量
  • 也不列服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Jingui Yaolüe records Baiye Tang in its chapter on palpitations, blood ejection, blood in the stool and blood stasis, for one indication: 吐血不止者 — blood being brought up that does not stop. Three herbs are listed, together with the vehicle called 马通汁. This library does not reproduce that vehicle, does not suggest a substitute for it, and says plainly that no modern reference describes a safe way to prepare it. Two honest statements come before anything else about this formula. The first is that 吐血不止 describes an emergency in any century. Vomiting blood is upper gastrointestinal bleeding until shown otherwise: peptic ulcer disease, oesophageal varices from portal hypertension, a Mallory-Weiss tear, erosive gastritis from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or alcohol, malignancy, Dieulafoy lesion. It has to be separated from swallowed blood after a nosebleed and from haemoptysis, which comes from the lung rather than the gut. The procedure is endoscopy, and it is at once diagnostic and therapeutic. Even with modern intensive care, variceal bleeding carries substantial short-term mortality. The single most useful question today is whether the person is taking an anticoagulant or an antiplatelet drug. This entry records what a second-century text said; it is not a route to managing bleeding, and no sentence in it delays emergency care. The second honest point is about the arborvitae leaf itself. Later practice generally uses it charred, as 侧柏炭, for bleeding presentations, while the classical line says only 柏叶. That divergence is a historical fact about how the tradition developed. It is not evidence that charring changes outcomes, and this library makes no such claim. What the leaf does contain is measurable thujone, a monoterpene whose GABA-antagonist action can provoke seizures when exposure is high enough. Of the other two ingredients: mugwort leaf is a common cause of contact dermatitis in people sensitised to Asteraceae, and Artemisia pollen is among the dominant autumn allergens across northern China; its volatile oil includes camphor, 1,8-cineole and thujone, and cases of liver injury have been reported. Dried ginger is comparatively innocuous but shows weak antiplatelet activity in vitro, which is worth knowing next to an indication for bleeding that will not stop. This library holds no approach, herb or otherwise, for stopping bleeding. That sentence is the one that matters most here.

《金匮要略》把柏叶汤记在「惊悸吐衄下血胸满瘀血病」篇,主治只有一条:吐血不止者。原文列三味药,并配以所称的「马通汁」。本库不还原此物、不建议任何代用品,并明确写出:**没有任何现代参考文献给出它的安全制备方法**。 关于这首方,有两句话必须先说。第一句:**「吐血不止」在任何时代都是急诊用语。**呕血在未证实之前按上消化道出血处理:消化性溃疡、门脉高压导致的食管静脉曲张、Mallory-Weiss 撕裂、非甾体抗炎药或酒精引起的糜烂性胃炎、恶性肿瘤、Dieulafoy 病变。还要与鼻出血后吞下的血分开,也要与来自肺而非消化道的咯血分开。处理手段是**胃镜**,它同时是诊断也是治疗。即便在现代重症条件下,静脉曲张破裂出血的短期病死率仍相当高。今天最有用的一问是:这个人是否在服用抗凝或抗血小板药。本条目记的是一部二世纪文本说过什么;它不是处理出血的路径,其中任何一句都不推迟急诊。 第二句关于侧柏叶本身。后世对出血类表现一般用**侧柏炭**(炒炭),而《金匮》这里只写「柏叶」。这个转变是关于传统如何演变的一个历史事实;**它不是「炒炭改变结局」的证据,本库不作此宣称。**能确定写的是:侧柏叶含可测量的**侧柏酮(thujone)**——一种单萜,通过拮抗 GABA 受体在足量时引起惊厥。 另外两味:**艾叶**是菊科致敏者接触性皮炎的常见原因,**艾属花粉是中国北方秋季的主要过敏原之一**;其挥发油含樟脑、1,8-桉油精与侧柏酮,并有肝损伤病例报道。**干姜**相对平淡,但体外显示弱的抗血小板活性——放在「出血不止」这个主治旁边,这一点值得知道。 **本库不掌握任何止血办法,不论药物还是其他。**这句话是这条里最要紧的一句。

理血剂·清肠止血·痔;《太平惠民和剂局方》主治痔瘘下血、肠风便血 · Clearing haemostatic formula recorded in the imperial pharmacy formulary for haemorrhoids and blood in the stool

Huaijiao Wan (Sophora Fruit Pill) huái jiǎo wán · 槐角丸

Composition 组成

  • Dry-fried Sophora fruit (chao huai jiao)
  • Sanguisorba root (di yu)
  • Angelica sinensis root (dang gui)
  • Saposhnikovia root (fang feng)
  • Scutellaria root (huang qin)
  • bran-fried bitter orange (fu chao zhi qiao). Six ingredients
  • made into pills with honey. Quantities are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 槐角(炒)、地榆、当归、防风、黄芩、枳壳(麸炒)。共六味
  • 炼蜜为丸。本库不列用量
  • 也不列服法。
Source 出处 · Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Huaijiao Wan comes from Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang, the formulary issued under the Song dynasty office responsible for public pharmacy. That provenance shapes how the entry reads: its indications are written for a counter, not for a lineage of teacher-to-student cases. It is part of the reason this formula is still stocked in ordinary Chinese pharmacies today — and availability of that kind is exactly why what follows matters more here than it does for a rarer formula. Six ingredients, and the indication is haemorrhoids and blood in the stool. That second clause is the sentence to slow down on. Haemorrhoids and anal fissure really are the commonest causes, and they are the benign ones — but they are diagnoses made after the area has been looked at, not before. The list that cannot be deferred includes colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, infectious colitis, angiodysplasia, diverticular bleeding, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding moving fast enough to present as bright red blood. Two things people reliably get wrong about this: the colour of the blood does not reliably identify its source, and a person can have haemorrhoids and a proximal bleeding lesion at the same time. Iron-deficiency anaemia is often the first objective sign. Visible rectal bleeding warrants endoscopy, and its being available without prescription says nothing about what the bleeding is. Three of the six ingredients carry specific cautions that are worth keeping separate rather than lumped together. Sophora fruit is not 槐花 or 槐米 — the flower and the flower bud of Sophora japonica — and rutin content differs substantially between fruit, flower and bud; the venotonic claims made for rutin and quercetin are not established. Sanguisorba is a heavy tannin load, and liver injury has been reported after heavy intake. Scutellaria has reported cases of liver injury, most of them in combination products where attribution is genuinely hard to establish; this library records that uncertainty rather than resolving it. Bitter orange contains synephrine, has cardiovascular adverse-event reports from the supplement literature, and shows CYP3A4 inhibition in vitro. Angelica sinensis has warfarin-interaction case reports. As with every formula in this library, no quantity and no schedule is given. A formula that survived seven centuries on pharmacy shelves is a genuine piece of the tradition. Being easy to buy is not the same as being the right thing to take before anyone has looked.

槐角丸出自《太平惠民和剂局方》——宋代官方药事机构颁行的方书。这个出处决定了它的读法:主治是写给柜台看的,而不是写给师徒相授的个案看的。这也是它今天仍摆在普通中药房货架上的原因之一;而**恰恰是这种随手可买,让下面这段话比放在一首罕见方里更要紧**。 六味药,主治是痔与便血。要放慢下来看的正是后半句。 痔与肛裂确实是最常见的原因,也确实是良性的——但它们是**看过之后**才下的诊断,不是之前。不能推迟的清单包括:**结直肠癌、炎症性肠病、感染性结肠炎、血管发育不良、憩室出血**,以及出血快到以鲜血形式出现上消化道出血。关于这一点人们普遍弄错两件事:**血的颜色不能可靠地指示出血部位**;一个人可以**同时**有痔和近端的出血病灶。缺铁性贫血常常是第一个客观信号。肉眼可见的直肠出血应当做内镜检查;**能不能不凭处方买到,说明不了这个血是从哪儿来的。** 六味里有三味的具体提示值得分开写而不是混在一起。**槐角不是槐花,也不是槐米**(后者是槐的花与花蕾),果实、花、花蕾的芦丁含量差别很大;芦丁与槲皮素一类「增加静脉张力」的宣称未被确立。**地榆**是高鞣质负荷,大剂量有肝损伤报道。**黄芩**有肝损伤病例报道,但多见于复方,归属难以判定——本库把这个不确定记下来,而不是替它作结论。**枳壳**含辛弗林(synephrine),补充剂文献有心血管不良事件报道,体外见到 CYP3A4 抑制。**当归**有华法林相互作用的病例报道。与本站每一首方一样:不给剂量,不给服法。 一首在药房货架上放了七百多年的方,是传统里真实的一件东西。**容易买到,不等于在没人看过之前它就是该吃的东西。**

百合病正治方;主治意欲食复不能食、常默默、欲卧不能卧、欲行不能行、如寒无寒、如热无热、口苦、小便赤、身形如和、其脉微数 · Formula for the classical entity 百合病 (lily disease); recorded for wanting to eat and being unable to, wanting to lie and being unable to rest, feeling cold without being cold and hot without being hot, with bitter taste, dark urine and a body that looks outwardly well

Baihe Dihuang Tang (Lily Bulb and Rehmannia Decoction) bǎi hé dì huáng tāng · 百合地黄汤

Composition 组成

  • Lily bulb (bai he) and fresh rehmannia root juice (sheng di huang zhi). Two ingredients - one is the fleshy scale leaf of a Lilium bulb
  • the other is the expressed juice of a fresh root. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 百合、生地黄汁。共两味 —— 一味是百合属植物的肉质鳞叶
  • 一味是地黄鲜根榨出的汁。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Baihe Dihuang Tang is built for one classical entity: 百合病, lily disease. Jingui Yaolüe describes it in a paragraph that is worth reading as it stands rather than as a diagnosis. The person wants to eat and cannot eat; is often silent; wants to lie down and cannot rest; wants to walk and cannot walk; sometimes food tastes good and sometimes the smell of it is unbearable; feels cold without being cold and hot without being hot; has a bitter taste in the mouth and dark urine. No medicine has helped, and medicine makes it worse, with vomiting and diarrhoea. The text says it is 如有神灵者 - as if spirits were involved - and then adds the clause that matters most: 身形如和, the body looks well. That last clause is the one a modern reader most needs. A person who looks well and is not well is, today, exactly the person who is told nothing is wrong. The classical text did not resolve that tension; it recorded it. It also recorded its own failures - 诸药不能治,得药则剧吐利, no medicine had worked and medicine made it worse - which is more candour than most classical passages offer about their own limits. The indication line adds a condition that readers skip: 百合病不经吐下发汗,病形如初者 - the case in which no sweating, vomiting or purging has been used, and the picture is still the original one. The formula is for the untreated case, not for the aftermath of treatment. That is a selection rule written into the indication. The honest modern statement is that this description does not map onto one disease. It maps onto a differential that has to be gone through before any label is applied: infection, including post-viral states, HIV, syphilis, encephalitis and the prolonged fatigue that follows mononucleosis; metabolic and endocrine causes, with thyroid disease in both directions, hyponatraemia, hypercalcaemia, hypoglycaemia, uraemia, hepatic encephalopathy and adrenal insufficiency; drugs and substances, including sedatives, anticholinergics, antihistamines, antipsychotics, corticosteroids, antiparkinsonian agents, alcohol and withdrawal, and discontinuation effects; neurological causes such as epilepsy, early dementia, the prodromal phase of Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis and myasthenia; obstructive sleep apnoea; anaemia; malignancy including paraneoplastic syndromes; and psychiatric presentations - depression, anxiety, somatic symptom disorder and trauma-related conditions. Not one item on that list is excluded by a normal physical examination. Two further classical notes. The method line says 中病,勿更服: stop once it hits, do not repeat. A stop rule written into the method of a formula is rarer than readers expect, and this library treats it as part of the record rather than as decoration. The same line says 大便当如漆 - the stool should turn black like lacquer. Today black stool is a warning sign for upper gastrointestinal bleeding until it is shown to be something else, and iron, bismuth and some foods produce it too. A change in stool colour during any course of care is a question for a clinician, not an expected effect to wait out. On the materials. Lily bulbs (Lilium species) are eaten as food in many cuisines, and Lilium species are severely nephrotoxic to cats - cats are not a basis for inferring anything about how a person should use this, but a household with cats should know it. Fresh rehmannia juice and prepared rehmannia (熟地黄) are two different products and are not interchangeable. There are no adequate human safety data for this formula in pregnancy or breastfeeding. Small Chinese clinical reports on 百合地黄汤 exist, mostly for sleep and mood complaints, small in scale and limited in method; this library records that the research exists, not that benefit has been established.

百合地黄汤为百合病而设。《金匮要略》对百合病的那段描写,值得照原样读,而不是当成诊断:意欲食复不能食,常默默,欲卧不能卧,欲行不能行,欲饮食或有美时,或有不用闻食臭时,如寒无寒,如热无热,口苦,小便赤;诸药不能治,得药则剧吐利,如有神灵者,身形如和,其脉微数。 其中最要紧的一句是「身形如和」—— 看着没有病容。今天最容易被这句话伤到的,正是检查做完被告知「没有异常」的那个人。古典文献没有消除这个张力,它只是把它记了下来;它还记下了自己的失败:「诸药不能治,得药则剧吐利」—— 药没治好,吃了反而吐利加重。这份坦白,在古典条文里并不常见。 主治条文另有一个常被跳过的限定:「百合病不经吐、下、发汗,病形如初者」—— 未经汗吐下误治、病形仍如初始的那一类。它是为「未经治疗」而设,不是为「治过之后」而设。这是写进主治里的入选条件。 今天必须说清:这段描写不对应某一个病名,而对应一张走完之前不能下结论的鉴别表 —— 感染(病毒感染后状态、HIV、梅毒、脑炎、传染性单核细胞增多症后的长期疲劳);代谢与内分泌(甲亢与甲减两侧、低钠、高钙、低血糖、尿毒症、肝性脑病、肾上腺皮质功能不全);药物与物质(镇静催眠药、抗胆碱能药、抗组胺药、抗精神病药、皮质类固醇、抗帕金森药、酒精与戒断、以及撤药后的反应);神经(癫痫、早期痴呆、帕金森病前驱期、多发性硬化、重症肌无力);阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停;贫血;含副肿瘤综合征在内的恶性病;以及抑郁、焦虑、躯体症状障碍与创伤相关障碍。这张表里没有任何一项能被「体检正常」排除。 另两条古典自记。方后注「中病,勿更服」—— 中病即止,不再服;把停止规则写进制法,比读者预期的少见,本库把它当作记录的一部分而不是修辞。同一条注释还说「大便当如漆」:粪便应当变黑如漆。今天黑便在被证明是别的原因之前,是上消化道出血的警示症状;铁剂、铋剂与某些食物同样造成黑便。任何情况下出现粪便颜色改变,是要问医生的一件事,不是等着过去的「预期反应」。 药物本身:百合是百合属植物的肉质鳞叶,在许多菜系里是食物;而**百合属对猫有严重肾毒性** —— 猫不能用来推断人该怎么用,但养猫的家庭应当知道。生地黄汁与熟地黄不是同一物,不可互替。孕期与哺乳期没有充分的人体安全性数据。中文文献里这方用于失眠与情绪不适的临床观察数量不大、方法学质量有限;本库如实记「研究存在」,不记「疗效已被确立」。

温里剂·祛寒除湿;主治肾着之病:身体重、腰中冷、如坐水中、腰以下冷痛、腹重如带五千钱,小便自利、饮食如故、反不渴 · Warming formula that disperses cold-damp settled in the lumbar region; recorded for 肾着 - heaviness of the body, cold in the waist as if sitting in water, cold pain and heaviness below the waist 'as if carrying five thousand coins', with normal urination, normal appetite and no thirst

Shenzhuo Tang (Kidney Fixity Decoction), also called Gancao Ganjiang Fuling Baizhu Tang shèn zhuó tāng · 肾着汤

Composition 组成

  • Licorice root (gan cao)
  • dried ginger (gan jiang)
  • poria (fu ling)
  • and atractylodes macrocephala rhizome (bai zhu). Four ingredients. Also named 甘草干姜茯苓白术汤 after its own composition. Quantities and method are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 甘草、干姜、茯苓、白术。共四味
  • 方名又作甘草干姜茯苓白术汤(甘姜苓术汤)。本库不列用量
  • 也不列煎法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The name of this formula is the biggest single source of misunderstanding around it. 肾着 means cold-damp fixed at the kidney region - 着 is to settle, to stick - and in classical usage it does not mean disease of the kidney organ. Jingui Yaolüe says so explicitly, by listing what is not wrong: 小便自利, urination is normal; 饮食如故, appetite is as it was; 反不渴, and notably not thirsty. Those three negative findings are the argument. A person with kidney disease and fluid retention would not be described this way, and neither would a person with the thirst and polyuria of uncontrolled diabetes. The classical text is detaching the complaint from the organ whose name it borrows. A reader who sees 肾 on the label and concludes they have kidney disease has done the opposite of what the text did. What remains is a picture worth reading closely: 身体重, the body heavy; 腰中冷, 如坐水中, the waist cold as if sitting in water; and the line everyone remembers, 腹重如带五千钱, heaviness in the abdomen as though carrying five thousand coins. Low back pain with heaviness is, today, a differential and not a diagnosis. It includes mechanical and degenerative causes, which are the common ones and the benign ones. It also includes vertebral compression fracture, spinal infection such as discitis and epidural abscess, metastatic malignancy, myeloma, aortic aneurysm and dissection - the latter classically presenting as tearing pain and measured in hours - renal colic, pyelonephritis, pancreatitis radiating to the back, and cauda equina syndrome. The red flags are the reason that list exists, and they are worth stating plainly: new incontinence or retention of urine or stool, numbness in the saddle area, progressive leg weakness, fever, pain that wakes a person at night, unexplained weight loss, a history of cancer, long-term corticosteroid use, injecting drug use, significant trauma, and any new back pain above the age of fifty. Cauda equina syndrome is a surgical emergency, and it announces itself through bladder and bowel change rather than through the severity of the pain. The classical aetiology deserves to be kept: 身劳汗出,衣里冷湿,久久得之 - labour that brings sweat, then cold damp clothing held against the body, over a long time. It is an occupational and environmental observation, and more specific than most classical aetiologies. On the materials. Licorice carries the glycyrrhizin problem: a mineralocorticoid-type pattern of sodium retention with potassium loss, and the risk is greatest when it is combined with potassium-losing diuretics, digoxin or anthraquinone laxatives. Poria (茯苓) is a fungal sclerotium and is not 土茯苓, Smilax glabra - a different substance with a deceptively similar name. Dried ginger is a concentrated spice material. Atractylodes is a rhizome in the Asteraceae, and contact dermatitis from the family is common. The name 肾着汤 is applied to more than one composition in the later literature; this library records the four-ingredient Jingui Yaolüe version and makes no judgement between variants. There are no adequate safety data for pregnancy or breastfeeding. Chinese clinical reports on this formula for low back pain are small and mostly uncontrolled; this library records that the research exists, not that benefit has been established.

方名是这首方最大的误会来源。「肾着」的「着」是附着、停留,指寒湿停留在腰部,在古典用法里**不是肾脏本身的病**。《金匮要略》把这一点说得很清楚 —— 它靠列「什么没有出问题」来说:小便自利、饮食如故、反不渴。这三条阴性发现就是它的论证。肾病水肿的人不会被这样描述,血糖失控那种口渴多尿的人也不会。古典原文正在把这个主诉从它借用的那个脏器名字上摘开。看到「肾」字就以为自己得了肾病,做的恰好是原文没有做的事。 剩下这幅图景值得细读:身体重;腰中冷、如坐水中;以及那句人人都记得的「腹重如带五千钱」。腰痛伴沉重感,今天是一张鉴别表而不是一个诊断。其中包含机械性与退行性原因 —— 最常见,也最良性;也包含椎体压缩骨折、脊柱感染(椎间盘炎、硬膜外脓肿)、转移性恶性肿瘤、骨髓瘤、腹主动脉瘤与夹层(后者古典式地表现为撕裂样痛,以小时计)、肾绞痛、肾盂肾炎、向背部放射的胰腺炎,以及马尾综合征。 红旗症状是这张表存在的理由,值得直说:新出现的小便或大便失禁或潴留、鞍区麻木、进行性下肢无力、发热、夜间痛醒、不明原因体重下降、癌症史、长期用皮质类固醇、静脉吸毒、明显外伤,以及五十岁以上新发的腰痛。马尾综合征是外科急症,它靠大小便功能改变来宣告自己,而不是靠疼痛程度。 古典的病因观值得留下:身劳汗出,衣里冷湿,久久得之 —— 劳作出汗后,冷湿的衣服贴在身上,久而久之。这是职业与环境的观察,比多数古典病因具体得多。 药物本身:甘草带甘草酸问题 —— 假性醛固酮增多症式的钠水潴留伴失钾,与排钾利尿剂、地高辛或蒽醌类泻药同用时风险最大。茯苓是真菌的菌核,**不是土茯苓**(Smilax glabra)—— 名字极像而实为两物。干姜是浓缩的辛温之品。白术是菊科根茎,菊科接触性皮炎常见。肾着汤之名在后世文献中对应的组成不止一种;本库记《金匮要略》四味这一版,不裁决各版本异同。孕期与哺乳期没有充分的人体安全性数据。中文文献里这方用于腰痛的临床观察规模小、多为非对照;本库如实记「研究存在」,不记「疗效已被确立」。

泻肺逐饮;主治肺痈喘不得卧,及支饮不得息(胸满胀、一身面目浮肿、鼻塞清涕出、不闻香臭酸辛、咳逆上气、喘鸣迫塞) · Formula that drains the lung and expels phlegm-fluid; recorded for 肺痈 with breathlessness so severe the person cannot lie down, and for 支饮 with inability to breathe

Tingli Dazao Xiefei Tang (Lepidium and Jujube Decoction for Draining the Lung) tíng lì dà zǎo xiè fèi tāng · 葶苈大枣泻肺汤

Composition 组成

  • Lepidium or descurainia seed (ting li zi) and jujube fruit (da zao). Two ingredients. Quantities and method are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 葶苈子、大枣。共两味。本库不列用量
  • 也不列煎法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Two ingredients, and the second one is a date. The first is 葶苈子, the seed of Lepidium apetalum or Descurainia sophia; the second is 大枣, jujube fruit. The pairing is the point: a forceful draining seed is given together with a food-fruit that moderates it. This library has met that structure before - in 十枣汤, whose name commemorates the one ingredient that is not doing the draining, the ten dates - and the recurrence is worth noticing, because it means the classical corpus was attentive to force in a way readers routinely skip past. The indication is stated in physical terms that a modern clinician would recognise at once and would not answer with an oral decoction: 肺痈,喘不得卧 - lung abscess, and breathlessness such that the person cannot lie flat. Jingui Yaolüe gives a longer version elsewhere: 肺痈胸满胀,一身面目浮肿,鼻塞清涕出,不闻香臭酸辛,咳逆上气,喘鸣迫塞. A further line applies the same formula to 支饮不得息, retained fluid with inability to breathe. Breathlessness that prevents lying flat - orthopnoea - is a short differential with a short time frame: acute heart failure, pleural effusion, asthma and COPD exacerbation, pulmonary embolism, aspiration, pneumonia, upper airway obstruction, anaphylaxis, and panic. Pleural effusion today is an imaging question - chest radiograph, ultrasound, computed tomography - followed by diagnostic aspiration with fluid analysis, and then treatment of the cause. Empyema, which is what 肺痈 most closely resembles when pus is involved, is drained and covered with antibiotics; it is not a condition in which any oral formula substitutes for drainage. Lung abscess is managed with prolonged antibiotics and, when it does not resolve, with drainage or surgery. The classical text was describing a state it had no way to see inside; the modern reader can, and that difference is not academic. The symptom cluster carries its own list. Fever with productive cough, chest pain, breathlessness and weight loss is today a chest radiograph at minimum, and the differential - pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema, infected bronchiectasis, tuberculosis, cavitating malignancy, fungal disease, pulmonary infarction - cannot be separated by pattern reasoning. Haemoptysis anywhere in this picture is a reason to be assessed promptly, and heavy haemoptysis kills by asphyxiation rather than by blood loss. On the materials. 葶苈子 has reported cardiac glycoside-type activity in pharmacological work; this has not been established in humans, and the uncertainty is a reason for caution rather than reassurance, because an unquantified cardioactive substance alongside diuretics or digoxin is a real problem. It belongs to the Brassicaceae. Jujube fruit is a concentrated sugar load, which matters for anyone managing blood glucose. There are no adequate safety data for pregnancy or breastfeeding. Chinese clinical reports on this formula, largely in pleural effusion and heart failure contexts, are small and methodologically limited; this library records that the research exists, not that benefit has been established.

两味药,第二味是一颗枣。第一味是葶苈子,十字花科独行菜或播娘蒿的种子;第二味是大枣。配伍本身才是重点:一味峻烈的泻肺种子,与一味缓和的食物同用。本库先前已经遇过这个结构 —— 十枣汤,方名纪念的恰恰是唯一不干活的那一味:十枚大枣。这个重复值得留意,它说明古典文献对「峻」是有自觉的,而读者通常跳过。 主治用的是现代医生一眼认得出、且不会用口服汤剂去回答的体征:肺痈,喘不得卧。《金匮要略》另有更长的版本:肺痈胸满胀,一身面目浮肿,鼻塞清涕出,不闻香臭酸辛,咳逆上气,喘鸣迫塞。还有一条把同方用于「支饮不得息」。 平卧即喘(端坐呼吸)今天是一张短鉴别表,而且带时间:急性心衰、胸腔积液、哮喘与慢阻肺急性加重、肺栓塞、误吸、肺炎、上气道梗阻、过敏性休克、惊恐发作。胸腔积液今天是影像问题 —— 胸片、超声、CT —— 之后是诊断性穿刺与胸水分析,再之后是病因处理。脓胸(当「肺痈」涉及脓时最接近的对应)要引流并用抗生素覆盖;没有任何口服方能替代引流。肺脓肿靠长程抗生素,不吸收时靠引流或手术。古典在描述一个它无法看到胸腔内部的状态;今天的读者看得见,这个差别不是术语之争。 这组症状自带清单。发热+咳脓痰+胸痛+气短+体重下降,今天至少是一张胸片;而肺炎、肺脓肿、脓胸、支气管扩张并感染、结核、空洞型恶性肿瘤、真菌病、肺梗死这一串,靠辨证分不开。这组里任何位置出现咯血,都要尽快就诊;大咯血的致死机制是窒息,不是失血。 药物本身:葶苈子在药理工作中有强心苷类活性的报道,**人体证据未建立**;这个不确定是谨慎的理由而不是放心的理由 —— 一味含量不明的强心活性物质,与利尿剂或地高辛同在,是实在的问题。它属十字花科。大枣是浓缩的糖负荷,控糖的人须计入。孕期与哺乳期没有充分的人体安全性数据。中文文献里这方多用于胸腔积液与心衰场景,规模小、方法学质量有限;本库如实记「研究存在」,不记「疗效已被确立」。

峻下逐水;主治大病瘥后,从腰以下有水气者 · Formula that expels water by force; recorded for 大病瘥后,从腰以下有水气者 - oedema below the waist remaining after a major illness has resolved

Muli Zexie San (Oyster Shell and Alisma Powder) mǔ lì zé xiè sǎn · 牡蛎泽泻散

Composition 组成

  • Oyster shell (mu li)
  • alisma rhizome (ze xie)
  • dichroa shoots and leaves (shu qi)
  • lepidium or descurainia seed (ting li zi)
  • pokeweed root (shang lu)
  • seaweed (hai zao)
  • and trichosanthes root (gua lou gen
  • also called tian hua fen). Seven ingredients
  • recorded in equal parts. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 牡蛎(熬)、泽泻、蜀漆(暖水洗去腥)、葶苈子(熬)、商陆根(熬)、海藻(洗去咸)、栝楼根。共七味
  • 原方记等分。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The indication is one clause long and easy to read past: 大病瘥后,从腰以下有水气者 - after a major illness has resolved, water beneath the waist. The classical text is describing convalescence, and the modern question is what new oedema after a serious illness actually is. It is not weakness left over. Lower-limb oedema has a differential: heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis with hypoalbuminaemia, protein-losing states, deep vein thrombosis, venous insufficiency, lymphoedema, thyroid disease, pregnancy, and drugs - calcium channel blockers, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, thiazolidinediones and gabapentinoids among them. Two features change the urgency. Oedema in one leg only is deep vein thrombosis until it is excluded, and someone who has been ill and immobile is exactly the person at risk; the consequence of missing it is pulmonary embolism. Oedema with breathlessness is heart failure until it is excluded. Both are assessments that take minutes to begin, and neither is settled by a formula that acts like a diuretic. The formula itself is the most mineral- and animal-loaded in this batch, and its ingredients carry most of the interest. 商陆 is pokeweed root, Phytolacca: a recognised poison, producing gastroenteritis with vomiting and diarrhoea, dizziness, and in severe poisoning neurological features; and the reason it keeps appearing in poisoning reports is that the root is mistaken for ginseng or for 土人参. Processing does not turn an unquantified poison into a predictable one. 蜀漆 is the young shoot and leaf of Dichroa febrifuga, the plant that yields febrifugine - it has emetic activity and there are reports of liver injury. 海藻, seaweed, is an iodine load, which matters in thyroid disease and complicates the assessment of anyone taking antithyroid medicine or amiodarone; the classical method note says to wash the salt from it. 牡蛎 is oyster shell, a shellfish-derived material, and shellfish allergy is among the common food allergies. 栝楼根 is 天花粉, trichosanthes root; the protein isolated from it, trichosanthin, was investigated for terminating pregnancy and for ectopic pregnancy, which is the plainest available statement that it is not a material to take during pregnancy. 葶苈子 has reported cardiac glycoside-type activity that has not been established in humans. Two classical notes close it. The formula sits in the chapter of Shanghan Lun on 差后劳复 - what goes wrong after the illness is over - which is a sensible home for this cluster, and a reminder that the classical corpus had a category for the aftermath. And the seven ingredients include 海藻 while containing no licorice: the classical 十八反 incompatibility list pairs 海藻 against 甘草, in the line 藻戟遂芫俱战草, and readers who know the list will notice that this formula is built to avoid that pairing. This library records the classical claim as a claim and takes no position on whether it is correct. There are no adequate safety data for pregnancy or breastfeeding, and pregnancy is an absolute exclusion here. Chinese clinical reports on this formula are sparse compared with the rest of this library; the library records that research exists, not that benefit has been established.

主治只有一句,容易被读过:大病瘥后,从腰以下有水气者。古典讲的是病后恢复期,而今天要问的是「大病之后新出现的水肿到底是什么」。它不是「体虚没恢复」。下肢水肿有鉴别表:心衰、肾病综合征、肝硬化伴低白蛋白、蛋白丢失性状态、深静脉血栓、静脉功能不全、淋巴水肿、甲状腺病、妊娠,以及药物 —— 钙通道阻滞剂、非甾体抗炎药、皮质类固醇、噻唑烷二酮类、加巴喷丁类都在其中。有两个特征会改变紧急程度:**只有一条腿肿,在排除之前是深静脉血栓**,而刚病过、活动少的人正是高危人群,漏掉它的后果是肺栓塞;**水肿伴气短,在排除之前是心衰**。这两项的评估几分钟就能开始,也都不是一味利水方能了结的。 本方是这批里矿物与动物来源负荷最重的一方,看点在药味本身。商陆是商陆科商陆属(Phytolacca)的根,是有名的毒物:消化道刺激、呕吐腹泻、眩晕,重者出现神经症状;而它反复出现在中毒报告里的原因是**根被人当成人参或土人参误服**。炮制不会让一味含量不明的毒物变成可预期的东西。蜀漆是黄常山(Dichroa febrifuga)的嫩枝叶,即常山碱(febrifugine)的来源植物 —— 有催吐作用,并有肝损伤报道。海藻是碘负荷,甲状腺病患者须计入,也会干扰服用抗甲状腺药或胺碘酮者的判断;原方注「洗去咸」。牡蛎是牡蛎壳,属贝类来源,而**贝类过敏是最常见的食物过敏之一**。栝楼根即天花粉,从它分离出的天花粉蛋白曾被研究用于终止妊娠与异位妊娠 —— 这是「孕期不该用」最直白的一句说明。葶苈子有强心苷类活性报道,人体证据未建立。 另两条古典自记收尾。这首方落在《伤寒论》「差后劳复」篇 —— 讲病愈之后出问题的那一篇;古典为「病后」单立一门,本身值得记。此外七味里有海藻而无甘草:古典十八反歌诀「藻戟遂芫俱战草」把海藻与甘草相对,熟悉这条的读者会注意到本方是绕开这一对来组方的。本库把这条古典记载作为记载来记,不裁决它对不对。 孕期与哺乳期没有充分的人体安全性数据,**孕期是绝对排除项**。中文文献中这方的临床报告比本库其它方剂稀少;本库如实记「研究存在」,不记「疗效已被确立」。

水气病·风水;主治恶风、一身悉肿、脉浮、不渴、续自汗出、无大热 · Formula for 风水 (wind-water) in the water-qi category; recorded for aversion to wind, oedema of the whole body, a floating pulse, no thirst, persistent spontaneous sweating and absence of high fever

Yuebi Tang (Maidservant-of-Yue Decoction) yuè bì tāng · 越婢汤

Composition 组成

  • Ephedra herb (ma huang)
  • gypsum (shi gao)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • jujube fruit (da zao) and licorice root (gan cao). Five ingredients. The origin of the name 越婢 is not settled and several explanations have been proposed. The same chapter records 越婢加术汤 (Yuebi Jia Zhu Tang)
  • which is this formula with atractylodes (bai zhu) added. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 麻黄、石膏、生姜、大枣、甘草。共五味。方名「越婢」来由尚无定论
  • 历代有数说。同篇另载「越婢加术汤」
  • 即本方加白术。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The indication is six short phrases, and two of them are negative findings: 不渴, no thirst, and 无大热, no high fever. A classical text that states what is not present is doing something useful, and a reader who skips those two clauses has read a different formula from the one that was written. The positive items are 恶风, aversion to wind; 一身悉肿, oedema of the whole body; 脉浮, a floating pulse; and 续自汗出, sweating that keeps going by itself - the word 续 is doing real work, because it describes spontaneous sweating that continues rather than one episode after an exertion. One symptom, 一身悉肿, carries most of the modern weight. Generalized oedema is not a diagnosis; it is a short differential with a physical examination that takes minutes. Heart failure - with breathlessness, orthopnoea, raised jugular venous pressure and a history of hypertension or infarction. Nephrotic syndrome - periorbital swelling worst in the morning, frothy urine, and protein on a dipstick that costs very little to look for. Cirrhosis with hypoalbuminaemia - ascites, jaundice, spider naevi and a history that usually makes itself known. Protein-losing enteropathy, malnutrition, venous insufficiency, lymphoedema, thyroid disease in both directions, pregnancy, and drugs: calcium channel blockers, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, thiazolidinediones, gabapentinoids and oestrogens among them. Two of those are worth stating because they are missed for opposite reasons. Oedema with breathlessness is heart failure until it is excluded. Oedema beginning in a child within a week or two of a sore throat or an impetigo lesion is post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis until it is excluded: it is checked with a blood pressure, a urine dipstick, ASO and complement C3, and it is one of the few items on this list where the delay itself does harm. The composition is the second point of interest, and it is the reason this formula keeps being discussed. 麻黄, a warm acrid herb whose active amines are sympathomimetic, is placed in the same pot as 石膏, a cold mineral. The classical pairing is deliberate and much argued over. What matters for a modern reader is that ephedra alkaloids raise blood pressure and heart rate, cause insomnia and urinary retention, interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors, with stimulants, and with medicines for hypertension, and appear on prohibited lists in sport. A person with hypertension, coronary disease, arrhythmia, glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy or thyroid disease is not a candidate for an ephedra-containing formula, and that statement does not depend on any opinion about the formula's efficacy. Gypsum (石膏) is hydrated calcium sulphate; it is not 滑石, talc, and it is not lime, and confusing those three is a real purchasing error. Licorice carries the glycyrrhizin problem - a mineralocorticoid-type pattern of sodium and water retention with potassium loss - and it is worst alongside potassium-losing diuretics, digoxin or anthraquinone laxatives; here it sits in the same formula as ephedra. Fresh ginger is a concentrated spice material and jujube is a concentrated sugar load. The classical text excluded fever. That exclusion is the part to keep: if oedema appears together with fever, the differential has changed, and it now includes sepsis, infective endocarditis, cellulitis, and acute nephritis. There are no adequate safety data for this formula in pregnancy or breastfeeding, and pregnancy is an absolute exclusion. Chinese clinical reports on 越婢汤 exist, largely in nephrology and oedema contexts, small in scale and limited in method; this library records that the research exists, not that benefit has been established.

主治是六个短语,其中两条是阴性发现:不渴、无大热。一部古典文献写下「什么不存在」,是在做一件有用的事;跳过这两句的读者,读到的是另一首方。阳性条目是:恶风、一身悉肿、脉浮、续自汗出 —— 「续」字在这里干活,它指自发汗出持续不止,而不是劳累之后出一阵。 「一身悉肿」一个症状承担了今天几乎全部的分量。全身水肿不是诊断,是一张短鉴别表,而体格检查只需要几分钟。心衰 —— 伴气短、端坐呼吸、颈静脉怒张,以及高血压或心梗史;肾病综合征 —— 晨起眼睑肿最重、尿中泡沫多、尿蛋白,用一张试纸就能查,成本低;肝硬化伴低白蛋白 —— 腹水、黄疸、蜘蛛痣,病史通常自己会说;此外是蛋白丢失性肠病、营养不良、静脉功能不全、淋巴水肿、甲状腺病的两侧、妊娠,以及药物:钙通道阻滞剂、非甾体抗炎药、皮质类固醇、噻唑烷二酮类、加巴喷丁类、雌激素都在其中。其中两项值得直说,因为它们被漏掉的原因恰好相反:**水肿伴气短,在排除之前是心衰**;**儿童在咽痛或脓疱疮之后一两周内出现的水肿,在排除之前是链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎** —— 查血压、尿常规、ASO、补体 C3 就能开始,而这张表里很少有哪像它一样,拖本身就是伤害。 组成是第二个看点和这首方被反复讨论的原因:麻黄 —— 辛温,其活性生物胺属拟交感胺 —— 与石膏这味寒性矿物同锅。这个古典配伍是自觉的,也是历代争论的焦点。对今天的读者要紧的是:麻黄碱类升高血压与心率、造成失眠与尿潴留,与单胺氧化酶抑制剂、兴奋剂、降压药相互作用,并出现在运动禁用清单上。高血压、冠心病、心律失常、青光眼、前列腺增生、甲状腺病的人,不是含麻黄方的适用对象 —— 这句话不依赖对这首方疗效的任何看法。石膏是含水硫酸钙,不是滑石,也不是石灰,把这三样搞混是真实的采买错误。甘草带甘草酸问题:假性醛固酮增多症式的钠水潴留伴失钾,与排钾利尿剂、地高辛或蒽醌类泻药同用时风险最大,而本方里它与麻黄同在。生姜是浓缩的辛温之品,大枣是浓缩的糖负荷。 古典原文排除了发热。这一句要留下:**水肿与发热同现,鉴别表就变了** —— 要含脓毒症、感染性心内膜炎、蜂窝织炎、急性肾炎。孕期与哺乳期没有充分的人体安全性数据,孕期为绝对排除项。中文文献里这方多用于肾病与水肿场景,规模小、方法学质量有限;本库如实记「研究存在」,不记「疗效已被确立」。

降气平喘·温肺化饮;主治咳而上气,喉中水鸡声 · Formula that directs qi downward and relieves cough and breathlessness; recorded for coughing with rising qi and a sound in the throat like a water hen

Shegan Mahuang Tang (Belamcanda and Ephedra Decoction) shè gān má huáng tāng · 射干麻黄汤

Composition 组成

  • Belamcanda rhizome (she gan)
  • ephedra herb (ma huang)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • asarum herb (xi xin)
  • aster root (zi wan)
  • coltsfoot flower (kuan dong hua)
  • schisandra fruit (wu wei zi)
  • jujube fruit (da zao) and prepared pinellia rhizome (ban xia). Nine ingredients. Pinellia is used processed
  • the raw material is not used internally. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 射干、麻黄、生姜、细辛、紫菀、款冬花、五味子、大枣、半夏(汤洗/炮制)。共九味。半夏只用炮制品
  • 生品不入内服。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The clause that carries this formula is 喉中水鸡声 - a sound in the throat like a water hen, a frog-like croaking. It is a lay description of an airway noise, written before anyone could listen through a stethoscope or look at a larynx, and it is more precise than it first appears because it localises the sound to the throat. Today that one observation has to be split in two before anything else happens, because the two kinds of airway noise point at entirely different lists. Stridor is an inspiratory noise from the upper airway. In a child it suggests croup, foreign body, epiglottitis, or laryngomalacia; in an adult it suggests foreign body, laryngeal oedema including anaphylaxis and hereditary angioedema, vocal cord dysfunction, laryngospasm, subglottic or tracheal stenosis, and laryngeal or tracheal tumour. Several of those close the airway in minutes to hours, and epiglottitis in particular is managed as an airway emergency rather than with medicine. Wheeze is a different sound with a different list: asthma, COPD, acute heart failure - cardiac asthma, which is a real entity and is treated as heart failure, not as asthma - foreign body, aspiration, allergic reactions with lower airway involvement, eosinophilic lung disease, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, bronchiectasis, endobronchial tuberculosis and bronchial tumour. Three clinical features separate those lists faster than any reasoning about hot and cold. Onset that is sudden and witnessed, in a child or in an older person with swallowing difficulty or dementia, is foreign body aspiration until it is excluded - it is a bronchoscopy question. Wheeze that is unilateral, fixed and monophonic is an endobronchial lesion - tumour, foreign body, tuberculous stenosis - until imaging has been done; that one is audible with a stethoscope and is still missed. Wheeze with orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea and a history of hypertension or infarction is heart failure, and giving it the asthma treatment is an error in the wrong direction. Fever with productive cough, chest pain and weight loss is a chest radiograph at minimum. The materials carry the heaviest safety content in this batch. 细辛 is Asarum, and Asarum species contain aristolochic acid: aristolochic acid nephropathy and upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma are documented, and the material is restricted or prohibited in many countries. This library has met that fact in other entries and will keep repeating it, because the name 细辛 is still on shelves. 款冬花, coltsfoot flower, contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids of the kind associated with hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, which is why several regulators set limits on it and why it is not a material to take long-term or during pregnancy. 射干 is Belamcanda chinensis, also classified as Iris domestica, a rhizome in the Iridaceae that is a common garden plant - a name that is easy to source and easy to mis-source. Prepared pinellia (半夏) is a processed material; the raw rhizome causes severe irritation of the mouth and throat and is not used internally. 五味子 is Schisandra. 紫菀 is an Asteraceae root, and Asteraceae contact dermatitis is common. Ephedra carries the sympathomimetic cautions set out in the entry on 越婢汤. Jujube is a sugar load. There are no adequate safety data for pregnancy or breastfeeding and pregnancy is an absolute exclusion. Chinese clinical reports on this formula exist, chiefly in asthma and COPD contexts, small in scale and methodologically limited; this library records that the research exists, not that benefit has been established. And the symptom the formula is named for - a croaking sound in the throat - is a reason to be examined, not a reason to self-treat.

这首方靠的是「喉中水鸡声」—— 喉咙里有像水鸡(蛙)叫的声音。这是听诊器与喉镜都还没有的年代,对气道音的一句白话描写,而它比看上去更精确:它把声音定位在了喉。今天这条观察必须先分成两类,因为两种气道音指向完全不同的两张清单。 喉鸣(stridor)是吸气相、来自上气道。儿童想到哮吼、异物、会厌炎、喉软化;成人想到异物、喉水肿(含过敏反应与遗传性血管性水肿)、声带功能障碍、喉痉挛、声门下或气管狭窄、喉与气管的肿瘤。其中几项在几分钟到几小时内就能闭合气道,会厌炎尤其是按气道急症处理,而不是按用药处理。哮鸣(wheeze)是另一种声音、另一张清单:哮喘、慢阻肺、急性心衰(「心源性哮喘」是真实存在的一类,按心衰治而不是按哮喘治)、异物、误吸、累及下气道的过敏反应、嗜酸粒细胞性肺病、变应性支气管肺曲霉病、支气管扩张、支气管内膜结核、支气管肿瘤。 三个临床特征,比任何寒热推理都更快地把这两张清单分开:**起病突然且有人亲眼看见**,发生在儿童,或发生在有吞咽困难、痴呆的老人身上 —— 在排除之前是异物吸入,这是支气管镜的问题;**单侧、固定、单音调的哮鸣** —— 在影像做完之前是支气管内病变(肿瘤、异物、结核性狭窄),这一项用听诊器就能听出来,却仍然常被漏掉;**哮鸣伴端坐呼吸、夜间阵发性呼吸困难,以及高血压或心梗史** —— 这是心衰,按哮喘给药是把方向弄反。发热+咳脓痰+胸痛+体重下降,今天至少是一张胸片。 药味承担了这批里最重的安全内容。**细辛是细辛属(Asarum),含马兜铃酸** —— 马兜铃酸肾病与上尿路尿路上皮癌均有记载,多国禁限;本库在别的条目里已经遇过这个事实,会一直复述,因为「细辛」这两个字现在还在柜台上。**款冬花含吡咯里西啶类生物碱**,即与肝窦阻塞综合征相关的那一类,这是若干监管机构对它设限的理由,也是它不宜长期或孕期使用的理由。射干是射干(Belamcanda chinensis,亦归入 Iris domestica),鸢尾科根茎,常见园艺植物 —— 名字好找,也容易找错。半夏是炮制品;生半夏对口腔与咽喉有强烈刺激,不入内服。五味子是五味子属。紫菀是菊科的根,菊科接触性皮炎常见。麻黄带越婢汤条目里写明的拟交感胺各项禁忌。大枣是糖负荷。孕期与哺乳期没有充分的人体安全性数据,孕期为绝对排除项。 中文文献里这方多用于哮喘与慢阻肺场景,规模小、方法学质量有限;本库如实记「研究存在」,不记「疗效已被确立」。而这首方得名于的那个症状 —— 喉咙里的蛙鸣声 —— 是去就诊的理由,不是自己处理的理由。

伤寒瘀热在里,身必黄,麻黄连轺赤小豆汤主之(《伤寒论》) · Formula that vents the exterior and clears damp-heat; recorded for cold damage with stagnant heat in the interior where the body turns yellow

Mahuang Lianqiao Chixiaodou Tang (Ephedra, Forsythia Root and Adzuki Bean Decoction) má huáng lián yáo chì xiǎo dòu tāng · 麻黄连轺赤小豆汤

Composition 组成

  • Ephedra herb (ma huang)
  • forsythia root (lian qiao
  • classical 连轺 - the root of Forsythia)
  • adzuki bean (chi xiao dou)
  • apricot kernel (xing ren)
  • fresh catalpa root bark (sheng zi bai pi)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • jujube fruit (da zao) and licorice root (gan cao). Eight ingredients. 生梓白皮 is often unavailable today and is substituted in practice
  • this library records the original ingredient and does not recommend a substitute. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 麻黄、连轺(连翘根)、赤小豆、杏仁、生梓白皮、生姜、大枣、甘草。共八味。生梓白皮今多缺用、临床常以他药代
  • 本库记原方药味
  • 不推荐代用品。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Shanghan Lun · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The indication is three characters of symptom - 身必黄, the body will turn yellow - and four characters of mechanism, 瘀热在里. Shanghan Lun gives no more than that. A modern reader has one obligation before anything else: jaundice is a sign, and the first question about it is not which pattern it belongs to but which of three compartments it comes from. The split is made by a blood test that nearly every clinic can run. Unconjugated or indirect hyperbilirubinaemia with otherwise normal liver enzymes points at haemolysis or at Gilbert syndrome: haemolysis is checked with reticulocytes, LDH, haptoglobin and a direct antiglobulin test, and Gilbert is a benign, common condition in which the bilirubin rises with fasting, illness, exertion or poor sleep and falls again. Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia with a raised alkaline phosphatase and GGT, dark urine, pale stool and itching, points at obstruction: common bile duct stone, pancreatic head cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, ampullary tumour, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, postoperative or inflammatory stricture, Mirizzi syndrome, and parasitic infestation. Between them sits hepatocellular injury with a transaminase-predominant picture: viral hepatitis A through E, alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, autoimmune hepatitis, Wilson disease, haemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, ischaemic hepatitis from sepsis or hypoperfusion, and the pregnancy-specific conditions. Three features change the timing, and they are worth stating in plain words. Jaundice with fever and rigors and right upper quadrant pain is acute cholangitis - Charcot's triad - and with hypotension or altered mental state it becomes Reynolds' pentad; it is drained and covered with antibiotics, and antibiotics do not substitute for drainage. Painless jaundice is not the mild version; it is the classic presentation of malignant obstruction and is the reason painless is a word that should worry rather than reassure. Jaundice in a pregnancy is always obstetric business, and pre-eclampsia with liver involvement and HELLP syndrome are in that list. In a newborn, jaundice appearing in the first twenty-four hours, or any direct hyperbilirubinaemia, or jaundice persisting beyond two weeks, is biliary atresia until it is excluded, and the window for the Kasai procedure is measured in weeks - that single item is the most time-critical thing in this entire entry. Drug-induced liver injury deserves its own sentence here, because herbal medicines and dietary supplements are a recognised and frequently under-reported cause of it, including in people who take them precisely because they believe them to be gentle. Any jaundice that appears during the taking of any medicine or supplement is a reason to stop and to be assessed, not a reason to continue. On the materials. 赤小豆 is the adzuki bean, Vigna angularis or V. umbellata, a food legume. It is not 相思子, Abrus precatorius, the rosary pea or jequirity bean, whose seeds contain abrin, a toxin of extreme potency, and which is sold worldwide as beads for bracelets and rosaries; confusion between the two, and childhood ingestion of the beads, are real poisoning pathways. 杏仁, apricot kernel, contains amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside that releases hydrogen cyanide on hydrolysis; bitter apricot kernel and sweet apricot kernel are not the same material, and children are the group at risk. 连轺 is the root of Forsythia; later practice generally uses 连翘, the fruit, and this library records the classical ingredient without adjudicating between them. 生梓白皮 is the fresh root bark of Catalpa; it is largely unavailable and is substituted in practice, and this library declines to recommend a substitute. Ephedra carries the sympathomimetic cautions recorded under 越婢汤, licorice the glycyrrhizin cautions, and jujube is a sugar load. There are no adequate safety data for pregnancy or breastfeeding and pregnancy is an absolute exclusion. Chinese clinical reports on this formula exist, chiefly in jaundice and dermatological contexts, small in scale and limited in method. This library records that the research exists, not that benefit has been established - and it records that jaundice is a laboratory question before it is a pattern question.

主治里症状只有三个字 —— 身必黄,病机四个字 —— 瘀热在里。《伤寒论》没有多给。今天的读者在其它一切之前有一件事必须做:黄疸是一个体征,关于它的第一个问题不是它属于哪个证,而是它来自三个隔间中的哪一个。 这个区分靠一项几乎每家诊所都能做的血检。以间接胆红素(未结合)升高为主、肝酶其余正常,指向溶血或 Gilbert 综合征:溶血查网织红细胞、LDH、结合珠蛋白、直接抗人球蛋白试验;Gilbert 是良性且常见的状态,胆红素在饥饿、生病、劳累、睡不好时升高,之后自行回落。以直接胆红素(结合)升高为主、伴碱性磷酸酶与 GGT 升高、尿色深、大便色浅、皮肤瘙痒,指向梗阻:胆总管结石、胰头癌、胆管癌、壶腹周围癌、原发性胆汁性胆管炎、原发性硬化性胆管炎、术后或炎症性狭窄、Mirizzi 综合征、寄生虫感染。两者之间是肝细胞性损伤、以转氨酶升高为主的一类:甲至戊型肝炎病毒、酒精性肝病、药物性肝损伤、自身免疫性肝炎、Wilson 病、血色病、α1 抗胰蛋白酶缺乏、脓毒症或低灌注造成的缺血性肝炎,以及妊娠特有的那几种。 有三个特征会改变时间,值得直说:**黄疸+发热寒战+右上腹痛=急性胆管炎**(Charcot 三联),若再加上低血压或意识改变就是 Reynolds 五联 —— 它要靠引流并用抗生素覆盖,**抗生素不替代引流**;**无痛性黄疸不是轻的那一种**,它是恶性梗阻的经典表现,「无痛」这个词应当让人警觉而不是放心;**妊娠期的黄疸一律是产科的事**,子痫前期肝受累与 HELLP 综合征都在清单里。而在新生儿身上:出生 24 小时内出现的黄疸、任何直接胆红素升高、或持续超过两周的黄疸,在排除之前是胆道闭锁,而 Kasai 手术的时间窗以周计 —— 这一条是整篇里时间最紧的一项。 药物性肝损伤值得单写一句:草药与膳食补充剂是它公认且常被漏报的一类原因,其中不少恰恰是「因为觉得温和」才服用的人。服用任何药物或补充剂期间出现的黄疸,是停下并去就诊的理由,不是继续服用的理由。 药物本身:赤小豆是豆科豇豆属的食用豆(Vigna angularis/umbellata)。它**不是相思子**(鸡母珠、Abrus precatorius)—— 后者种子含鸡母珠毒蛋白 abrin,毒性极强,全球作为手串与念珠的珠子出售;**把这两样搞混,以及儿童误食珠子,是真实的中毒路径**。杏仁含苦杏仁苷,属氰苷,水解后释放氰化氢;苦杏仁与甜杏仁不是同一物料,儿童是危险人群。连轺是连翘的根,后世多通用连翘(果实);本库记古典药味,不裁决二者异同。生梓白皮是梓树(Catalpa)的鲜根皮,今多缺用、临床常代;本库不推荐代用品。麻黄带越婢汤条目里写明的拟交感胺各项禁忌,甘草带甘草酸禁忌,大枣是糖负荷。孕期与哺乳期没有充分的人体安全性数据,孕期为绝对排除项。 中文文献里这方多用于黄疸与皮肤科场景,规模小、方法学质量有限;本库如实记「研究存在」,不记「疗效已被确立」—— 并且记下:黄疸在成为辨证问题之前,先是一项化验问题。

痰饮·支饮;主治心下有支饮,其人苦冒眩 · Formula that drains retained fluid and settles the rising of fluid qi; recorded for 支饮 below the heart, where the person is distressed by veiling dizziness

Zexie Tang (Alisma Decoction) zé xiè tāng · 泽泻汤

Composition 组成

  • Alisma rhizome (ze xie) and atractylodes macrocephala rhizome (bai zhu). Two ingredients - this is one of the smallest formulas in this library
  • and its name is simply its own composition. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 泽泻、白术。共两味 —— 本库最小的方之一
  • 方名即其组成。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Two ingredients, and the indication is 苦冒眩 - three characters meaning distressing veiling dizziness, a dizziness that darkens and dims. No cause is offered beyond 心下有支饮, retained fluid below the heart. A reader who wants to understand this formula has to accept that the classical text made a particular choice about dizziness and then follow where it leads, which in this case is directly away from the ears and toward the brain. Dizziness today is first divided not by hot and cold but by where it comes from, and the division is worth learning because the two halves are handled by different people in different time frames. The peripheral causes are the common ones and mostly the survivable ones: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, which is triggered by a change in head position, lasts seconds to a minute, has a characteristic nystagmus on a positional test and can often be cured in the clinic by a repositioning manoeuvre; vestibular neuritis, which comes on once and lasts days with no change in hearing; Meniere disease, whose four features are episodic vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus and aural fullness; labyrinthitis; superior canal dehiscence; and vestibular schwannoma, which usually declares itself through progressive one-sided hearing loss rather than through dizziness. Sudden hearing loss with vertigo is an ear, nose and throat emergency with a treatment window measured in days. The central causes are fewer and far more urgent: posterior circulation stroke, cerebellar haemorrhage, vertebrobasilar dissection, and posterior fossa masses. What separates them is a short list of features that anyone can ask about, and every one of them moves dizziness out of the ear clinic: double vision, difficulty swallowing, slurred speech, facial or limb weakness or numbness, incoordination, inability to stand or walk unaided, a new severe headache or neck pain, and altered consciousness. The head impulse, nystagmus and test of skew examination, performed by a clinician trained in it, distinguishes central from peripheral vertigo in the acute setting better than an early MRI scan does, because diffusion imaging can be negative in the first day or two after a posterior circulation infarct. That last point is the reason a normal early scan does not close the question. Outside that split, the list continues: orthostatic hypotension, arrhythmia, hypoglycaemia, anaemia, vestibular migraine, panic attacks, persistent postural-perceptual dizziness, visual vertigo, and drugs - aminoglycosides, loop diuretics, antihypertensives, antiepileptics, benzodiazepines, alcohol and sedatives among them. In an older person, a fall that was really an episode of dizziness is a common and under-recognised presentation, and the consequence of the next fall is what makes it worth asking about. The two materials are unremarkable by comparison, and that is itself the interesting part. 泽泻, Alisma, has been reported to produce nephrotoxicity in animal work at high intakes over prolonged periods; this has not been established in humans, and an unquantified renal hazard is a reason for caution rather than reassurance in anyone who also takes diuretics, NSAIDs or has existing kidney disease. 白术 is an Asteraceae rhizome, and Asteraceae contact dermatitis is common. Neither ingredient is a reason for anyone to delay the assessment described above. There are no adequate safety data for pregnancy or breastfeeding, and pregnancy is an absolute exclusion. Chinese clinical reports on 泽泻汤 exist, mostly for dizziness and for conditions now understood as inner-ear disorders, small in scale and methodologically limited; this library records that the research exists, not that benefit has been established.

两味药,主治是「苦冒眩」三个字 —— 冒是昏蒙、眩是旋转,一种让人难受的、发黑发蒙的眩晕。除「心下有支饮」外,原文没有给出别的病因。要读懂这首方,得先接受古典文献对眩晕做了某一个选择,然后顺着它走 —— 而这次它指向的方向,恰好是从耳朵直接走向脑。 眩晕今天的第一个分界不是寒热,是来源;这个分界值得学会,因为两半边由不同的人、在不同的时间尺度上处理。外周性原因最常见,也大多不致命:良性阵发性位置性眩晕 —— 由头位改变诱发、持续数秒到一分钟、位置试验有特征性眼震,往往在诊室里靠手法复位就能解决;前庭神经元炎 —— 发作一次、持续数天、听力不变;梅尼埃病 —— 发作性眩晕、波动性听力下降、耳鸣、耳闷四联;迷路炎;上半规管裂;以及前庭神经鞘瘤,它通常靠进行性单侧听力下降宣告自己,而不是靠眩晕。**突发听力下降伴眩晕是耳鼻喉急症,治疗窗以天计。** 中枢性原因更少,也急得多:后循环卒中、小脑出血、椎基底动脉夹层、后颅窝占位。把它们分开的是一份任何人都能问的短清单,而其中任何一项都把眩晕从耳科挪走:复视、吞咽困难、构音不清、面或肢体无力或麻木、共济失调、不能独立站立或行走、新发的剧烈头痛或颈痛、意识改变。由受过训练的临床医生完成的「头脉冲—眼震—扭转偏斜」检查(HINTS),在急性期区分中枢与外周,比早期 MRI 更可靠 —— 因为后循环梗死最初一两天内弥散成像可以是阴性的。正因如此,早期一张正常片子并不能把问题关掉。 在这个分界之外,清单还在继续:体位性低血压、心律失常、低血糖、贫血、前庭性偏头痛、惊恐发作、持续性姿势-知觉性头晕、视觉性眩晕,以及药物 —— 氨基糖苷类、髓袢利尿剂、降压药、抗癫痫药、苯二氮䓬类、酒精与镇静剂都在其中。在老年人身上,「一次跌倒」其实是一次眩晕发作,这是常见又被低估的表现形式,而「下一次跌倒」的后果正是值得追问它的理由。 相比之下两味药本身都不起眼,而不起眼这件事恰恰是看点。泽泻(Alisma)在动物实验中有大剂量长期摄入造成肾毒性的报道;**人体证据未建立**,而一味含量不明的肾脏风险,在同时服用利尿剂、非甾体抗炎药或已有肾病的人身上,是谨慎的理由而不是放心的理由。白术是菊科根茎,菊科接触性皮炎常见。这两味药都不是任何人推迟上述评估的理由。孕期与哺乳期没有充分的人体安全性数据,孕期为绝对排除项。中文文献里这方多用于眩晕、以及今天被理解为内耳疾病的那些情况,规模小、方法学质量有限;本库如实记「研究存在」,不记「疗效已被确立」。

胸痹心痛短气病;主治「胸痹不得卧,心痛彻背者」 · Formula for 胸痹 (chest bi) in the chest-pain category; recorded for chest bi with inability to lie down, and for pain in the heart region that reaches through to the back

Gualou Xiebai Banxia Tang (Trichosanthes, Chinese Chive and Pinellia Decoction) guā lóu xiè bái bàn xià tāng · 瓜蒌薤白半夏汤

Composition 组成

  • Trichosanthes fruit (gua lou)
  • Chinese chive bulb (xie bai) and pinellia rhizome (ban xia)
  • taken with clear grain wine (bai jiu). Four materials. This formula is 瓜蒌薤白白酒汤 (Gualou Xiebai Baijiu Tang) with pinellia added
  • the two share three of their four items. The wine recorded in the original text is a fermented grain wine of the Han period
  • closer to a low-alcohol rice wine than to a distilled spirit. This library does not reconstruct that solvent and lists no quantities
  • preparation or method of taking.

组成

  • 瓜蒌实、薤白、半夏、白酒。共四味。本方即瓜蒌薤白白酒汤加半夏
  • 两方共用前四味中的三味。原方所记「白酒」是汉代酿造的谷物酒
  • 近低度米酒而非蒸馏白酒。本库不还原该溶媒
  • 也不列用量、制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The line that records this formula is nine characters long, and the two clauses that carry the most weight for a reader today are 不得卧, unable to lie down, and 心痛彻背, pain in the heart region that passes through to the back. 不得卧 is the clause that changes what kind of complaint this is. A person who cannot lie flat because the breath fails when horizontal is not describing a pain that is better or worse at rest; they are describing orthopnea, and orthopnea together with waking at night short of breath is recognised today as a feature of left heart failure and pulmonary congestion. It sits beside the chest-pain pathway rather than inside it, and it is measurable — oxygen saturation, a chest radiograph, natriuretic peptides, an echocardiogram. 心痛彻背 is a description of radiation. Radiation to the back appears on the modern list in more than one place, and one of them is the entry whose clock runs in hours rather than days: aortic dissection, classically tearing in quality, sometimes with a measurable difference in blood pressure between the two arms. Chest pain is the presenting complaint with the least room for delay. The differential worked through in the first minutes includes acute coronary syndrome — including the presentations that do not match the textbook picture, since women, older people and people with diabetes may report breathlessness, nausea, fatigue, or discomfort in the jaw or upper abdomen rather than crushing central pressure; aortic dissection; pulmonary embolism; pericarditis and pericardial tamponade; pneumothorax; oesophageal rupture; oesophageal spasm and reflux; costochondritis; the pain that precedes a shingles rash by several days; chest wall muscle and bone; panic; and pneumonia with pleurisy. The purpose of listing them is not to alarm but to be plain: none of them is sorted out by reading a classical text, and several of them are time-critical. The materials carry their own record. 瓜蒌 is the fruit of Trichosanthes; the root of the same plant is 天花粉, and trichosanthin, the protein isolated from that root, was investigated for terminating pregnancy and for ectopic pregnancy. Two parts of one plant, used as two different materials — and pregnancy is an absolute exclusion here. 薤白 is Allium, the genus of onion and garlic; possible antiplatelet effects are discussed in the literature, and this library records that the discussion exists without settling it. 半夏 is used only after processing; the raw tuber is toxic, and the classical tradition treated that processing as indispensable rather than optional. The fourth material is alcohol, which is itself a drug, with its own interactions, and with whole groups of people for whom it is not acceptable in any quantity. Chinese-language clinical literature contains observations of this formula in angina and coronary heart disease, usually in small studies, frequently as something added to conventional management rather than used instead of it, and with methodological limits that the reports themselves describe. This library records that such studies exist. It does not record that benefit has been established, and nothing in this entry is a response to an episode of chest pain.

记载本方的条文只有九个字,其中两句对今天的读者最要紧:不得卧、心痛彻背。 不得卧改变的是这件事的性质。一个人因为平卧就喘不上气而不能躺下,描述的不是「安静时痛重还是痛轻」,而是端坐呼吸;端坐呼吸与夜间阵发性呼吸困难,今天是左心衰竭与肺淤血的已知表现。它贴在胸痛这条路径的旁边而不是里面,而且它是可测的 —— 血氧、胸片、利钠肽、超声心动图。 心痛彻背是对放射痛的描写。放射到背在现代鉴别表里出现在不止一处,其中有一处的计时单位是小时而不是天:主动脉夹层,典型为撕裂样,有时可在两上臂之间量出血压差。 胸痛是留给「再等等看」余地最小的主诉。最初几分钟要过一遍的表包括:急性冠脉综合征 —— 含那些不符合教科书画面的表现,女性、老年人、糖尿病人常常主诉气短、恶心、乏力、下颌或上腹部不适,而不是压榨性胸痛;主动脉夹层;肺栓塞;心包炎与心包填塞;气胸;食管破裂;食管痉挛与反流;肋软骨炎;出疹前数日的带状疱疹疼痛;胸壁肌肉骨骼;惊恐发作;肺炎伴胸膜炎。列这张表不是为了吓人,是为了说清楚:其中没有哪一项是靠读古典条文分出来的,而其中好几项以时间计数。 药味各有各的记载:瓜蒌是栝楼的果实,同一植株的根是天花粉,从天花粉分离出的天花粉蛋白曾被研究用于终止妊娠与异位妊娠 —— 同一株的两个部位、两味不同的药,而孕期是本方的绝对排除项。薤白是葱属,与洋葱、大蒜同属,抗血小板作用文献有讨论,本库记「有此讨论」而不裁决。半夏只用炮制品,生品有毒,传统把炮制当作不可省的一步而不是可选项。第四味是酒 —— 它本身就是一种药,有它自己的相互作用,也有整类完全不能接受任何酒精的人。 中文临床文献中有本方用于心绞痛与冠心病的观察报告,多为小规模,常作为常规治疗的加用而非替代,方法学局限也被报告本身写出。本库记「有这类研究」,不记「疗效已被确立」;本条目也不构成对任何一次胸痛发作的处置。

胸痹心痛短气病;主治「胸痹,胸中气塞,短气」。同一条下并载「橘枳姜汤亦主之」 · Formula for 胸痹 (chest bi) in the chest-pain category; recorded for a sensation of obstruction in the chest and shortness of breath. The same clause names a second formula for the same presentation

Fuling Xingren Gancao Tang (Poria, Apricot Kernel and Licorice Decoction) fú líng xìng rén gān cǎo tāng · 茯苓杏仁甘草汤

Composition 组成

  • Poria (fu ling)
  • apricot kernel (xing ren) and licorice root (gan cao). Three ingredients. The same clause of the source text records 橘枳姜汤 (Ju Zhi Jiang Tang) as an alternative for the same presentation
  • the two formulas share no ingredient at all. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 茯苓、杏仁、甘草。共三味。原文同一条下并载「橘枳姜汤亦主之」
  • 两方无一味相同。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. What is worth reading here is not the three ingredients. It is that the source text attaches two formulas to a single line and does not say how to choose between them. A modern reader tends to assume that a classical formula is a precise match to a named condition, and that where two are offered there must once have been a rule. Sometimes a rule was recorded; here it was not. The text states a presentation — 胸中气塞, a sensation of obstruction or stuffiness in the chest, and 短气, shortness of breath — and then offers two formulas of three ingredients each that share nothing: this one, and 橘枳姜汤. That is the whole of the guidance. Saying so is more honest than inventing a criterion and attributing it to the classic. The presentation itself is the part that needs care today. 胸中气塞 and 短气 are words about breathing, and a chapter whose title is usually translated through the word pain is easy to read as though breathing were not in it. New breathlessness, breathlessness at rest, breathlessness that wakes a person at night, or breathlessness alongside chest pressure is assessed now, not interpreted later. The list behind it includes acute coronary syndrome, which in women, older people and people with diabetes may present with breathlessness rather than pain; pulmonary embolism; heart failure; pericardial effusion; pneumonia; pleural effusion; anaemia; thyrotoxicosis; deconditioning; and panic. Several of these are separated from one another by a saturation probe, a radiograph and a blood test, and several of them become worse if the assessment waits. The materials are few and each carries a note. 茯苓 is the sclerotium of a fungus; it is not 土茯苓, which is an entirely different plant, and the two names are regularly confused. 杏仁 is the kernel of Prunus; it contains amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside, and bitter apricot kernel is not the same material as the sweet kernel sold as food. 甘草 is licorice root, and the glycyrrhizin in it can produce a syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess — retention of sodium and water, loss of potassium, raised blood pressure — an effect reported with ordinary amounts taken over weeks, and one that matters more rather than less in a person already taking a diuretic or a cardiac glycoside. Chinese-language clinical literature reports observations of formulas in this group for coronary disease and for breathlessness, generally in small studies with methodological limits that the reports describe. This library records that the studies exist. It does not record that benefit has been established, and this entry is not a way of evaluating a symptom.

这条值得读的不是那三味药,而是:**原文把两首方挂在同一个条文下,却没有说怎么选**。 今天的读者容易默认一首方精确对应一个病名,于是遇到「两首并列」就假定曾经有过一条规则、只是失传了。有时规则确实写下来了;这一条没有。原文给出一组表现 —— 胸中气塞(胸里发堵、发闷)与短气 —— 然后给出两首各三味的方,两方无一味相同:本方,与橘枳姜汤。这就是全部的指示。如实说「没写」,比为它补一条标准再挂到古典名下要诚实。 真正需要当心的是这组表现本身。胸中气塞与短气说的都是呼吸,而一篇通常以「痛」字被译出的章节,很容易被读成与呼吸无关。新出现的气短、安静时也气短、夜间憋醒的气短,或伴胸闷压榨感的气短,今天是拿来评估的,不是拿来解释的。它背后的表包括:急性冠脉综合征(女性、老年人、糖尿病人可以气短为主而痛不明显);肺栓塞;心力衰竭;心包积液;肺炎;胸腔积液;贫血;甲状腺毒症;失健;惊恐发作。其中好几项靠血氧、一张胸片和一次血检就能分开,而其中好几项会因为「等等看」而变糟。 三味药各有各的注脚:茯苓是真菌的菌核,不是土茯苓 —— 后者是完全不同的植物,两个名字经常被混;杏仁是杏属种仁,含苦杏仁苷(氰苷),苦杏仁与作食用的甜杏仁不是同一味药;甘草是甘草的根,其中的甘草酸可引起假性醛固酮增多症 —— 钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高 —— 这一效应在「普通量、连服数周」的情形下也有报告,对已经在用利尿剂或强心苷的人,它只会更重要而不是更次要。 中文临床文献有本方一类方剂用于冠心病与气短的观察报告,多为小规模,方法学局限由报告本身写出。本库记「有这类研究」,不记「疗效已被确立」;本条目也不是评估一个症状的门路。

胸痹心痛短气病;主治「胸痹,胸中气塞,短气」,与茯苓杏仁甘草汤并列,为同一条下的第二方 · Formula for 胸痹 (chest bi) in the chest-pain category; recorded for a sensation of obstruction in the chest and shortness of breath, as the second of the two formulas named for that presentation

Ju Zhi Jiang Tang (Tangerine Peel, Immature Bitter Orange and Fresh Ginger Decoction) jú zhǐ jiāng tāng · 橘枳姜汤

Composition 组成

  • Tangerine peel (ju pi
  • the aged peel usually called 陈皮 chen pi)
  • immature bitter orange (zhi shi) and fresh ginger (sheng jiang). Three ingredients. Recorded in the same clause of the source text as an alternative to 茯苓杏仁甘草汤 for the same presentation
  • the two formulas share no ingredient. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 橘皮(即陈皮)、枳实、生姜。共三味。原文与茯苓杏仁甘草汤并列于同一条
  • 主治同一组表现
  • 两方无一味相同。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This formula is the second of the two that the source text names for one line, and it is worth reading together with 茯苓杏仁甘草汤 rather than on its own — because what is interesting here is the pair, not either half of it. Two formulas, three ingredients each, not one ingredient in common: citrus peel, immature bitter orange and ginger on one side; poria, apricot kernel and licorice on the other. This is not a strong version and a mild version of the same thing. They are made of entirely different materials, which means that whoever used this text had to make a judgement that the text itself does not record. That silence has been filled in many times by later commentary, and this library does not add another filling. The honest statement is that the criterion was not written down. What was written down is the presentation: 胸中气塞 and 短气. Both are about breathing inside the chest rather than about pain, and a chapter usually read through the word pain is easy to skim past this part. It appears in it repeatedly, and it is the part most often skipped. Breathlessness and a sensation of constriction in the chest are assessed today, not interpreted. The differential behind them is broad and includes entries that are time-critical: acute coronary syndrome, including the presentations without prominent pain that are common in women, older people and people with diabetes; pulmonary embolism; heart failure; pericardial effusion and tamponade; pneumonia and pleural effusion; anaemia; thyrotoxicosis; and panic. A saturation measurement, a chest radiograph, an electrocardiogram and a blood count separate most of them within an hour, and that separation is what changes what happens next. On the materials: 橘皮 is citrus peel, and the aged form is what is usually meant. 枳实 is the immature fruit of a citrus species; citrus fruits contain furanocoumarins, the same class of compound behind the well-documented interaction between grapefruit and a range of medicines handled by CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein. Whether that matters at the level of a formula such as this one has not been established, and this library says so rather than assuming either way. 生姜 is fresh ginger. Chinese-language clinical literature reports observations of formulas in this group for coronary disease and for functional chest and upper abdominal complaints, generally small studies with methodological limits the reports themselves note. The studies exist. Established benefit is a different claim, and this library does not make it.

本方是原文为同一个条文给出的两首方中的第二首。它应该和茯苓杏仁甘草汤**一起**读,而不是分开读 —— 有意思的是这一对,不是其中的一半。 两首方,各三味,无一味相同:一边是橘皮、枳实、生姜,另一边是茯苓、杏仁、甘草。这不是同一种东西的「重版」和「轻版」,两方的材料完全不同。也就是说,用这条条文的人必须做一个判断,而这个判断条文没有记下来。后世的注家把这个空白填过很多次,本库不打算再填一次。诚实的说法是:选择标准没有写下来。 写下来的只有那组表现:胸中气塞与短气。两句说的都是胸里的呼吸而不是痛,而一篇通常透过「痛」字被阅读的章节,很容易把这一段滑过去。它在这篇里反复出现,却是最常被跳过的部分。 气短与胸中发紧今天是拿来评估的,不是拿来解释的。它背后的鉴别面很宽,其中有几项以时间计数:急性冠脉综合征(含那些痛不明显的表现,在女性、老年人、糖尿病人中并不少见);肺栓塞;心力衰竭;心包积液与心包填塞;肺炎与胸腔积液;贫血;甲状腺毒症;惊恐发作。一次血氧、一张胸片、一份心电图和一次血常规,多数能在一小时内分开;而分开之后走的是哪条路,取决于这一次分开。 关于药味:橘皮是柑橘类果皮,通常指经陈放者(陈皮)。枳实是柑橘类的幼果;柑橘类果实含呋喃香豆素,与「西柚同服影响一批经 CYP3A4 与 P-glycoprotein 处理的药物」是同一类成分。这一层在诸如本方这样的方剂层级上是否具临床意义,目前未建立 —— 本库照实说未建立,而不替它假定有或没有。生姜是鲜姜。 中文临床文献有本方一类方剂用于冠心病以及功能性胸脘部不适的观察报告,多为小规模,方法学局限由报告本身注明。研究存在;「疗效已被确立」是另一个说法,本库不作这个说法。

胸痹心痛短气病;主治「胸痹缓急者」——「缓急」二字有两解,见正文 · Formula for 胸痹 (chest bi) in the chest-pain category; recorded for 胸痹缓急者 — a phrase whose two readings are discussed in the entry

Yiyi Fuzi San (Coix and Aconite Powder) yì yǐ fù zǐ sǎn · 薏苡附子散

Composition 组成

  • Coix seed (yi yi ren) and processed aconite lateral root (fu zi). Two ingredients — among the shortest formulas recorded in this library. The root is used processed and never raw. The source text records the formula as a powder. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 薏苡仁、附子(炮)。共两味
  • 是本库所收最短的方之一。附子用炮制品
  • 绝不用生品。原方记为散剂。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Two ingredients, and four characters of indication: 胸痹缓急者. The two characters 缓急 have been read in two ways, and the argument has not been settled. One reading takes them as a pair of opposites — at times easing, at times abrupt — and therefore as a description of a complaint that comes and goes. The other reading takes 缓 as a verb: to ease what is urgent, and therefore as a statement about what the formula is for. The difference is not academic. One reading describes a course; the other makes a claim about effect. This library records both readings and does not choose between them. What should not be in doubt is the category of the complaint. 胸痹 in this chapter is chest pain, and chest pain is the complaint with the least room for waiting. The first minutes go to a differential that includes acute coronary syndrome — including the presentations in which pain is not the main feature, which are common in women, older people and people with diabetes; aortic dissection, classically tearing, measured in hours, sometimes with a blood pressure difference between the arms; pulmonary embolism; pericarditis and tamponade; pneumothorax; oesophageal rupture; oesophageal spasm; costochondritis; chest wall pain; the pain that precedes a shingles rash; and pneumonia with pleurisy. A classical phrase about easing urgency is not a way through that list. The second thing worth stating plainly concerns the form in which the formula is taken. Aconite contains diester diterpene alkaloids, and the traditional safety practice around aconite is prolonged boiling, which hydrolyses those alkaloids into the far less toxic monoester and amine forms. A powder is swallowed. There is no prolonged boiling in a powder, so that step is simply absent, and everything then rests on how well the root was processed and on how much of it is used. Aconitine poisoning has no specific antidote. It produces numbness and paraesthesia, vomiting, ventricular arrhythmia and asystole, and it appears in the toxicology literature as a cause of death following the use of unprocessed or poorly processed root and of home-prepared medicated liquor. This library offers no guidance on either processing or quantity, and that is deliberate rather than an omission. 薏苡仁 is the seed of Coix, a grass, recorded as a food grain as well as a medicinal, and traditionally listed as something to be used with caution in pregnancy. This library treats pregnancy as an exclusion for this formula — not because the risk has been quantified, but because it has not been. One naming note: this formula is not 薏苡附子败酱散 (Yiyi Fuzi Baijiang San), which is recorded elsewhere for a different presentation and contains a third ingredient. Two formulas that share two of their ingredients are still two formulas, and the names are close enough that the confusion is regularly made. Chinese-language clinical literature contains observations of formulas in this group for angina, generally small and with methodological limits, and sometimes in people already receiving conventional care. The studies exist. This library does not record that benefit has been established.

两味药,四个字的主治:胸痹缓急者。 「缓急」二字有两读,争议至今未决。一读把二字当作一对反义 —— 时缓时急,于是它是在描写一种发作性的过程;另一读把「缓」当作动词 —— 缓解其急,于是它是在说明这首方是做什么的。这个差别不是考据上的细枝末节:一种读法描述的是病程,另一种读法是对效果的主张。本库两说并存,不作裁决。 不该含糊的是这件事的类别。本篇的胸痹是胸痛,而胸痛是最没有「等一等」余地的主诉。最初几分钟要过一遍的表包括:急性冠脉综合征(含那些痛不是主诉的表现,在女性、老年人、糖尿病人中并不少见);主动脉夹层(典型撕裂样,以小时计,有时两臂可量出血压差);肺栓塞;心包炎与心包填塞;气胸;食管破裂;食管痉挛;肋软骨炎;胸壁疼痛;出疹前的带状疱疹疼痛;肺炎伴胸膜炎。一句关于「缓其急」的古典短语,不是穿过这张表的路。 第二件必须说清楚的事,是这首方的**剂型**。附子含双酯型二萜生物碱,围绕附子的传统安全做法是久煎 —— 久煎把这些生物碱水解成毒性低得多的单酯型与胺醇型。散剂是吞服的。散剂里没有久煎这一环,于是这一环是彻底缺失的,安全就全部压在根炮制得怎么样、用进去多少这两件事上。乌头碱中毒**没有特异解毒剂**:表现为麻木与异感、呕吐、室性心律失常、心搏停搏;毒理学文献里它作为死亡原因出现,情形多为用了生品或炮制不当的根,以及自泡的药酒。本库对炮制与数量都不给任何指引,这是有意的,不是漏写。 薏苡仁是禾本科薏苡(Coix)的种仁,既作药用也作粮食记载,传统列为孕期慎用之品。本库把孕期列为本方的排除项 —— 不是因为风险已被量化,而恰恰是因为没有。 还有一条名字上的提醒:本方**不是**薏苡附子败酱散。后者另篇所载、主治不同、多一味败酱草。两首方共用两味药仍然是两首方,而这两个名字近到经常被混。 中文临床文献有本方一类方剂用于心绞痛的观察报告,多为小规模、方法学有限,且有时是在已接受常规治疗的人群中进行的。研究存在;本库不记「疗效已被确立」。

水气病;《金匮要略》皮水一类;主治「皮水为病,四肢肿,水气在皮肤中,四肢聂聂动者」 · Formula for 水气 (water qi, oedema) in the 皮水 (skin water) category; recorded for oedema of the four limbs with water in the skin and a faint shivering or twitching movement in the limbs

Fangji Fuling Tang (Stephania and Poria Decoction) fáng jǐ fú líng tāng · 防己茯苓汤

Composition 组成

  • Stephania root (fang ji — 粉防己
  • Stephania tetrandra
  • is the material admitted under this name in the current Chinese Pharmacopoeia)
  • astragalus root (huang qi)
  • cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • poria (fu ling) and licorice root (gan cao). Five ingredients. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 防己、黄芪、桂枝、茯苓、甘草。共五味。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. What this formula is recorded for is 皮水 — skin water — and the line that records it is short: oedema of the four limbs, water in the skin, and 四肢聂聂动, a faint shivering or twitching movement in the limbs. The word 水 in this chapter is translated as oedema, and oedema is one of the few complaints that can be measured directly today. What gets separated out first is not which classical category it belongs to but which mechanism is behind it, because the list is short and the tests are ordinary: bilateral pitting oedema points towards heart failure, kidney disease with loss of albumin, liver disease, low albumin from any cause, or a medicine — calcium channel blockers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, some corticosteroids and some medicines for diabetes all appear on that list; oedema in one leg points towards deep vein thrombosis, or lymphatic or venous disease; oedema that does not pit points towards lymphatic obstruction or the myxoedema of an underactive thyroid; oedema worst around the eyes in the morning points towards the kidney. The second clause, 四肢聂聂动, is the one more often passed over. A chapter about swelling records a movement in the limbs, and a reader today hears tremor or fasciculation. It is worth saying where that combination points without turning it into a diagnosis: fluid overload and muscle twitching appear together in the electrolyte disturbances — low potassium, low calcium, low magnesium — that follow from diuretic treatment and from impaired kidney function. A person who is oedematous is often a person who is being given a diuretic. Serum electrolytes and kidney function are checked, not assumed. The materials carry a record that must be repeated every time 防己 appears, because the name covers more than one plant. 广防己, Aristolochia fangchi, was the material in the Belgian weight-loss clinic episode of the early 1990s, where it caused a distinctive rapidly progressive kidney fibrosis and a high rate of urothelial cancer in the same patients. Aristolochic acid is classed as a human carcinogen, and continued progression of the kidney injury after exposure has stopped is documented. The current Chinese Pharmacopoeia admits 粉防己, Stephania tetrandra, as the material for this name. This is not botanical pedantry: the name on the label is not by itself a guarantee of which plant is in the packet, and the consequence is permanent. 黄芪 is Astragalus root, a legume. 桂枝 is the young twig of Cinnamomum cassia; it contains cinnamaldehyde and coumarin. 茯苓 is the sclerotium of a fungus — it is not 土茯苓, which is an entirely different plant, and the two names are regularly confused. 甘草 is licorice root, and the glycyrrhizin in it can produce a state resembling excess mineralocorticoid: salt and water retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure, described at ordinary amounts taken over weeks, and more serious in someone already taking a diuretic or digoxin. Pregnancy is an absolute exclusion for this formula. Chinese-language clinical literature reports observations of formulas of this class in oedema, mostly small in scale and methodologically limited. This library records that such studies exist; it does not record that benefit has been established, and this entry is not a way of managing an episode of oedema.

本方所记的是**皮水** —— 皮肤里的水。条文很短:四肢肿,水气在皮肤中,四肢聂聂动。 本篇的「水」今天译作水肿,而水肿是少数能直接量出来的主诉之一。今天先要分开的不是它属于哪个古典类别,而是它背后是哪一种机制 —— 这张表很短,检查也很普通:**双侧凹陷性**指向心力衰竭、丢失白蛋白的肾病、肝病、各种原因的低白蛋白,以及药物(钙通道阻滞剂、非甾体抗炎药、部分糖皮质激素与部分降糖药都在这张表上);**单侧**指向深静脉血栓、淋巴或静脉疾病;**按下去不凹陷**指向淋巴阻塞或甲状腺功能减退的黏液性水肿;**晨起眼睑面部最重**指向肾脏。 第二句「四肢聂聂动」是最容易被跳过去的。一篇讲肿的章节记下肢体里的一种动,今天的读者会听成震颤或肌束抽动。这里说清楚它把人指向哪里,而不把它变成一个诊断:**液体负荷与肌肉抽动同时出现在电解质紊乱里 —— 低钾、低钙、低镁 —— 而这些正是使用利尿剂与肾功能受损之后会发生的事**。一个水肿的人常常正在被给利尿剂;血电解质与肾功能是拿来查的,不是拿来假定的。 药味里有一条每次遇到防己都必须复述的记载:**这个名称下不止一种植物**。广防己(Aristolochia fangchi)就是 1990 年代初比利时减肥诊所事件的那一味:它引起一种特征性的快速进展性肾间质纤维化,并在同一批患者中出现很高比例的尿路上皮癌;马兜铃酸被列为人类致癌物,而且**停止接触之后肾损害仍继续进展**这一点有文献记载。现行《中国药典》以防己之名只收粉防己(Stephania tetrandra)。这里不是植物学上的咬文嚼字:**标签上的名字本身不能保证袋子里是哪一株**,而后果是不可逆的。 黄芪是豆科黄芪属的根。桂枝是肉桂(Cinnamomum cassia)的嫩枝,含桂皮醛与香豆素。茯苓是真菌的菌核,**不是土茯苓** —— 后者是完全不同的植物,两个名字经常被混。甘草是甘草的根,其中的甘草酸可引起**假性醛固酮增多症**:钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高,在「普通量连服数周」的情形下也有报告,对已经在用利尿剂或强心苷的人只会更重要而不是更次要。 **孕期是本方的绝对排除项。** 中文临床文献有本方一类方剂用于水肿的观察报告,多为小规模、方法学有限。本库记「有这类研究」,不记「疗效已被确立」;本条目也不构成对一次水肿发作的处置。

水气病;《金匮要略》里水一类;原文「里水,甘草麻黄汤亦主之」,与越婢加术汤同篇并载 · Formula for 水气 (water qi, oedema) in the 里水 (interior water) category; recorded in the source text as another formula governing that presentation, in the same passage as 越婢加术汤

Gancao Mahuang Tang (Licorice and Ephedra Decoction) gān cǎo má huáng tāng · 甘草麻黄汤

Composition 组成

  • Licorice root (gan cao) and ephedra herb (ma huang). Two ingredients — among the shortest formulas this library records. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 甘草、麻黄。共两味
  • 是本库所收最短的方之一。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Two ingredients, and the line that records it is shorter than this sentence: 里水,甘草麻黄汤亦主之. Interior water; licorice and ephedra also govern it. The 里水 this line refers to is described earlier in the same chapter: the whole body, the face and the eyes swollen and yellow, the pulse deep, the urine scanty. That is worth reading slowly, because each of the three clauses has a counterpart today that is measured rather than interpreted. Swelling of the whole body including the face is generalised oedema, and the mechanism list is short — heart, kidney, liver, albumin, medicine. A deep pulse has no counterpart, and this library does not pretend that it does. Scanty urine, however, is the clause with a clock in it: reduced urine output in someone who is oedematous is oliguria, and oliguria is how acute kidney injury first presents. Serum creatinine, urine output and obstruction of the urinary tract are checked within hours rather than weeks, and the obstruction part is not exotic — an enlarged prostate, a stone, a pelvic mass — and it is reversible when it is found. The second thing that deserves to be said plainly concerns the two ingredients themselves, because this is one of the very few formulas in this library in which every ingredient pushes in the same direction on the same measurement. Ephedra contains ephedrine-type alkaloids, which are sympathomimetic amines: they raise blood pressure and heart rate, they cause insomnia and tremor, and they can cause urinary retention. They interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors and with medicines for blood pressure. Ephedra appears on prohibited lists in sport. In 2004 the United States food and drug regulator banned ephedra-containing dietary supplements after a review of cardiovascular and nervous system events, and that ban is the reason this paragraph exists. Licorice raises blood pressure by a different route entirely: glycyrrhizin produces a state resembling excess mineralocorticoid, with salt and water retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure, reported at ordinary amounts over weeks. A formula of two ingredients can therefore raise blood pressure by two independent mechanisms, and in a person who is oedematous, likely to be given a diuretic, and possibly already taking an antihypertensive, that is not a detail. Neither ingredient here is a neutral filler, and neither is a small one by effect. Pregnancy is an absolute exclusion. Chinese-language literature reports observations of this pair in oedema; the studies are small in scale, and this library does not convert them into a claim of established benefit.

两味药,而记载它的那一条比这句话还短:**里水,甘草麻黄汤亦主之。** 这条所指的里水,在同篇前面有描写:一身面目黄肿,其脉沉,小便不利。这三句值得慢慢读,因为每一句今天都有一个可测的对应物。一身面目俱肿是全身性水肿,机制表很短 —— 心、肾、肝、白蛋白、药物。「脉沉」没有对应物,本库不假装它有。**「小便不利」才是那句带时钟的**:一个水肿的人尿变少了,这是少尿,而少尿是急性肾损伤最初的表现方式。血肌酐、尿量、尿路是否梗阻,是在几小时内查的,不是几周;梗阻那一项并不罕见 —— 前列腺增大、结石、盆腔肿物 —— 而它在被找到的时候是可逆的。 第二件必须说清楚的事是关于这两味药本身 —— 这是本库极少数「每一味都在同一个测量值上朝同一个方向推」的方。**麻黄含麻黄碱类生物碱,属拟交感胺**:升高血压与心率,引起失眠与震颤,可引起尿潴留;与单胺氧化酶抑制剂及降压药有相互作用;麻黄在体育运动中列于禁用清单。2004 年美国食品药品监管机构在审查心血管与神经系统事件之后禁止了含麻黄的膳食补充剂,这一段之所以存在就是为了这条。**甘草升压走的是完全不同的另一条路** —— 甘草酸引起类似醛固酮过多的状态:钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高,在普通量连服数周的情形下也有报告。于是两味药的一首方可以通过两条彼此独立的机制升高血压;而对一个正在水肿、很可能即将被给利尿剂、也许已经在服降压药的人来说,这不是细节。 这两味里没有一味是中性的填充物,也没有一味在作用上是「小」的。**孕期是本方的绝对排除项。** 中文文献有这一对用于水肿的观察报告,规模很小;本库不把它们换算成「疗效已被确立」。

水气病;《金匮要略》黄汗一类;主治「身体肿,发热汗出而渴,状如风水,汗沾衣,色正黄如柏汁」 · Formula for 黄汗 (yellow sweat) in the 水气 (water qi) chapter; recorded for swelling of the body with fever, sweating and thirst, a picture resembling 风水, and sweat that stains the clothes a true yellow like the juice of the cypress

Huangqi Shaoyao Guizhi Kujiu Tang (Astragalus, Peony and Cinnamon Twig in Vinegar) huáng qí sháo yào guì zhī kǔ jiǔ tāng · 黄芪芍药桂枝苦酒汤

Composition 组成

  • Astragalus root (huang qi)
  • peony root (shao yao) and cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • prepared with 苦酒
  • vinegar. Three herbs and one liquid. The vinegar recorded here is a fermented grain vinegar
  • this library does not reconstruct its concentration or volume
  • and lists no quantities
  • preparation or method of taking.

组成

  • 黄芪、芍药、桂枝
  • 以苦酒(醋)同用。药三味、溶媒一味。原方所记「苦酒」是谷物酿造的醋
  • 本库不还原其浓度与用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. 黄汗 means yellow sweat, and the line that records this formula describes it precisely enough to be recognised: the body swollen, fever, sweating and thirst, the whole picture resembling 风水, and sweat that stains the clothing a true yellow, like the juice of the cypress. The source text also offers an explanation — bathing in water while sweating had opened the pores, so that water entered through them. That explanation belongs to its own period, and this library records it as an explanation rather than as a mechanism. The description deserves more attention. A complaint defined by the colour of sweat is unusual, and today that colour is not one thing. Genuine coloured sweat, chromhidrosis, comes from the apocrine glands and is usually localised to the face or the armpit. Far more often, what looks like coloured sweat is pseudochromhidrosis, in which colourless sweat is tinted on the skin by chromogenic bacteria or by a dye or chemical on the clothing. Several medicines change the colour of body fluids: rifampicin turns urine, tears and sweat orange-red, and clofazimine darkens the skin. Carotenoderma, from a diet high in carotene, yellows the palms and the soles — and the sclera stays white, which is the single quickest way to separate it from jaundice. Jaundice is bilirubin; it does colour the sclera, and it is one blood test plus one ultrasound away — bilirubin fraction, liver enzymes, hepatitis serology, and a look for obstruction of the bile duct. What should not be lost in all of this is the first clause of the line. The body is swollen. Oedema is measurable, the mechanism list is short, and that clause is what sends a person to be examined rather than compared with a text. On the materials. 黄芪 is Astragalus root, a legume; in southern Chinese practice the root of Ficus hirta, 五指毛桃, is sometimes called 南芪 and circulates under a name that resembles this one, and the two are not the same plant. 芍药 is peony root — 白芍 has the bark removed and is processed, while 赤芍 is the unpeeled root, and traditional texts treat them as two different materials. 桂枝 is the young twig of Cinnamomum cassia and contains cinnamaldehyde and coumarin. 苦酒 is vinegar, which is acetic acid. At the concentrations used in food it is an ordinary substance, but it is an acid: corrosive injury of the oesophagus from concentrated acetic acid is documented, erosion of tooth enamel from frequent vinegar drinking is documented, and the effect of vinegar on gastric emptying and on blood glucose after meals has been studied without a settled answer. This library states none of those as a property of this formula; it states only that one of the things named in this formula is an acid. Pregnancy is an absolute exclusion. This library lists no quantities, no method of preparation, and makes no claim of effect.

「黄汗」就是汗是黄的,而记载本方的条文把它描写得足够具体、足够能被认出来:身体肿,发热汗出而渴,样子像风水,**汗沾衣,色正黄如柏汁**。原文还给了一个解释:汗出时入水中洗浴,水从汗孔进入。 这个解释属于它自己的时代,本库把它作为**一个解释**记下,不作为机制。更值得留意的是那段描写。以汗的颜色来定义的主诉不多,而今天这个颜色不是一件事。**真性色汗症**(chromhidrosis)来自顶泌汗腺,多局限于面部或腋下;更常见的是**假性色汗症** —— 汗本身无色,是在皮肤表面被产色细菌,或被衣物上的染料、化学品染上的。若干药物会改变体液颜色:利福平使尿、泪与汗呈橙红色;氯法齐明使皮肤变暗褐。膳食中胡萝卜素过多引起的**胡萝卜素血症**把掌跖染黄 —— **而巩膜是白的**,这是把它和黄疸分开最快的一条。黄疸是胆红素,它**会**染到巩膜,而它离一次血检加一次超声并不远:胆红素分型、肝酶、肝炎血清学,以及看一眼胆管有没有堵。 这一条里不该被漏掉的是**第一句**:身体肿。水肿是可测的,机制表很短,而正是这一句把人送去检查,而不是送去和条文对照。 关于药味:黄芪是豆科黄芪属的根;岭南一带把桑科粗叶榕(Ficus hirta,五指毛桃)称作**南芪**,以相近的名字流通,两者不是同一植物。芍药是芍药的根 —— 白芍去皮并经加工,赤芍是带皮的生品,传统文献把二者当作两味不同的药。桂枝是肉桂(Cinnamomum cassia)的嫩枝,含桂皮醛与香豆素。**苦酒就是醋 —— 乙酸**。食用浓度下的乙酸是寻常的东西,但它是一种酸:浓乙酸对食道的腐蚀性损伤有记载,频繁饮醋导致牙釉质侵蚀有记载,醋对胃排空与餐后血糖的影响被研究过而没有定论。本库不把这些中的任何一条说成是这首方的性质;本库只说这首方里被点到的那样东西是**一种酸**。 **孕期是本方的绝对排除项。** 本库不列用量、不列制法、不作任何效果主张。

水气病;《金匮要略》黄汗一类;本篇最长一条,主治黄汗之全貌(两胫自冷、暮盗汗出、身瞤即胸中痛、身疼重烦躁、小便不利) · Formula for 黄汗 (yellow sweat) in the 水气 (water qi) chapter; the longest entry in that chapter, recorded for the full picture of yellow sweat including cold shins, night sweating, twitching followed by pain in the chest, and difficult urination

Guizhi Jia Huangqi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction plus Astragalus) guì zhī jiā huáng qí tāng · 桂枝加黄芪汤

Composition 组成

  • Cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • peony root (shao yao)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang)
  • jujube (da zao)
  • licorice root (gan cao) and astragalus root (huang qi). Six ingredients — the first five are 桂枝汤 (Guizhi Tang)
  • and the sixth is the addition. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 桂枝、芍药、生姜、大枣、甘草、黄芪。共六味 —— 前五味即桂枝汤
  • 黄芪为所加之味。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. This chapter mentions yellow sweat twice and gives a formula each time: 黄芪芍药桂枝苦酒汤 for the short case, and this one for the long one. The two are best read together, because the interesting part is the difference between them. The long entry is the longest in the chapter, and it does not stay with the colour of the sweat. The shins are cold on their own. Sweating after eating, and night sweating that comes regularly at dusk, are noted and given a name, 劳气. If fever returns after the sweating, the text says the skin will in time become dry and scaly; if the fever does not stop, sores will form. Heaviness of the body that lifts once sweating starts will in time become twitching, and the twitching is followed by pain in the chest; sweating above the waist and none below, laxity and pain around the hips and loins, a sensation as though something lay beneath the skin, in severe cases inability to eat, heaviness and pain of the body, restlessness and difficult urination — this is yellow sweat, and this formula governs it. Two of those clauses deserve to be carried into a modern reading, because they are the ones that get examined rather than interpreted. The first is the night sweating that recurs. It has a differential that has to be worked through: tuberculosis, lymphoma, HIV, an overactive thyroid, the menopause, obstructive sleep apnoea, low blood sugar during the night, and a long list of medicines including antidepressants and antipyretics. It is one of the few symptoms whose investigation is genuinely short — a chest radiograph, a blood count, and in the right circumstances a test for tuberculosis. The second is 肌肤甲错, the dry scaly skin the text predicts from prolonged fever: acquired ichthyosis has been described in association with lymphoproliferative disease, which is a reason to take the clause seriously rather than to read it as a figure of speech. Then the cold shins. Cold lower legs on their own belong on a vascular and endocrine list: peripheral arterial disease, an underactive thyroid, anaemia, and the cold extremities that accompany heart failure. And difficult urination in someone who is oedematous is the clause with a clock: urine output and kidney function are measured, and obstruction is looked for. The ingredients are 桂枝汤 with astragalus added: cinnamon twig, peony, fresh ginger, jujube and licorice, plus astragalus. Three of them carry notes. 桂枝 is the young twig of Cinnamomum cassia and contains cinnamaldehyde and coumarin. 甘草 carries the glycyrrhizin effect — apparent mineralocorticoid excess, with salt and water retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure, reported at ordinary amounts over weeks and more serious in someone taking a diuretic or digoxin. 大枣 is jujube, which is a real sugar load rather than a flavouring. 黄芪 is Astragalus root. 生姜 is fresh ginger, and an antiplatelet effect has been discussed in the literature; this library records that the discussion exists and does not settle it. Pregnancy is an absolute exclusion. This library lists no quantities, no preparation and makes no claim of effect.

本篇两次提到黄汗,两次各给一首方:简短的那一条用黄芪芍药桂枝苦酒汤,长的这一条用本方。两首应当**一起**读,有意思的是这一对之间的差别。 长这一条是本篇最长的一条,而它并没有停在汗的颜色上:两胫自冷;食已汗出,又身常暮盗汗出者,此劳气也;若汗出已反发热者,久久其身必甲错,发热不止者必生恶疮;若身重、汗出已辄轻者,久久必身瞤,瞤即胸中痛,又从腰以上必汗出、下无汗,腰髋弛痛,如有物在皮中状,剧者不能食,身疼重,烦躁,小便不利 —— 此为黄汗,本方主之。 其中有两句值得带进今天的阅读,因为它们是拿来**查**而不是拿来解释的。**第一句是「暮盗汗出」** —— 反复出现的盗汗有一张必须走完的表:结核、淋巴瘤、HIV、甲状腺功能亢进、绝经、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停、夜间低血糖,以及一长串药物(含抗抑郁药与退热药)。它是少数「查起来其实很快」的症状之一:一张胸片、一次血常规,情形合适时再加一项结核检测。**第二句是「身必甲错」** —— 条文从久热推演出皮肤干枯如鳞:获得性鱼鳞病与淋巴增殖性疾病之间的关联有文献记载,这是把这句当真而不是当修辞来读的理由。 然后是**两胫自冷**。小腿自冷属于一张血管与内分泌的表:外周动脉疾病、甲状腺功能减退、贫血,以及心力衰竭时的肢体发凉。而**一个小便不利的水肿病人**,就是那句带时钟的:尿量与肾功能拿来量,梗阻拿来找。 药味是桂枝汤加黄芪:桂枝、芍药、生姜、大枣、甘草,加黄芪。其中三味各有注脚:**桂枝**是肉桂(Cinnamomum cassia)的嫩枝,含桂皮醛与香豆素;**甘草**带着甘草酸那一层效应 —— 假性醛固酮增多症,钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高,在普通量连服数周的情形下也有报告,与利尿剂或强心苷同用时更须留意;**大枣**是枣,它是真实的糖负荷而不是调味。黄芪是豆科黄芪属的根。生姜是鲜姜,抗血小板作用在文献中有讨论,本库记「有此讨论」而不裁决。 **孕期是本方的绝对排除项。** 本库不列用量、不列制法、不作任何效果主张。

《金匮要略》肺痿肺痈咳嗽上气病脉证治篇;主治「肺痿吐涎沫而不咳者,其人不渴,必遗尿,小便数……此为肺中冷,必眩,多涎唾,甘草干姜汤以温之」 · Recorded in the 肺痿 (lung atrophy) chapter: frothy saliva spat out without cough, no thirst, urinary incontinence and frequent urination, dizziness, copious saliva — described as cold in the lung

Gancao Ganjiang Tang (Licorice and Dried Ginger Decoction) gān cǎo gān jiāng tāng · 甘草干姜汤

Composition 组成

  • Honey-fried licorice root (zhi gan cao) and dried ginger rhizome (gan jiang). Two ingredients. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 炙甘草、干姜。共两味。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Two ingredients. This is among the shortest formulas in this library, and the line that records it is longer than the formula. It says: 肺痿, frothy saliva spat out, no cough, no thirst, 必遗尿 — the person does pass urine involuntarily — 小便数, urination is frequent; the reason given is that the upper cannot govern the lower; this is cold in the lung; there is dizziness and much saliva, and the formula warms it. The clause a reader today is most likely to skip is the one about urine. A chapter on the lung records urinary incontinence and frequency, and the ordinary move is to treat it as a detail of a system one does not share. Incontinence and frequency in an older person have a short checklist and ordinary tests: urinary tract infection, enlargement of the prostate, diabetes, overactive bladder, a neurogenic bladder, the overflow incontinence that accompanies retention, interstitial cystitis, and medicines — diuretics above all, but also sedatives, anticholinergics and alpha blockers. Polyuria specifically points to uncontrolled diabetes, to high calcium, to diabetes insipidus and to diuretics. Urinalysis and a blood glucose are cheap; a post-void residual is an ultrasound. The second clause worth pausing on is 不渴 — not thirsty. Its absence of thirst is recorded as part of the picture, and it is worth saying what thirst does and does not tell us today: the sensation of thirst is documented to diminish with age, so an older person can be short of fluid and not report thirst. Absence of thirst is not evidence of adequate hydration. 必眩 — dizziness — points in several directions at once: positional vertigo, vestibular neuritis, Ménière disease, posterior circulation stroke, low blood sugar, postural hypotension and medicines. What the line does not say is whether the dizziness comes with the change of posture, and that single question separates several of those from the rest. 肺痿 itself is not a diagnosis a reader can carry into a clinic today. The classical name bundles a direction — wasting, shrinking, a chronic destructive course — and the conditions that bundle now answers to are separate ones with separate names: the interstitial lung diseases and pulmonary fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and the aftermath of destructive infection. This library records the mapping as descriptive; it does not convert one name into the other. Copious saliva without cough is also a thing that has a list today: sialorrhea from medicines (clozapine and the cholinesterase inhibitors are the standard examples), Parkinson disease, motor neuron disease, reflux, oral and dental disease, pregnancy, and poisoning. The part that matters clinically is not the volume but that saliva that is not swallowed goes somewhere else — and the swallowing problem behind it is what leads to aspiration. Both materials carry records. 甘草 is licorice root, and its glycyrrhizin can produce a state resembling excess mineralocorticoid: salt and water retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure, described at ordinary amounts taken over weeks, and more consequential in someone already taking a diuretic or digoxin. 干姜 is dried ginger rhizome; it is not 生姜, the fresh rhizome, and drying shifts its constituents towards the shogaols. Antiplatelet effects of ginger have been discussed and this library does not adjudicate them. Reliable safety data for pregnancy and breastfeeding are lacking, and this library does not recommend use in either. Chinese-language clinical literature reports observations of formulas of this class in chronic cough and in the classical 肺痿 picture, mostly small in scale and methodologically limited. This library records that such studies exist; it does not record that benefit has been established.

两味药。这是本库最短的方之一,而记载它的那条条文比方本身长得多:**肺痿**,吐涎沫,不咳,不渴,**必遗尿**,**小便数** —— 给出的理由是「上虚不能制下」;此为肺中冷,必眩,多涎唾,以本方温之。 今天的人最容易跳过的正是关于尿的那一句。一篇讲肺的章节记下失禁与尿频,通常的反应是把它当成另一套体系里的细节。对一个上了年纪的人来说,失禁与尿频的清单很短、检查也很普通:尿路感染、前列腺增生、糖尿病、膀胱过度活动、神经源性膀胱、尿潴留引起的**溢出性尿失禁**、间质性膀胱炎,以及药物 —— 首先是利尿剂,也包括镇静药、抗胆碱药与α受体阻滞剂。若重点在多尿,则指向血糖未控制的糖尿病、高钙血症、尿崩症与利尿剂。尿常规与血糖很便宜;残余尿量只是一次超声。 第二句值得停一下的是**不渴**。条文把「不渴」当作这个画面的一部分,而今天口渴能说明什么、不能说明什么值得说清:**口渴感随年龄减弱**这一点有文献记载,所以一个缺水的老年人可以不觉得渴。不渴不能当作水分充足的证据。 **必眩** —— 眩晕 —— 同时指向好几个方向:体位性眩晕、前庭神经元炎、梅尼埃病、后循环卒中、低血糖、体位性低血压与药物。条文没说的是这个眩晕是否随体位改变而来,而这一个问题就能把其中几项与其余分开。 **肺痿**本身不是今天能带进诊室的诊断。这个古典名字捆住的是一个方向 —— 萎缩、消耗、慢性破坏的病程;而今天与这个方向对应的病各有各的名字:间质性肺疾病与肺纤维化、支气管扩张、以及破坏性感染之后的残余状态。本库把这种对应记成**描述性的**,不把一个名字换算成另一个。 唾液多而不咳,今天也有一张表:药物引起的流涎(氯氮平与胆碱酯酶抑制剂是最常被引用的例子)、帕金森病、运动神经元病、反流、口腔与牙齿疾病、妊娠、以及中毒。临床上要紧的不是量,而是**没有咽下去的唾液会去别的地方** —— 真正通向后果的是它背后的吞咽问题,而吞咽问题通向误吸。 两味药各有一条记载。**甘草**的根含甘草酸,可引起**假性醛固酮增多症**:钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高,在「普通量连服数周」的情形下亦有报告,对已经在用利尿剂或强心苷的人只会更重要。**干姜**是姜的干燥根茎,**不是生姜**(鲜根茎),干燥使其成分向姜烯酚一侧偏移。姜的抗血小板作用有讨论,本库不裁决。 **孕期与哺乳期缺乏可靠的安全性数据**,本库不主张使用。中文临床文献有本方一类方剂用于久咳与「肺痿」一类画面的观察报告,多为小规模、方法学有限。本库记「有这类研究」,不记「疗效已被确立」;本条目也不构成对一次咳嗽或一次尿失禁的处置。

《金匮要略》肺痿肺痈咳嗽上气病脉证治篇;主治「咳逆上气,时时吐浊,但坐不得眠」 · Recorded for 咳逆上气 — cough with qi rushing upward — with repeated spitting of turbid matter and the inability to lie down

Zaojia Wan (Gleditsia Pill) zào jiá wán · 皂荚丸

Composition 组成

  • Gleditsia fruit (zao jia
  • Gleditsia sinensis)
  • formed into pills with honey. One medicinal ingredient plus honey. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 皂荚
  • 以蜜为丸。药味一味
  • 另用蜜。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. One ingredient. The line that records it is three clauses long and two of them are things a clinician today can see from the doorway: 时时吐浊, the repeated spitting of turbid matter, and 但坐不得眠, the person can sit but cannot lie down. This library has met the second clause before, in a chapter about chest pain. 不得卧 changes the nature of a complaint rather than its severity: breathlessness that arrives on lying flat is orthopnea, and orthopnea is connected today to left heart failure and pulmonary congestion. It is also one of the few respiratory complaints that can be quantified by a question — how many pillows, and does the person wake shortly after lying down. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea is the same phenomenon with a clock on it. It is not only the heart: people with severe obstructive lung disease sit up to use the accessory muscles, and large pleural effusions, diaphragmatic paralysis, severe obesity and late pregnancy produce the same posture. NT-proBNP, a chest radiograph and an echocardiogram separate those from each other; the posture alone does not. 时时吐浊 is the other clause. Repeated spitting of turbid matter is sputum, and sputum has a volume: twenty-four-hour sputum volume is a measured quantity in bronchiectasis, and the old observation that a large specimen settles into layers — froth on top, thin fluid in the middle, pus at the bottom — belongs to the same picture. A foul smell points towards anaerobic organisms. A quantity of hundreds of millilitres a day belongs to bronchiectasis and to lung abscess. What the line does not record is the colour, and the colour is where blood would have shown up. The material has a record that has to be stated each time it appears. 皂荚 is the fruit of Gleditsia sinensis, and it is classed in Chinese materia medica as 小毒 — slightly toxic. It is rich in triterpenoid saponins, the reason a watery preparation of it foams when shaken, and saponins lyse red cells in vitro. This library does not claim that lysis occurs by the oral route; it records that the in-vitro effect is documented and that the compound class is a mucosal irritant. The irritant property is not a matter of inference: powdered Gleditsia is a classical sneezing agent, and sneezing after it is the irritation, not a benefit. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea after concentrated preparations, and haemolysis in serious poisonings, are reported. Three names around this one are regularly confused and are not the same drug: 皂角刺 is the spine, 皂荚子 is the seed, and 猪牙皂 is the sterile deformed fruit of Gleditsia officinalis. The pill is made with honey. Honey is a real sugar load, and honey given to an infant under twelve months is an absolute exclusion because of infant botulism. One further point belongs here and is easy to lose. A medicine whose known action is to irritate the mucosa into producing and expelling phlegm is acting on a reflex that is protective. Cough with a large volume of sputum is a clearance mechanism; suppressing it is the wrong direction. Modern mucolytics and expectorants have mixed evidence, and this library does not adjudicate that literature. Reliable safety data for pregnancy are lacking, the material is classed as slightly toxic and is a strong mucosal irritant, and this library does not recommend its use in pregnancy. Chinese-language clinical literature reports observations of this pill and of Gleditsia preparations in cough with copious phlegm, small in scale and methodologically limited. This library records that such studies exist; it does not record that benefit has been established.

一味药。记载它的条文只有三个短句,其中两句是今天的临床医生在门口就能看见的东西:**时时吐浊** —— 反复吐出浊物;**但坐不得眠** —— 能坐,躺不下。 第二句本库在讲胸痛的那一篇里已经遇到过一次。**不得卧**改变的是主诉的**性质**而不是程度:一躺平就喘=**端坐呼吸**,而端坐呼吸今天与左心衰竭、肺淤血相连。它也是少数能用一句问话量化的呼吸道主诉 —— 要垫几个枕头,躺下多久会憋醒。**夜间阵发性呼吸困难**是同一个现象,只是带上了时钟。它也不只属于心脏:重度阻塞性肺疾病的患者坐起来是为了用辅助呼吸肌;大量胸腔积液、膈肌麻痹、重度肥胖与妊娠晚期都会产生同一个姿势。NT-proBNP、胸片与超声心动图负责把这几项彼此分开,单靠姿势分不开。 **时时吐浊**是另一句。反复吐出的浊物就是痰,而痰是有**量**的:支气管扩张里**24 小时痰量**是一项被测量的指标;静置后分层(上层泡沫、中层浆液、下层脓)这一古典观察属于同一个画面。**恶臭**指向厌氧菌;每日数百毫升属于支气管扩张与肺脓肿。条文没有记的是颜色 —— 而颜色正是血会露出马脚的地方。 这一味有一条每次出现都必须说清的记载。**皂荚**是豆科皂荚(Gleditsia sinensis)的果实,中文本草传统列为**小毒**。它富含三萜皂苷 —— 水溶液振摇起持久泡沫的原因就在这里 —— 而皂苷在**体外**可溶血。本库不主张口服途径下发生该效应,只如实记两件事:体外效应有文献记载,而这类成分是**黏膜刺激物**。刺激性不是推出来的:皂荚粉末是古典的**催嚏**之品,打了喷嚏是刺激,不是疗效。浓制剂之后的恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻,以及严重中毒时的溶血,均有报告。 它周围有三个常被混掉而其实不是同一味药的名字:**皂角刺**(棘刺)、**皂荚子**(种子)、**猪牙皂**(Gleditsia officinalis 的不育畸形果实)。本方以**蜜**为丸:蜜是真实的糖负荷;而**12 个月以下婴儿**因肉毒中毒风险,蜂蜜是绝对排除项。 还有一点容易丢:一味已知作用是**刺激黏膜使之分泌并排出痰**的药,作用的正是保护性反射。**大量痰时的咳嗽是清除机制,压住它是朝反方向走**。现代黏液溶解剂与祛痰药的证据并不一致,本库不裁决这份文献。 **孕期缺乏可靠的安全性数据**,该味传统列小毒且为强黏膜刺激物,本库不主张孕期使用。中文临床文献有本方及皂荚制剂用于痰多咳喘的观察报告,规模小、方法学有限。本库记「有这类研究」,不记「疗效已被确立」;本条目也不构成对一次呼吸困难或一次大量咳痰的处置。

《金匮要略》肺痿肺痈咳嗽上气病脉证治篇;主治「咳而脉浮者,厚朴麻黄汤主之」(同一条以脉沉者属泽漆汤) · Recorded in the cough and rising qi chapter for cough with a floating pulse; the same line assigns 泽漆汤 to the same complaint with a sunken pulse

Houpo Mahuang Tang (Magnolia Bark and Ephedra Decoction) hòu pò má huáng tāng · 厚朴麻黄汤

Composition 组成

  • Magnolia bark (hou po)
  • ephedra herb (ma huang)
  • gypsum (shi gao)
  • apricot kernel (xing ren)
  • pinellia rhizome (ban xia)
  • dried ginger (gan jiang)
  • asarum (xi xin)
  • wheat grain (xiao mai) and schisandra fruit (wu wei zi). Nine ingredients. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 厚朴、麻黄、石膏、杏仁、半夏、干姜、细辛、小麦、五味子。共九味。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Nine ingredients, the longest formula in this batch, and the line that records it is one clause: 咳而脉浮者 — a cough with a floating pulse. What makes the line worth reading is not the formula but the pair. The same sentence splits one complaint, a cough, into two formulas on the strength of the pulse, giving 泽漆汤 to the cough with a sunken pulse. That is a decision rule the text states and does not justify, and this library records that it is there and does not supply the reasoning the text withheld. It is also worth saying, without polemic, what a pulse description can and cannot be today. Rate is measured, rhythm is measured, and irregularity is named. Floating and sunken are not among the categories that have a measurement behind them, and a reader cannot carry them into a clinic as findings. The formula is recorded here for the complaint, not because the rule has been verified. Nine ingredients fall into clusters that a reader who knows other formulas will recognise, and naming them is more useful than praising the composition. 麻黄, 石膏 and 杏仁 together are the structure of 麻杏石甘汤. 干姜, 细辛, 五味子 and 半夏 together are the cluster shared with 小青龙汤. 厚朴, which lends the formula its name, is not in either. And 小麦 — ordinary wheat grain — is the ingredient a reader stops on: a cereal in a formula for cough. Wheat is a real gluten load, which matters for coeliac disease, for wheat allergy and for the people who report non-coeliac gluten sensitivity; this library does not suggest that a gluten-free diet is indicated for anyone else. The safety record is the longest in this batch and each line of it is independent. 细辛 is Asarum, and Asarum contains aristolochic acid: the same substance behind the Belgian weight-loss clinic episode of the early 1990s, classed as a human carcinogen, causing a rapidly progressive interstitial fibrosis that is documented to continue after exposure has stopped, and appearing together with a high rate of urothelial cancer. The current Chinese Pharmacopoeia admits the root and rhizome of Asarum rather than the aerial parts, which carry more of it. The name on the label does not tell a buyer which part is in the packet. 麻黄 carries ephedrine-type alkaloids, which are sympathomimetic: blood pressure and heart rate rise, sleep suffers, and the prostate is a reason for retention. Interactions with monoamine oxidase inhibitors and with blood pressure medicines are documented, ephedra is on sport prohibition lists, and the United States Food and Drug Administration banned ephedra-containing dietary supplements in 2004. 半夏 is used only processed; the raw rhizome is a mucosal irritant that numbs the mouth and tongue, and this library records only processed use. 杏仁 contains amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside; it is not the sweet almond and not the almond of the supermarket, which is a Prunus seed of another species. 石膏 is hydrated calcium sulphate and is not 滑石, hydrated magnesium silicate, whatever the two names get called in a shop. 干姜 is the dried rhizome and is not 生姜. 五味子 is Schisandra chinensis in the north and Kadsura in the south, and interactions with liver enzymes have been reported for its lignans without this library adjudicating them. Reliable safety data for pregnancy are lacking and several ingredients above carry records of their own; this library does not recommend use in pregnancy. Chinese-language clinical literature reports observations of this formula in cough and breathlessness, mostly small in scale and methodologically limited. This library records that such studies exist; it does not record that benefit has been established.

九味药,是本批最长的一首,而记载它的条文只有一句:**咳而脉浮者**。这一条值得读的不是方,是**成对**这件事:同一句话把同一个主诉(咳)按脉分成两首方,脉沉的那一个给了泽漆汤。这是条文**给出却不解释**的选择规则;本库记它在那里,不替它补上它没写的理由。 还有一点值得不带论战地说清:今天脉的**率**是测出来的、**律**是测出来的、不齐是有名字的;而**浮与沉**不属于背后有测量的那一类,读者不能把它当成一个能带进诊室的发现。本方是**为那个主诉**被记在这里的,不是因为这条规则已被验证。 九味可以分成几簇,认出它们比夸赞配伍更有用:**麻黄+石膏+杏仁**是麻杏石甘汤的结构;**干姜+细辛+五味子+半夏**是与小青龙汤共有的一簇;**厚朴**(本方以此得名)不在上面任何一簇里;而**小麦** —— 普通的麦粒 —— 是读者会停下来的那一味:一味治咳的方里有谷物。小麦是真实的**麸质负荷**,对乳糜泻、小麦过敏、以及自述非乳糜泻麸质敏感的人是件事;本库不主张其他任何人都需要无麸质饮食。 安全线是本批最长的一段,而且每一条彼此独立。**细辛**是细辛属(Asarum)植物,含**马兜铃酸** —— 与 1990 年代初比利时减肥诊所事件同一种物质:明确人类致癌物,引起快速进展性肾间质纤维化,且**停止接触后仍继续进展**有文献记载,并在同一批患者中出现很高比例的尿路上皮癌。现行《中国药典》细辛药用部位为**根及根茎**,而地上部分含量更高 —— **标签上的名字不能保证袋子里是哪一部分**。 **麻黄**含麻黄碱类生物碱,属拟交感胺:升高血压与心率、影响睡眠,前列腺肥大者会出现尿潴留;与单胺氧化酶抑制剂及降压药的相互作用有记载,麻黄在运动禁用清单上,美国 FDA 于 2004 年禁止含麻黄的膳食补充剂。**半夏**只用炮制品,生品是黏膜刺激物、使口舌麻木,本库只记炮制后使用。**杏仁**含苦杏仁苷(氰苷类),它不是甜杏仁,也不是超市里那种「美国大杏仁」(扁桃)。**石膏**是含水硫酸钙,**不是滑石**(含水硅酸镁)—— 不管店里怎么叫这两个名字。**干姜**是干燥根茎,不是生姜。**五味子**北方为 Schisandra chinensis、南方为南五味子(Kadsura),其木脂素对肝酶的相互作用有报道,本库不裁决。 **孕期缺乏可靠的安全性数据**,且上面不止一味各带自己的记载,本库不主张孕期使用。中文临床文献有本方用于咳与喘的观察报告,多为小规模、方法学有限。本库记「有这类研究」,不记「疗效已被确立」;本条目也不构成对一次急性咳喘的处置。

《金匮要略》肺痿肺痈咳嗽上气病脉证治篇;主治「咳而胸满,振寒脉数,咽干不渴,时出浊唾腥臭,久久吐脓如米粥者,此为肺痈」 · Recorded for 肺痈 (lung abscess): cough with fullness in the chest, shivering, a rapid pulse, a dry throat without thirst, recurrent foul turbid spittle, and in time spitting pus like rice porridge

Jiegeng Tang (Platycodon and Licorice Decoction) jié gěng tāng · 桔梗汤

Composition 组成

  • Platycodon root (jie geng) and licorice root (gan cao). Two ingredients. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 桔梗、甘草。共两味。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Two ingredients, and the line that records them contains the most concrete description of what a person brings up that this library has recorded: 久久吐脓如米粥 — in time, pus spat out like rice porridge. That clause has an address today. Coughing up a large volume of pus is what lung abscess, bronchiectasis with a large daily sputum volume, empyema that has found a bronchus, and necrotising pneumonia look like, and what separates them is imaging — a chest radiograph and a computed tomogram, where a cavity with an air-fluid level is the finding the sentence is describing without knowing it. This library offers no management for acute infection of any kind, and it is worth saying why it insists: the interval between a lung abscess being visible and antibiotics and drainage being started is counted in hours, and the change in outcome brought about by those two things is not something a classical line competes with. The clause before it, 振寒脉数, is the one that carries the clock. Shivering together with a fast pulse is how sepsis is recognised at the bedside today: temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, level of consciousness, and a lactate. Rigors are also the specific thing that suggests bacteria in the blood rather than a local collection. The text pairs the two findings that today trigger a screening pathway. 咽干不渴 — dry throat, no thirst — is a small clause with two uses. Classical texts use the presence or absence of thirst to sort conditions from one another, and 不渴 is the branch this line takes. Today, absence of thirst is not a reliable sign that fluid is adequate; the sensation of thirst is documented to weaken with age. A dry throat is also what mouth breathing, medicines and sicca produce, and it is not evidence about the chest. Three kinds of material brought up from the chest are worth keeping apart, because the line compresses them: pus, which is infection; blood-streaked sputum, which before anything else means tuberculosis and tumour have to be excluded; and saliva, which is neither. A foul smell points to anaerobes. Colour and volume together are more informative than either. The two materials. 桔梗 is Platycodon grandiflorus. It is the only species in its genus, but the family it belongs to is not made only of it — 党参, 沙参 and 半边莲 are in the same family and are different drugs. Classical materia medica records that 荠苨 was used to pass off as 桔梗, which is the kind of note that matters more now that the trade is global. Platycodon root contains platycosides, saponins; saponins irritate mucosa, and nausea and vomiting after large amounts are reported, while lysis of red cells in vitro is documented for the class without this library claiming it happens by mouth. Platycodon is also a food — the Korean doraji preparation — and this library does not treat the fact that something is eaten as evidence that a formula made from it is safe. 甘草 is licorice root, and the glycyrrhizin in it can produce a state resembling excess mineralocorticoid: salt and water retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure, described at ordinary amounts over weeks. The same two ingredients appear in the 伤寒论 under the same formula name, for a sore throat that did not settle with licorice alone; the classical corpus gives this pair two indications, and this library records both without deciding between them. Reliable safety data for pregnancy and breastfeeding are lacking, and this library does not recommend use in either. Chinese-language clinical literature reports observations of this formula in sore throat and in the 肺痈 picture, small in scale and methodologically limited. This library records that such studies exist; it does not record that benefit has been established.

两味药,而记载它们的那句含有本库收录过的**对「吐出什么」最具体的一次描写**:**久久吐脓如米粥**。 这一句今天有它的去处。咳出大量脓,就是**肺脓肿**、**每日痰量很大的支气管扩张**、**破入支气管的脓胸**与**坏死性肺炎**的样子;而把它们分开的是影像 —— 胸片与 CT,其中「空洞伴气液平」正是这句话在不知道的情况下描写的那个发现。本库不对任何急性感染提供处置方案,而这里要说清为什么坚持:**从肺脓肿在片子上可见,到抗生素与引流开始,间隔是以小时计的**,这两件事带来的结局差别不是一条古典条文能与之竞争的东西。 它前面那一句**振寒脉数**才是带时钟的一句。寒战加上脉快,正是今天在床边识别脓毒症的方式:体温、心率、呼吸频率、血压、意识水平与乳酸。寒战还特指**菌血症**的可能,而不只是局部积脓。这条条文把今天会触发一套筛查路径的两个发现并排写在一起。 **咽干不渴**是个短句,却有两处用处。古典用渴与不渴来把病彼此分开,本条走的是「不渴」这一支。而不渴今天不能作为水分充足的可靠证据 —— 口渴感随年龄减弱有文献记载;咽干也见于张口呼吸、药物与干燥综合征,它不是关于胸部的证据。 从胸部上来的三种东西值得分开,因为这一句把它们压在了一起:**脓**(感染)、**痰中带血**(在一切之前要排除结核与肿瘤)、以及**唾液**(两者都不是)。恶臭指向厌氧菌;颜色与量合在一起比单看任一项更有信息量。 两味药。**桔梗**是桔梗(Platycodon grandiflorus),本属仅此一种,但它所属的**科**并不只有它 —— 党参、沙参、半边莲同科而各是各的药。本草记载**荠苨**曾被用来冒充桔梗,在贸易全球化的今天这类按语只会更有用。桔梗根含桔梗皂苷(platycosides),属皂苷类:皂苷刺激黏膜,量大后恶心呕吐有报告;该类成分的体外溶血有记载,本库不主张口服发生。**桔梗也是食物**(朝鲜族「道拉基」),而本库不把「能吃」当作由它组成的方安全的证据。 **甘草**是甘草的根,其中甘草酸可引起**假性醛固酮增多症**:钠水潴留、失钾、血压升高,普通量连服数周亦有报告。同样这两味在《伤寒论》里以同一方名出现,主治甘草汤没能缓解的咽痛 —— 古典给这一对留了两处主治,本库两处都记,不裁定其间关系。 **孕期与哺乳期缺乏可靠的安全性数据**,本库不主张使用。中文临床文献有本方用于咽痛与「肺痈」一类画面的观察报告,规模小、方法学有限。本库记「有这类研究」,不记「疗效已被确立」;本条目也不构成对一次咳脓痰或一次寒战发热的处置。

《金匮要略》消渴小便不利淋病脉证并治篇;主治「小便不利者,有水气,其人若渴,栝楼瞿麦丸主之」。本批唯一一首栝楼根与附子同方者。 · Recorded in the 消渴 (thirsting and wasting) chapter for poor passage of urine where there is water qi and the person is thirsty — 其人若渴. It is the only formula in this batch that sets trichosanthes root and aconite side by side.

Gualou Qumai Wan (Trichosanthes, Poria, Yam, Aconite and Dianthus Pill) guā lóu qú mài wán · 栝楼瞿麦丸

Composition 组成

  • Trichosanthes root (tian hua fen)
  • Poria sclerotium (fu ling)
  • Chinese yam rhizome (shan yao)
  • prepared aconite lateral root (fu zi)
  • and Dianthus herb (qu mai). Five ingredients. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 栝楼根(天花粉)、茯苓、薯蓣(山药)、附子(炮)、瞿麦。共五味。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Five ingredients, and two of them carry the heaviest safety records in this library. The line itself is short: 小便不利, there is water qi, and 其人若渴 — the person is thirsty. Thirst appearing together with retained water is worth slowing down over, because that coincidence has a modern form. Start with 若渴. Thirst with copious drinking and copious urine — 消渴 — answers today to a name and to a test rather than to an explanation: diabetes mellitus, and the test is a blood glucose and an HbA1c. Polydipsia and polyuria have a second branch that is not diabetes at all. One is diabetes insipidus, central or nephrogenic, in which the urine is dilute while the sodium climbs. Another is hypercalcaemia, in which thirst arrives alongside constipation, confusion and renal stones. Checking glucose and calcium is cheap, and both belong in the same week rather than eventually. Diabetic ketoacidosis can present with abdominal pain and vomiting rather than with thirst, and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state in an older person can present with altered consciousness. This library records those as possibilities a clinician carries; it does not sort them. Now hold 有水气 against reduced urine output. Reduced urine — oliguria — is the earliest sign of acute kidney injury, and it is urgent precisely because obstruction is reversible only while someone is still looking for it: a stone, an enlarged prostate, a stricture, a tumour, a blocked catheter. In an older person retention can announce itself as restlessness or delirium rather than as pain. Oedema has a level-by-level description today. Bilateral pitting oedema points at heart failure, kidney disease, low albumin and medicines such as calcium channel blockers. Unilateral oedema points at venous thrombosis or lymphatic obstruction. Non-pitting oedema with thickening points at lymphoedema or thyroid disease. Periorbital oedema worst in the morning points at the kidney. Thirst plus oedema is the combination that lies across diabetic kidney disease, heart failure, nephrotic syndrome and hypercalcaemia simultaneously. Two materials need to be said plainly. 栝楼根 is trichosanthes root, called 天花粉 in the materia medica. It is neither 瓜蒌 nor 瓜蒌皮 nor 瓜蒌仁, and despite the name it is not pollen — the confusion is old enough to be recorded in the classical literature itself. The protein isolated from it, trichosanthin, was developed and studied for termination of pregnancy and for ectopic pregnancy, and injectable preparations carry records of anaphylactic shock. Pregnancy is therefore an absolute exclusion for this formula, not a caution. 附子 is prepared aconite lateral root. Its diester alkaloids are hydrolysed by prolonged decoction, which is why the classical tradition insists on the cooking rather than the weighing; aconitine poisoning has no specific antidote, and ventricular arrhythmia is what kills. The other three are quieter but not inert. 薯蓣 is Chinese yam — a real carbohydrate load for anyone counting one — and its mucilage is a documented cause of contact itching on the hands of people who peel it; it is not cassava. 瞿麦 is Dianthus, in the pink family. 茯苓 is a fungal sclerotium growing on pine roots; it is not 土茯苓, which is a Smilax. Reliable safety data for breastfeeding are also lacking. Chinese-language clinical literature reports observations of formulas of this class in the classical picture, mostly small and methodologically limited; this library records that such studies exist, not that benefit has been established.

五味药,其中两味带着本库最重的安全记载。条文很短:**小便不利**,有水气,**其人若渴**。而「渴」与「水停在里」同时出现,今天有一个能被写下来的对应,值得放慢。 先说「若渴」。渴而多饮多尿 —— **消渴** —— 今天对应的不是一个解释而是一个名字和一张化验单:糖尿病,化验的是血糖与糖化血红蛋白。但多饮多尿还有**不是糖尿病**的那一支:一是**尿崩症**(中枢性与肾性),尿很稀而血钠往上走;二是**高钙血症**,渴与便秘、意识模糊、肾结石一起来。查血糖与查血钙都不贵,而且应当在这一周之内而不是「以后再说」。**酮症酸中毒可以以腹痛与呕吐起病而不是以口渴起病**,老年人的**高渗性高血糖状态可以以意识改变起病**。本库把这些记成「临床上要抱在手里的可能性」,不记成本库自己能分得开的东西。 再把「有水气」与尿量变少放在一起。**尿量变少=少尿=急性肾损伤最初的表现**,它之所以要紧,正因为**梗阻被找到时是可逆的** —— 结石、前列腺、尿道狭窄、肿瘤、堵住的导尿管。老年人的尿潴留可以表现为烦躁或意识改变而不喊痛。水肿今天按部位与机制分层:**双侧凹陷性**→心衰/肾脏病/低白蛋白/钙通道阻滞剂一类药物;**单侧**→静脉血栓与淋巴回流;**不凹陷并伴皮肤增厚**→淋巴水肿与甲状腺疾病;**晨起眼睑面部重**→肾。而**渴与肿同时出现**这条组合,同时压在糖尿病肾病、心衰、肾病综合征与高钙血症上。 两味重的药要说清楚。**栝楼根**是栝楼的根,本草里叫**天花粉**:它不是瓜蒌、不是瓜蒌皮、不是瓜蒌仁,也**不是花粉**(名字引起的混淆本身就记在本草文献里)。从它分离出的**天花粉蛋白(trichosanthin)曾被开发研究用于终止妊娠与异位妊娠**,注射制剂有过敏性休克记载 —— 因此**孕期对本方是绝对排除项**,不是「慎用」级别。**附子**依赖久煎把双酯型生物碱水解掉,这就是古典强调先煎久煎是在**用加工而不是用称量**来控制毒性;乌头碱中毒**没有特异解毒剂**,致死机制是室性心律失常。 其余三味:**薯蓣=山药**,是真实的碳水负荷,其黏液是致剥山药者手部接触性瘙痒的记载原因,且山药≠木薯;**瞿麦**是石竹科瞿麦(Dianthus);**茯苓**是长在松根上的真菌菌核,**不是土茯苓**(菝葜属)。哺乳期同样缺乏可靠安全性数据。中文临床文献有本方一类方剂用于古典画面的观察报告,多为小规模、方法学有限;本库记「有这类研究」,不记「疗效已被确立」,也不构成对一次水肿或一次少尿的处置。

《金匮要略》消渴小便不利淋病脉证并治篇;「小便不利,蒲灰散主之;滑石白鱼散、茯苓戎盐汤并主之。」同一句话并列三首方而未给出分方标准。 · Recorded in the 消渴 chapter immediately after 栝楼瞿麦丸. The line names three formulas in a row for the same indication — 蒲灰散, 滑石白鱼散 and 茯苓戎盐汤 — without stating any criterion for choosing among them.

Puhui San (Typha Ash and Talc Powder) pú huī sǎn · 蒲灰散

Composition 组成

  • Pu hui and talc (hua shi). Two ingredients. What 蒲灰 denotes is disputed in the literature and this library records both readings
  • quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 蒲灰、滑石。共两味。「蒲灰」所指文献有歧义
  • 本库两说并存
  • 本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Two ingredients, one of which is not securely identified. That is worth putting in the first sentence rather than burying. 蒲灰 may be read as the ash of 香蒲 pollen — Typha, the cattail — or as burnt matting made from the same plant. Later commentators have offered further readings. This library records that the ambiguity exists and adjudicates nothing; a reader who needs one identity to be the right one will not find that here. The second ingredient is the reason this entry is read alongside the others in the batch. 滑石 is talc, a hydrated magnesium silicate. It is not 石膏, which is calcium sulfate, and the two are confused often enough that the distinction belongs on the page. Talc occurs in nature alongside asbestos, and asbestos contamination is a documented quality problem for talc of every grade; whether the pharmaceutical and cosmetic grades specifically carry that problem has been contested and litigated, and this library records that a controversy exists without treating it as settled. Talc is also not a substance that enters the body as nothing: the form of exposure that is documented to cause harm is inhalation and the application of powder to the perineal and genital area, not the drinking of it, and saying which route matters is the honest version of this note. What the line itself does is more interesting than either material. One sentence — 小便不利 — is followed immediately by three formulas, none of which shares an ingredient with the next, and no rule for picking one is supplied. A classical text that places three options side by side without a discriminator is asking the reader to notice the absence. This library notices it and does not fill it in. 小便不利 is also not one thing. It may be too little urine, oliguria, which is the earliest sign of acute kidney injury and matters because obstruction is reversible only while it is still being sought — stone, prostate, stricture, tumour, catheter. It may be difficulty emptying, which splits into obstructive and non-obstructive causes and is measured today with an ultrasound and a post-void residual rather than with a sentence. Or it may be frequency, urgency and burning — the picture called 淋 — which today is urinary tract infection, interstitial cystitis, stone, urethral syndrome, and, in an older person, an infection that presents as new confusion without a recorded fever. Reduced urine output with a sodium-containing formula raises its own question, which the entry on 茯苓戎盐汤 takes up. This library lists no amounts and no preparation, makes no claim about what this powder accomplishes, and notes that reliable safety data for pregnancy and breastfeeding are lacking; it does not suggest use in either.

两味药,其中一味至今没有确定的所指 —— 这件事该放在第一句而不是藏在后面。**蒲灰**或读作香蒲(Typha,水烛/蒲草)**花粉之灰**,或读作**蒲席烧灰**;后世注家另有别说。本库的写法是:记下歧义存在,**不裁决**。读者若想在这里找到一个「正确答案」,这里是找不到的。 第二味药是本条要与本批另两条并读的原因。**滑石**是含水硅酸镁,**不是石膏**(含水硫酸钙)—— 两者混用的频率高到这个区别必须写在页上。**天然滑石与石棉共生**,石棉污染是滑石各类别已知的**质量问题**;至于药用级与化妆品级是否具体承担这个问题,长期存在争议与诉讼,本库只记「有此争议」,不把它当作已定论。滑石也不是「进到身体里等于什么都没发生」的物质:**有文献记载的伤害途径是吸入,以及把粉剂用于会阴与外生殖器**,而不是把它喝下去 —— 说清是哪一条途径在起作用,才是这条注释诚实的写法。 比两味药更值钱的是条文本身在做什么:一句话 —— **小便不利** —— 之后紧接着列出三首方,彼此**几乎没有任何一味相同**,而**分方的标准一个字也没给**。一部古典把三个选项并排放着却不给判别办法,读者应当注意到的正是这个「没有」。本库注意到,并**不代补一个**。 而「小便不利」也不是一件事。它可能是**尿量太少**(少尿=急性肾损伤最早的表现,之所以要紧是因为梗阻在还能被找到时是可逆的 —— 结石、前列腺、狭窄、肿瘤、导尿管);也可能是**排不出来或排不干净**(梗阻性与非梗阻性两串,今天用超声与残余尿量来分,而不是用一句话来分);还可能是**尿频尿急尿痛**(淋证),今天对应尿路感染、间质性膀胱炎、结石、尿道综合征 —— 而**老年人的尿路感染可以只表现为新发的意识改变,体温并不升高**。尿量已经变少还给含钠的方,本身就是个要单独问的问题,本批的茯苓戎盐汤条承接这一句。 本库不列用量与制法,不主张这味散剂能达成什么,并明确:**孕期与哺乳期缺乏可靠的安全性数据,本库不主张使用**。

《金匮要略》消渴小便不利淋病脉证并治篇,系同一「小便不利」一句后并列的三首方之第二首。三首之中唯一一首同时含矿物、人来源药材与昆虫者。 · Named second of the three consecutive formulas attached to the single indication 小便不利 in the 消渴 chapter. It is the one of the three that contains a human-derived material and an insect, alongside a mineral.

Huashi Baiyu San (Talc, Charred Hair and Silverfish Powder) huá shí bái yú sǎn · 滑石白鱼散

Composition 组成

  • Talc (hua shi)
  • charred human hair (luan fa
  • charred and known as xue yu tan)
  • and 白鱼. Three ingredients. 白鱼 is recorded here as 衣鱼
  • the silverfish Lepisma saccharina — an insect
  • not a fish. Quantities and preparation are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 滑石、乱发(烧
  • 即血余炭)、白鱼。共三味。白鱼本库按本草记作**衣鱼**(Lepisma saccharina
  • 蠹鱼)——是昆虫
  • 不是鱼。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Three ingredients, and each comes from a different kingdom: a mineral, a human being, and an insect. That combination is unusual enough to be the honest opening of the entry, because a modern reader who meets 白鱼 in a prescription almost always reads a fish and almost always would be reading it wrongly. The identification: 白鱼 is recorded in the materia medica as 衣鱼, the silverfish or fishmoth, Lepisma saccharina — the small wingless insect found in books, paper and damp cupboards, not an animal from water. This library records the identification as the reading it follows and does not present it as beyond dispute; classical drug names of this kind shift over centuries, and a name that means one insect in one commentary can mean another thing elsewhere. 乱发 is human hair, charred, and known in the materia medica by the deliberate euphemism 血余炭. Charred hair as a drug for bleeding is an old and widespread practice across several medical traditions, not only this one, and this library records that it belongs to the record without offering anything further about it. Turning a protein fibre into charcoal does not make it a substance whose behaviour in the body can be assumed; human-derived material additionally raises questions of sourcing and of transmissible agents that a modern reader is entitled to ask and that this entry cannot answer. The mineral is the one with a documented industrial history. 滑石, talc, is a hydrated magnesium silicate, distinct from 石膏. It occurs alongside asbestos in nature, and asbestos contamination is a known quality issue for talc generally; whether pharmaceutical grades share it is contested, and this library records the controversy without settling it. And then the indication, which is the part that actually matters to someone reading this today. Reduced urine output is the earliest sign of acute kidney injury, urgent because obstruction is reversible only while it is being looked for. But the entry sits in a chapter whose neighbouring lines deal with blood, and this library will say the sentence outright: visible blood in the urine, whether it hurts or not, is investigated until a tumour has been excluded. Painless haematuria and painful haematuria share that rule; the presence of a stone found on one scan does not discharge it. This library records that classical practice employed charred substances where bleeding appeared, and this library offers no plan for bleeding of any kind — haematuria included — because that is a matter for investigation rather than for a formula entry. Reliable safety data for pregnancy and breastfeeding are lacking. Chinese-language literature reports observations of this class of formula, small in scale and limited in method; this library notes that such studies exist and does not note that benefit has been established.

三味药,分别来自**矿物、人与昆虫**三个完全不同的来源 —— 这个组合本身足够特别,应当放在条目的第一句。因为现代读者在一首方的组成里看到「白鱼」,几乎都会读成一种鱼,而且几乎一定是读错了。 关于「白鱼」的所指:本库依本草把它记作**衣鱼**(Lepisma saccharina,又称蠹鱼、书鱼),是躲在书页、纸张与潮湿柜子里的那种无翅小昆虫,**不是水里的鱼**。本库把这个认定记成「本库所从之说」,**不宣称它无争议** —— 这类古典药名在数百年里会移动,一个注本里指某种虫的说法,到了别处可能指别的东西。**乱发**是人的头发,烧灰之后本草里用一个刻意的雅名叫**血余炭**。把头发烧成炭用于「出血」的做法,是跨越不止一个医学传统的古老实践,本库只记「它属于记载」,此外不给任何引申。把蛋白质纤维烧成炭,并不能使它在体内的行为变成可以假定之物;而**人来源药材**另有来源追踪与可传播因子这两类问题要问 —— 现代读者有权问,而本条目答不了。 矿物那一味有工业史记载。**滑石**=含水硅酸镁,**不是石膏**。天然滑石与石棉共生,石棉污染是滑石普遍的质量问题;药用级是否同样承担这个问题存在争议,本库记争议的存在而不作裁决。 最后说主诉 —— 这才是今天读这条的人真正要紧的部分。**尿量变少是急性肾损伤最早的表现**,要紧是因为梗阻只有在被寻找着的时候才可逆。但本条所在的这一篇,前后条文都在处理「血」这件事,所以本库把这句话直接说出来:**肉眼可见的血尿,无论痛还是不痛,都要查到肿瘤被排除为止** —— 无痛血尿与疼痛性血尿共用这条规则,某一次影像上找到一颗结石也不能把这条勾销。本库记「古典在出血处用炭类」,同时明确:**本库对任何出血不提供任何方案,血尿包括在内** —— 那是要走检查的事,不是一个方剂条目该给的东西。 孕期与哺乳期缺乏可靠的安全性数据。中文文献有本方一类方剂的观察报告,多为小规模、方法学有限;本库记「有这类研究」,不记「疗效已被确立」。

《金匮要略》消渴小便不利淋病脉证并治篇,系同一「小便不利」一句后并列的三首方之第三首。三首之中唯一一首在主诉为尿量减少的方里带进明确钠负荷者。 · The third of the three formulas named consecutively for the single indication 小便不利. It is the one of the three that carries a deliberate sodium load inside a formula whose presenting complaint is reduced urine output.

Fuling Rongyan Tang (Poria, Atractylodes and Rock Salt Decoction) fú líng róng yán tāng · 茯苓戎盐汤

Composition 组成

  • Poria sclerotium (fu ling)
  • white atractylodes rhizome (bai zhu)
  • and 戎盐 — rock salt
  • also called 大青盐. Three ingredients. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 茯苓、白术、戎盐(岩盐
  • 一名大青盐)。共三味。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Three ingredients, and the third is salt. That deserves to be said without softening, because it is the thing about this formula that a modern reader will notice and that the classical line never remarks upon. 戎盐 is rock salt, also named 大青盐, sodium chloride. In a formula whose presenting complaint is 小便不利 — scanty or difficult urine — a sodium load is not an excipient-level matter. Heart failure, hypertension, chronic kidney disease and cirrhosis are precisely the conditions in which both scanty urine and visible fluid retention are common, they are precisely the conditions in which sodium retention makes the picture worse, and they are precisely the conditions in which someone is most likely to be looking for help with water. This library records the tension as a feature of the formula rather than as a reason to argue with a text two thousand years old. It also records that modern instructions for such conditions routinely set a sodium ceiling measured in grams per day, which is an amount a person can reach without noticing. The rest of the entry is shorter. The line assigns this formula the same indication it has just assigned to two others, with almost no overlap in ingredients and no rule for choosing. Three options, one sentence, no discriminator: this library notes the absence and supplies nothing. And 小便不利 itself resolves into several different things that now have separate names and separate first tests. Too little urine is oliguria, the earliest sign of acute kidney injury, urgent because obstruction — stone, prostate, stricture, tumour, catheter — is reversible only while it is still being sought, and because in an older person retention can present as restlessness or new confusion rather than as pain. Difficulty emptying divides into obstructive and non-obstructive causes and is sorted today with a post-void residual and an ultrasound. Frequency, urgency and burning answer to urinary tract infection, interstitial cystitis, stone and urethral syndrome, and again, in an older person, infection may present without fever. Two materia notes. 茯苓 is a fungal sclerotium that grows on pine roots; it is a wood-decaying fungus, and it is not 土茯苓, which is a Smilax root and an entirely different plant. 白术 is Atractylodes macrocephala; classical texts often did not separate it from 苍术, and later practice did — this library records the split without adjudicating the older usage. White atractylodes is discussed in modern pharmacological literature in relation to fluid handling, and this library makes no clinical claim on the basis of that literature. Reliable safety data for pregnancy and breastfeeding are lacking, and this library does not suggest use in either. Chinese-language reports of formulas of this class are small and methodologically limited; this library records that they exist, not that benefit has been established.

三味药,第三味是盐。这件事应当不加缓和地说出来 —— 因为这正是现代读者一眼就会注意到、而条文一个字也没提的地方。 **戎盐**是岩盐,一名**大青盐**,就是氯化钠。在一首主治**小便不利**(尿少或排尿困难)的方里,**钠负荷不是辅料级别的事项**:心衰、高血压、慢性肾病、肝硬化,恰好就是「尿少」与「看得见的水潴留」最常见的一组情况,也恰好是钠潴留会把画面推向更糟的一组情况,更恰好是「正在为身体里的水找办法」的人最可能所处的那一组情况。本库把这个矛盾记成**这首方本身的属性**,而不是拿来跟两千年前的文本争辩的依据;同时如实记一笔:现代对这类情况的处理通常会给出一个按克计的每日钠上限,而这个数字人在不知不觉间就能到。 剩下的部分较短。条文给这首方的主诉,与它刚刚给前两首的完全相同,药味几乎不重叠,**分方标准仍然没有**。三个选项、一句话、没有判别依据 —— 本库记下这个「没有」,不补任何东西。而「小便不利」本身今天要拆成几件各有名字、各有首选检查的事:**尿量太少**=少尿=急性肾损伤最早的表现(结石、前列腺、狭窄、肿瘤、导尿管这些**梗阻只有在被寻找着的时候才可逆**;老年人的尿潴留可以表现为烦躁或新发的意识改变而不是疼痛);**排不干净**分梗阻性与非梗阻性两串,今天用残余尿量与超声分;**尿频尿急尿痛**通向尿路感染、间质性膀胱炎、结石与尿道综合征,且不发热的老年人感染这条路要一直留在表里。 两味本草备注:**茯苓**是长在松根上的**真菌菌核**(一种木腐真菌),**不是土茯苓**(菝葜属的根,完全不同的植物);**白术**是 Atractylodes macrocephala,古籍常白术苍术不分而后世分列 —— 本库记这个分列,不裁决旧义。现代药理文献有关于白术与体液代谢的讨论,本库不依该文献作任何临床主张。 孕期与哺乳期缺乏可靠的安全性数据,本库不主张使用。中文文献有本方一类方剂的观察报告,多为小规模、方法学有限;本库记「有这类研究」,不记「疗效已被确立」。

《金匮要略》腹满寒疝宿食病脉证治篇:「腹中寒气,雷鸣切痛,胸胁逆满,呕吐,附子粳米汤主之。」本批唯一一首乌头类(附子)与半夏同方者。 · Recorded in the 腹满寒疝宿食 chapter for cold qi in the abdomen — 雷鸣切痛,胸胁逆满,呕吐 — thunderous borborygmi with cutting pain, counterflow fullness reaching the chest and flanks, and vomiting. It is the formula in this batch that sets an aconite member and pinellia side by side.

Fuzi Jingmi Tang (Prepared Aconite and Rice Decoction) fù zǐ jīng mǐ tāng · 附子粳米汤

Composition 组成

  • Prepared aconite lateral root (fu zi)
  • pinellia rhizome (ban xia)
  • liquorice root (gan cao)
  • jujube fruit (da zao)
  • and polished non-glutinous rice (jing mi). Five ingredients. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 附子(炮)、半夏、甘草、大枣、粳米。共五味。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Five ingredients, and the first two are the reason this entry cannot be written casually. 附子 is prepared aconite lateral root; 半夏 is pinellia rhizome. Among the classical incompatibility lists — 十八反, the eighteen antagonisms — one line reads 半蒌贝蔹及攻乌, setting pinellia, trichosanthes, fritillaria, ampelopsis and bletilla against the aconite group. This formula places two members of exactly that pair in the same pot. This library records both facts — that the classical text does this, and that a later tradition lists it as an antagonism — adjudicates neither, and does not quietly drop one side to make the page tidier. Then the picture the line draws. Cold in the abdomen, thunderous bowel sounds with cutting pain, counterflow fullness that reaches the chest and flanks, and vomiting. Read the four together and what is being described is loud, high-pitched bowel sounds against colicky pain, in a distended abdomen, with vomiting. That is the textbook opening of bowel obstruction. The reason it is urgent is the branch that cannot be seen from outside: strangulation, in which the blood supply to a segment of bowel is compromised and the useful window is measured in hours rather than days. The cardinal sign is obstipation — neither stool nor flatus passing. Where the obstruction sits determines what comes first: high obstruction vomits early and distends late, and vomiting that has become faeculent is a late finding rather than an early one. The differential a clinician carries into that room is longer than one line. Appendicitis, cholecystitis, diverticulitis, ureteric stone, testicular torsion with pain referred upward, ectopic pregnancy, a leaking or ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, diabetic ketoacidosis, and mesenteric ischaemia — the last of which is known for pain out of proportion to the abdominal examination and for occurring in people with atrial fibrillation or heart failure. Signs of peritonitis are recorded as absent or muted in older people and in immunosuppressed people, which is why a soft abdomen settles nothing. This library records these as possibilities a clinician carries; it does not sort them, and it offers no plan for an acute abdomen of any kind. On the materials. Aconitine poisoning has no specific antidote and ventricular arrhythmia is what kills; the diester alkaloids are hydrolysed by prolonged decoction, which is why the classical tradition insists on the cooking rather than the weighing. 附子 is not 白附子, which is Typhonium. Raw pinellia contains needle-shaped calcium oxalate raphides and a lectin, and swelling of the mucous membranes with airway compromise is documented for the raw form; only the processed form belongs in any modern discussion, and this library describes no preparation. 粳米 is polished non-glutinous rice — a real carbohydrate load, and also a known dietary source of inorganic arsenic, for which several regulators set limits specifically on rice-based foods for infants and young children. 甘草 is liquorice: glycyrrhizin produces a mineralocorticoid-like picture of potassium loss, sodium retention and raised blood pressure, and when it is taken alongside digoxin or a diuretic, hypokalaemia is the mechanism that kills. 大枣 is jujube, a sugar load. Reliable safety data for pregnancy and breastfeeding are lacking; for a formula containing an aconite member, this library treats pregnancy as an exclusion rather than as a caution.

五味药,前两味正是这条不能随手写的原因。**附子**是炮附子(乌头子根的加工品),**半夏**是半夏。后世「十八反」里有一句 —— **「半蒌贝蔹及攻乌」** —— 把半夏、栝楼、贝母、白蔹、白及与乌头类相对。而这首方,恰恰把这一对放在了同一个锅里。本库的写法是:**古典这么用、后世这么列,两边都记,不裁决** —— 也不为了页面干净而悄悄略去任何一边。 再看条文的画面:**腹中寒气,雷鸣切痛,胸胁逆满,呕吐**。四句放在一起读,描述的是**腹鸣很响、绞痛很锐、肚子胀、并且吐**。这正是**肠梗阻**教科书式的开头。它之所以要紧,是那条从外面看不见的分支:**绞窄** —— 一段肠子的血供被掐断,可用的窗口按**小时**算而不是按天算。最核心的体征是**停止排气排便**;梗阻位置决定先后:**位置越高,吐得越早、胀得越晚**,而**吐出粪臭物是晚期的表现,不是早期的表现**。 一个临床医生带着进那个房间的鉴别,比一行字长得多:阑尾炎、胆囊炎、憩室炎、输尿管结石、**睾丸扭转(疼痛向上传导)**、异位妊娠、腹主动脉瘤渗漏或破裂、糖尿病酮症酸中毒,以及**肠系膜缺血** —— 最后这一条的特点是**疼痛程度与腹部体征不成比例**,且多见于房颤与心衰的人。**老年人与免疫抑制者的腹膜炎体征可以缺如或很轻**,所以「肚子还是软的」不能给任何结论。本库把这些记成「临床上要抱在手里的可能性」,**不替人排序,也不对任何急腹症提供方案**。 药物本身:**乌头碱中毒没有特异解毒剂,致死机制是室性心律失常**;双酯型生物碱靠久煎水解,这就是古典强调先煎久煎是在**用加工而不是用称量**来控制毒性。附子**不是白附子**(Typhonium)。**半夏生品**含针晶与凝集素,黏膜肿胀乃至气道受累是为生品记载的,**只有炮制品才属于任何现代讨论的范围**,本库不描述任何炮制方法。**粳米**是碾过的非糯大米 —— 是真实的碳水负荷,也是**已知的无机砷膳食来源**(多国专门为婴幼儿米制品设限,本库记有此监管、不量化)。**甘草**的甘草酸造成盐皮质激素样的一组变化:**失钾、钠潴留、升压**;与地高辛或利尿剂同用时,**低钾是杀人的那条机制**。**大枣**是糖负荷。孕期与哺乳期缺乏可靠的安全性数据;**对含乌头类的方,本库按排除处理而不是按慎用处理**。

《金匮要略》腹满寒疝宿食病脉证治篇:「痛而闭者,厚朴三物汤主之。」与小承气汤同三味(厚朴、大黄、枳实),是本库「同一组药不是一个方」最清楚的一例。 · Recorded in the 腹满寒疝宿食 chapter for 痛而闭者 — pain together with closure, that is, abdominal pain with nothing passing. It shares its three ingredients with Xiao Chengqi Tang and is the clearest instance in this library of a formula changing its name and its indication with the proportions.

Houpo Sanwu Tang (Magnolia Bark Three-Ingredient Decoction) hòu pò sān wù tāng · 厚朴三物汤

Composition 组成

  • Magnolia bark (hou po)
  • rhubarb root and rhizome (da huang)
  • and immature bitter orange fruit (zhi shi). Three ingredients — the same three as Xiao Chengqi Tang
  • with the governing ingredient set differently. Quantities
  • proportions
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 厚朴、大黄、枳实。共三味 —— 与小承气汤同三味
  • 而君药不同。本库不列用量、不列比例
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Three ingredients, and they are the same three that appear in Xiao Chengqi Tang: magnolia bark, rhubarb, immature bitter orange. In this formula magnolia bark governs; in Xiao Chengqi Tang, rhubarb does. The classical text therefore treats a change in proportions as producing a different formula with a different indication, not as a variation on one. This library lists no quantities and no ratios, and so it records that the proportions were understood to matter — it does not supply them, because supplying numbers would be inventing them. The indication is two syllables: 痛而闭 — pain, and closure. Closure means that nothing is passing. Read together with the neighbouring lines of the chapter, the picture is abdominal pain with obstruction of the bowel, and that is the one place in this library where a laxative ingredient needs to be named as moving in the wrong direction. Rhubarb contains anthraquinones; they are stimulant laxatives, and stimulant laxatives are contraindicated where mechanical obstruction is on the table, because driving a bowel that cannot empty is the mechanism by which a closed loop distends and perforates. This library states the direction and offers no plan. What the closure itself means today is worth stating plainly. No stool and no flatus, with colicky pain and vomiting, is bowel obstruction until imaging says otherwise, and the branch that sets the clock is strangulation — ischaemia of a segment, with a window measured in hours. The common causes are adhesions after surgery, hernias, tumours, inflammatory strictures, volvulus and faecal impaction, and one of the most frequently identifiable causes is medication: opioids, anticholinergics, calcium channel blockers and some antipsychotics all slow the gut. Lactate, a rising white cell count and CT findings are among the signals looked for when ischaemia is the question. This library records that these exist; it does not sort them. Two materia notes and then the safety line. 枳实 is the immature fruit of Citrus — a different thing from the peel, and it contains synephrine, a sympathomimetic amine; cardiovascular events have been reported for synephrine combined with caffeine. Bergamot and grapefruit furanocoumarins are a separate matter and are not what is being said here. 大黄 is rhubarb: anthraquinone stimulant laxatives carry records of dependence, of melanosis coli, of potassium loss, and — because the same root contains tannins — of constipation following the purgation. European regulators restrict anthraquinone laxatives to short-term use. 厚朴 is Magnolia bark, containing magnolol and honokiol; the flower, 厚朴花, is a different part with its own entry. The name is worth one more sentence, because four other formulas in this library contain 厚朴 — 半夏厚朴汤, 厚朴七物汤, 厚朴温中汤 and 厚朴麻黄汤 — and none of them is this one. Reliable safety data for pregnancy and breastfeeding are lacking, and this library does not suggest use in either. Chinese-language literature reports observations of formulas of this class, small in scale and limited in method; this library records that such studies exist, not that benefit has been established.

三味药,而且它们与小承气汤那三味完全相同:**厚朴、大黄、枳实**。本方以**厚朴为君**,小承气汤以**大黄为君**。也就是说,古典把「比例变了」当成「方变了、主治也变了」,而不是当成同一首方的微调。本库**不列用量、不列比例** —— 所以只能记「古典认为比例改变主治」,**不代补一个比例**,因为补数字就是在编数字。 主治只有两个字:**痛而闭**。「闭」是**不通**;与本篇前后条文连读,画面是**腹痛并且大便不通**,而这正是本库里唯一一处必须把「泻下药」说成**方向是错的**的地方。**大黄**含蒽醌类,属于刺激性泻药;在**机械性肠梗阻**尚未排除时,刺激性泻药是禁忌方向 —— 驱动一段排不出去的肠子,正是闭袢扩张乃至穿孔的机制。本库只说方向,**不给任何方案**。 「闭」本身今天是什么意思,值得直接写出来:**不排便也不排气,伴绞痛与呕吐,在影像给出别的答案之前就是肠梗阻**;而给这件事定时钟的是那条分支 —— **绞窄**(一段肠子缺血,窗口按小时计)。常见原因是术后粘连、疝、肿瘤、炎症性狭窄、肠扭转与粪便嵌塞;而**最常被识别出来的一类原因是药物**:阿片类、抗胆碱药、钙通道阻滞剂与部分抗精神病药都会让肠子慢下来。当问题指向缺血时,临床上会去看乳酸、白细胞与 CT 征象。本库记「这些存在」,**不替人排序**。 两味本草备注,然后是安全线。**枳实**是柑橘属的**幼果**,与「皮」不是同一物,含**辛弗林(synephrine,拟交感胺)**;辛弗林与咖啡因合用有心血管事件的报告。**佛手柑/柚子的呋喃香豆素是另一回事**,本条说的不是那个。**大黄**:蒽醌类刺激性泻药有依赖、结肠黑变病、失钾的记录,而且因为同一根里含鞣质,**泻过之后可以接着便秘**;欧洲监管机构把蒽醌类泻药限制在短期使用。**厚朴**是木兰科树皮,含厚朴酚与和厚朴酚;**厚朴花**是另一部位,另有其位。 方名还值得多说一句:本库含「厚朴」的方另有四首 —— 半夏厚朴汤、厚朴七物汤、厚朴温中汤、厚朴麻黄汤 —— **没有一首是本方**。孕期与哺乳期缺乏可靠的安全性数据,本库不主张使用。中文文献有本方一类方剂的观察报告,多为小规模、方法学有限;本库记「有这类研究」,**不记「疗效已被确立」**。

《金匮要略》腹满寒疝宿食病脉证治篇:「寒疝腹中痛,及胁痛里急者,当归生姜羊肉汤主之。」妇人产后病篇另有产后腹中㽲痛之条。本批唯一一首组成接近日常食物者。 · Recorded in the 腹满寒疝宿食 chapter for 寒疝腹中痛,及胁痛里急 — cold shan with pain in the abdomen, and pain in the flanks with internal urgency. A related line appears in the postpartum chapter for abdominal pain after childbirth. It is the formula in this batch whose ingredients are closest to food.

Danggui Shengjiang Yangrou Tang (Angelica, Fresh Ginger and Mutton Decoction) dāng guī shēng jiāng yáng ròu tāng · 当归生姜羊肉汤

Composition 组成

  • Chinese angelica root (dang gui)
  • fresh ginger rhizome (sheng jiang)
  • and mutton (yang rou). Three ingredients
  • two of which are ordinary food. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 当归、生姜、羊肉。共三味
  • 其中两味是日常食物。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Three ingredients, and two of them are things a person eats anyway. That is precisely why this entry needs its safety notes written out rather than skipped — being edible is not the same as being appropriate here, and a formula made of food is the one most likely to be read as carrying no risk at all. The word to stop on is 疝. In the classical line it names a pattern of abdominal and flank pain; today 疝 means a hernia, and a hernia is the reason this paragraph exists. An irreducible groin lump that is tender, or one accompanied by vomiting, distension or the inability to pass stool or flatus, is strangulation until a surgeon says otherwise, and ischaemia of the contained bowel is a matter of hours. Femoral hernias strangulate more often than inguinal ones and are more common in women. The same region produces other lumps that must be told apart: lymph nodes, hydrocele, varicocele, a femoral pseudoaneurysm, epididymitis — and testicular torsion, which has its own clock measured in hours and which can present with pain felt in the groin or lower abdomen rather than in the scrotum. This library records these as what a clinician carries; it offers no plan for a groin lump or for acute abdominal pain. Then the second setting the text names: pain after childbirth. Postpartum abdominal pain has its own list, and it is not a dietary list — postpartum haemorrhage, endometritis, wound infection, mastitis, and, beyond the abdomen, pre-eclampsia presenting after delivery and sepsis. Pain with fever after delivery points toward those and away from food. This library states that direction and offers nothing further. Now the three materials, each with its own record. 羊肉 is red meat. The IARC classification places processed meat in Group 1 and red meat in Group 2A, and that classification describes the strength of the evidence for a hazard, not the size of the risk — which is the honest way to state it. Red meat is also the antigen in alpha-gal syndrome, an allergy acquired after certain tick bites whose symptoms appear three to six hours after eating, so a reaction often lands in the night and is not connected back to dinner. Undercooked meat carries food-borne infection, and mutton is a real load of saturated fat and of haem iron, which matters to someone with haemochromatosis. 生姜 is fresh ginger; it is not 干姜, which is the dried form and has its own entry. Reports of an interaction with anticoagulants exist and the findings do not agree with one another, so this library records that reports exist and that they are inconsistent; gastric irritation from ginger is also recorded. 当归 is Angelica sinensis, in the carrot family — a family in which misidentification during foraging is genuinely dangerous, and in which water hemlock is lethal. It contains furanocoumarins, which photosensitise, and coumarin-type constituents; case reports of an interaction with warfarin exist, and this library records case reports as case reports rather than as an established effect. 当归 is not 欧当归 and not 白芷. Reliable safety data for pregnancy and breastfeeding are lacking, and 当归 is traditionally listed among the herbs to be cautious with in pregnancy; this library does not suggest use in either state. Chinese-language literature reports observations of this class of formula, mostly small and methodologically limited; this library records that such studies exist, not that benefit has been established.

三味药,其中两味是本来就在吃的东西。正因为如此,这条的安全注释**必须写出来而不是跳过去** —— **能吃 ≠ 在这个场景里合适**;而「用食物组成的方」恰恰最容易被读成「没有任何风险」。 要停一下的是**「疝」**这个字。在条文里它是腹痛连及胁部的一组表现;而在今天,**疝就是疝气**,而疝气正是这一段存在的理由。**腹股沟区一个推不回去、有压痛的肿物**,或伴有呕吐、腹胀、不排气不排便的肿物,在外科医生给出别的答案之前就是**绞窄**,而其中肠管的缺血按**小时**计。**股疝比腹股沟疝更容易绞窄,且在女性更常见**。同一区域还有别的肿物要分开:淋巴结、鞘膜积液、精索静脉曲张、股动脉假性动脉瘤、附睾炎 —— 以及**睾丸扭转**,它有自己按小时计的时钟,且**疼痛可以落在腹股沟或下腹而不是阴囊**。本库把这些记成「临床上要抱在手里的」,**对腹股沟肿物与急性腹痛均不提供方案**。 第二个场景是条文另处所记的**产后腹痛**。产后腹痛有自己的一张表,而它不是食疗表:**产后出血、子宫内膜炎、切口感染、乳腺炎**,以及腹以外的事 —— **产后子痫前期**与**脓毒症**。**产后腹痛伴发热,指向的是这些,不是食物。** 本库只说方向,此外不给任何东西。 现在说三味本身,各有各的记载。**羊肉**是红肉:IARC 把加工肉列在第 1 类、红肉列在 2A 类 —— **这个分类描述的是「证据对危害的支持强度」,不是风险的大小**,这才是诚实的说法。红肉还是 **α-gal 综合征**的抗原:这是一种在某些蜱叮咬之后获得的过敏,**症状在进食后 3–6 小时才出现**,所以常发生在夜里而不会被联想到晚饭。未熟肉有食源性疾病的风险;羊肉也是真实的饱和脂肪与**血红素铁**负荷,对血色素沉着症者是要算的。**生姜**是鲜姜,**不是干姜**(干姜是干品,本库另有条目);与抗凝药的相互作用**有报告而结论并不一致**,故本库记「有报告、且不一致」;生姜对胃黏膜的刺激亦有记载。**当归**是伞形科当归属 —— **伞形科是采挖时最容易认错的科,其中的毒芹可致死**。它含**呋喃香豆素**(光敏)与香豆素类成分;与华法林相互作用的**病例报告**是真实存在的,本库记「有病例报告」而**不记「已确立的效应」**。当归**不是欧当归,也不是白芷**。 孕期与哺乳期缺乏可靠的安全性数据,而当归传统上被列入孕期慎用之列;本库在这两种状态下均不主张使用。中文文献有本方一类方剂的观察报告,多为小规模、方法学有限;本库记「有这类研究」,**不记「疗效已被确立」**。

《金匮要略》腹满寒疝宿食病脉证治篇:「寒疝腹中痛,逆冷,手足不仁,若身疼痛,灸刺诸药不能治,抵当乌头桂枝汤主之。」本批唯一一首把「此前诸法皆未奏效」写进条文自身者。 · Recorded in the 腹满寒疝宿食 chapter for 寒疝腹中痛,逆冷,手足不仁,若身疼痛,灸刺诸药不能治 — the line stating that moxibustion, needling and other formulas have failed. It is the only formula in this batch whose text records prior failure inside the indication itself.

Wutou Guizhi Tang (Aconite Main Root with Cinnamon Twig Decoction) wū tóu guì zhī tāng · 乌头桂枝汤

Composition 组成

  • Aconite main root (wu tou
  • decocted with honey in the source text) combined with the five ingredients of Gui Zhi Tang — cinnamon twig (gui zhi)
  • peony root (shao yao)
  • liquorice root (gan cao)
  • fresh ginger (sheng jiang) and jujube fruit (da zao). Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 乌头(原方以蜜煎)合桂枝汤五味 —— 桂枝、芍药、甘草、生姜、大枣。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. The line contains a sentence that a classical text does not often write down: 灸刺诸药不能治 — moxibustion, needling and other formulas have not worked. This library records that sentence and does not read it as a licence to escalate. Read as a description of a state, it is the more interesting thing here: a person in abdominal pain whose hands and feet are cold — 逆冷, counterflow cold — whose hands and feet do not feel — 手足不仁 — and whose body aches. Put those together and what is being described is abdominal pain in a person with failing perfusion and an altered nervous system. That combination has a modern form and it is measured, not argued: blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, temperature, blood glucose and lactate. Sepsis, hypoglycaemia, adrenal insufficiency, myxoedema, acute coronary syndrome, aortic dissection with pain radiating to the back, and stroke all live on that list. Two of them deserve a sentence each. Sepsis in an older person can present with hypothermia rather than fever, and hypothermia carries the worse prognosis. Hypoglycaemia can cause irreversible brain damage within minutes, and measuring glucose takes thirty seconds. This library records these as possibilities a clinician carries; it does not sort them and it offers no plan. Now the overlap this library will not smooth away. 手足不仁 — numbness and loss of sensation in the hands and feet — is also among the earliest recorded manifestations of aconitine poisoning, which begins with tingling and numbness of the mouth, tongue and extremities. The same four characters describe both the indication and the toxicity of the formula's principal ingredient. This library records that the overlap exists. It does not assert that the classical authors were describing poisoning, and it does not delete the overlap to make the entry cleaner. On the materials. 乌头 is the main root of Aconitum; 附子, which appears elsewhere in this batch, is the daughter root of plants of the same genus, and 白附子 is Typhonium, a different plant entirely. Aconitine has no specific antidote, ventricular arrhythmia is what kills, and the diester alkaloids are hydrolysed by prolonged decoction — which is why the classical tradition insists on the cooking rather than on the weighing. The source text decocts the aconite in honey. Honey is a sugar load, and honey is a known source of infant botulism: it must not be given to a child under twelve months, because that is a hard paediatric rule rather than a caution of degree. Honey is also among the allergens that are declared on labels. The other five carry quieter notes. 桂枝 is cinnamon twig and contains coumarin, for which European food safety bodies set a tolerable daily intake. 芍药 has a white and a red form, and peony is set against veratrum in the eighteen antagonisms. 甘草 is liquorice: glycyrrhizin produces a mineralocorticoid-like picture of potassium loss, sodium retention and raised blood pressure, and hypokalaemia is the mechanism that kills when it is taken with digoxin or a diuretic. 生姜 is fresh ginger, not dried. 大枣 is jujube, a sugar load. Reliable safety data for pregnancy and breastfeeding are lacking; for a formula whose principal ingredient is an aconite member, this library treats pregnancy as an exclusion rather than as a caution. Chinese-language literature reports observations of formulas of this class, small in scale and limited in method; this library records that such studies exist, not that benefit has been established.

这条条文里有一句古典不常写下来的话:**「灸刺诸药不能治」** —— 灸法、针刺与别的方剂都没有奏效。本库记录这句话,并**不把它读成「所以可以再加码」**。把它当成对一个状态的描述来看,它反而更值得读:一个人在腹痛,**手足逆冷**,**手足不仁(麻木不知)**,并且**身疼痛**。 这三句放在一起,描述的是**一个灌注在往下走、神经系统表现也异常的人同时腹痛**。这个组合今天有它的形式,而且它是**被测量出来的,不是被讨论出来的**:血压、心率、血氧、体温、血糖、乳酸。**脓毒症、低血糖、肾上腺皮质功能不全、黏液性水肿、急性冠脉综合征、放射到背的主动脉夹层、卒中**都在这张表上。其中两条值得各说一句:**老年人的脓毒症可以表现为低体温而不是发热,而低体温的预后更差**;**低血糖可以在几分钟内造成不可逆的脑损伤,而测血糖是三十秒的事**。本库把这些记成「临床上要抱在手里的可能性」,**不排序,也不提供任何方案**。 然后是本库不打算抹平的那个重叠:**「手足不仁」** —— 手脚麻木、感觉失灵 —— 同时正是**乌头碱中毒最早记载的表现之一**:中毒从口、舌与四肢的麻刺与麻木开始。**同样的四个字,既在主治里,也在这首方主药的毒性里。** 本库的做法是:**记下这个重叠存在**;不断言古典作者描写的是中毒,也不为了条目好看而把重叠删掉。 药物本身:**乌头**是乌头属的母根;本批另一首里的**附子**是同属植物的子根;**白附子**则是 Typhonium,完全是另一种植物。**乌头碱没有特异解毒剂,致死机制是室性心律失常**,双酯型生物碱靠久煎水解 —— 这正是古典强调先煎久煎、用**加工**而不是用**称量**来控制毒性的原因。原方以**蜜**煎乌头:蜂蜜是真实的糖负荷,而且蜂蜜是**婴儿肉毒中毒的已知来源** —— **12 个月以下绝不给**,这是一条硬性儿科规则而不是程度上的慎用;蜂蜜同时也是标签上须标注的过敏原之一。 其余五味的注释较轻:**桂枝**是肉桂嫩枝,含**香豆素**(欧洲食品安全机构为其设耐受摄入量);**芍药**有白芍与赤芍之别,且十八反中与藜芦相对;**甘草**的甘草酸造成盐皮质激素样的一组变化 —— 失钾、钠潴留、升压 —— 与地高辛或利尿剂同用时**低钾是杀人的那条机制**;**生姜**是鲜姜不是干姜;**大枣**是糖负荷。孕期与哺乳期缺乏可靠的安全性数据;**对主药为乌头类的方,本库按排除处理而不是按慎用处理**。中文文献有本方一类方剂的观察报告,多为小规模、方法学有限;本库记「有这类研究」,**不记「疗效已被确立」**。

《金匮要略》呕吐哕下利病脉证治篇:「胃反呕吐者,大半夏汤主之。」本批中「隔夜而吐」的一方。 · Recorded in the 呕吐哕下利 chapter for 胃反 — 胃反呕吐者,大半夏汤主之 — the pattern in which food eaten many hours earlier is brought back up.

Da Ban Xia Tang (Major Pinellia Decoction) dà bàn xià tāng · 大半夏汤

Composition 组成

  • Pinellia rhizome (ban xia)
  • ginseng root (ren shen)
  • and white honey (bai mi). Three ingredients. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 半夏、人参、白蜜。共三味。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Three ingredients: 半夏 (pinellia rhizome), 人参 (ginseng root), and 白蜜 (white honey). Quantities, preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here. The line it answers is short — 胃反呕吐者,大半夏汤主之 — for the one who vomits in 胃反, this formula governs. 胃反 is not a synonym for nausea. In the classical descriptions it means food brought up long after it was eaten: eaten in the morning, returned at evening; eaten at evening, returned in the morning. The interval is the point. What is being drawn is not an irritated stomach but a stomach that has not emptied. That interval has a modern name, and this library will use it, because the reader who meets the English phrase first deserves to find it here: delayed gastric emptying. Today it is worked up as gastric outlet obstruction, gastroparesis, bezoar, postoperative gastric stasis, and drug-induced delay. One branch matters more than the rest — in an adult, vomiting food eaten many hours earlier, with weight loss, can be obstruction, and obstruction is a structural problem that no decoction resolves. This library does not offer any management plan for it. It says only that this is the picture the classical line draws, and that the picture belongs on a clinician’s desk rather than in a self-care decision. Two of the three ingredients carry their own notes. 半夏 raw is a mucosal hazard: the needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals and the lectin in the unprepared rhizome can swell the tongue and throat and threaten the airway; only the prepared form belongs in a formula, which is why this entry names it as processed. 人参 — Panax ginseng — has published case reports of interaction with warfarin and is discussed in relation to hormone-sensitive conditions. "Case reports exist" is the honest strength of that evidence, and this library does not inflate it. The third is the one that surprises people: 白蜜, honey, in a quantity the classical texts treat as substantial rather than as a sweetener. Honey is a sugar load. It is also the one known dietary source of infant botulism, which is why no honey, raw or processed, is given to infants under twelve months in every jurisdiction that has issued guidance on the matter. An ordinary food is not the same thing as an inert food — a point this library has now made with 粳米, with 羊肉 in the previous batch, and here with honey. Chinese-language clinical literature on 大半夏汤 exists, in postoperative gastric stasis and in nausea pictures among others; the studies are small and their methods limited. This library records that the literature exists. It does not record that efficacy has been established.

三味:半夏、人参、白蜜。共三味。本库不列用量,也不列制法与服法。 它对应的条文很短 ——「胃反呕吐者,大半夏汤主之」。**「胃反」不是恶心的同义词。** 古典描述里它指食物隔了很久才被吐出:朝食暮吐,暮食朝吐。**间隔本身就是题眼** —— 这里画的不是「胃被刺激到了」,而是「胃没有排空」。 这个间隔今天有名字,本库写出来,因为先遇到英文词的那位读者理应在这里找到中文的对应:**胃排空延迟**。今天它被拆成幽门梗阻、胃轻瘫、胃石、术后胃瘫、药物性排空延迟几条路。其中有一条比其余更重 —— 成人吐出数小时前吃下的东西、且伴体重下降,可能是梗阻,而**梗阻是结构性问题,不是任何汤剂能解决的**。本库对此不提供任何处置方案,只说:这就是那条古典条文画的画面,而这幅画该放在执业者的桌上,不该放进自我处置的决定里。 三味里两味各有附注。**半夏生品是黏膜风险**:生品中的草酸钙针晶与凝集素可致舌咽肿胀、威胁气道,所以入方只用炮制品 —— 本条因此写作「半夏(炮)」的意义也在这里。**人参**(Panax ginseng)与华法林的相互作用有公开病例报告,也在激素敏感状态的讨论中被提及;本库把证据强度定在「**有病例报告**」,不往上抬。 第三味最出人意料:**白蜜**。古典用量里它不是调味,而是有分量的主药之一。蜂蜜是糖负荷;它同时是**12 个月以下婴儿肉毒中毒的唯一已知膳食来源** —— 这正是所有就此发布过指引的辖区都把「一岁以下不喂蜂蜜」写进建议的原因。**寻常食物不等于惰性食物** —— 这条本库已经写过三次:粳米、上一批的羊肉,以及这里的蜂蜜。 中文文献里关于大半夏汤的临床观察是存在的(术后胃瘫、呕吐一类画面),规模小、方法学有限。本库如实记「**研究存在**」,不记「疗效已被确立」。

《金匮要略》呕吐哕下利病脉证治篇:「下利便脓血者,桃花汤主之。」本批唯一一首主治画面含出血者。 · Recorded in the 呕吐哕下利 chapter for diarrhoea with pus and blood — 下利便脓血者,桃花汤主之 — the one formula in this batch whose indication is bleeding.

Tao Hua Tang (Peach Blossom Decoction) táo huā tāng · 桃花汤

Composition 组成

  • Halloysite / red clay mineral (chi shi zhi)
  • dried ginger rhizome (gan jiang)
  • and polished non-glutinous rice (jing mi). Three ingredients. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 赤石脂、干姜、粳米。共三味。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Three ingredients: 赤石脂 (halloysite, a red clay mineral), 干姜 (dried ginger rhizome), and 粳米 (polished non-glutinous rice). Quantities, preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here. The line is blunt — 下利便脓血者,桃花汤主之 — for diarrhoea with pus and blood in the stool, this formula governs. This library’s position on blood in the stool is one sentence and it does not bend: **it offers no plan for bleeding**. Not a modified plan, not a gentle one. Blood and pus in the stool in the present day carries a differential that includes inflammatory bowel disease, infectious colitis (Shigella, Campylobacter, Clostridioides difficile among them), ischaemic colitis, and colorectal cancer — and that list is separated by examination, endoscopy and microbiology, not by pattern differentiation. A reader who arrives at this page because they have blood in their stool has arrived at a page about a text from the Han dynasty, and the most useful thing that page can do is say so and step aside. 赤石脂 is why the entry is worth writing anyway: it is one of the very few mineral drugs in this library, and two things follow from that. The first is the impurity question a plant does not carry to the same degree — heavy metals, arsenic and lead in mineral traditional medicines are documented often enough that several pharmacopoeias set limits for them. This library records that such limits exist; it does not pretend to quantify any particular sample. The second is adsorption: clay minerals bind whatever they are mixed with. An adsorbent taken by mouth will bind other medicines taken alongside it and reduce their absorption — the same reason ordinary kaolin-type products carry a separation interval in their labelling. 干姜 is dried ginger: not the fresh 生姜 of the kitchen, and not treated as interchangeable with it in classical thinking. 粳米 is rice — a real carbohydrate load, and a known dietary source of inorganic arsenic, which is why several regulators set limits specifically for rice-based foods for infants and young children. The classical texts also direct a divided use of 赤石脂 in this formula, part decocted and part taken as powder; this library notes that the direction exists and does not reproduce the preparation. Chinese-language clinical literature on 桃花汤 in chronic diarrhoea and in colitis pictures exists and is small and methodologically limited. Recorded as existing; not recorded as established.

三味:赤石脂、干姜、粳米。共三味。本库不列用量,也不列制法与服法。 条文很硬 ——「下利便脓血者,桃花汤主之」。 **本库对出血的立场只有一句,且不让半分:不提供任何方案。** 不是「温和一点的方案」,不是「仅供参考的方案」。便脓血在今天的鉴别清单里包含炎症性肠病、感染性结肠炎(志贺菌、弯曲杆菌、艰难拟梭菌等)、缺血性肠病与结直肠癌 —— 而**这张清单是靠查体、内镜与微生物学分开的,不是靠辨证**。一位因为自己便血而翻到这一页的读者,翻到的是一页关于汉代文献的文字;这页能做的最有用的事,就是说清楚这一点,然后让开。 赤石脂是这一条仍然值得写的理由:它是本库**极少数矿物药**之一,由此带出两件事。第一件是植物药不那么突出的问题 —— **杂质**:矿物类传统药中重金属、砷、铅的检出记录足够多,多国药典因此对其设限。本库记「**有此监管**」,不装作能给某个具体样品定量。第二件是**吸附**:黏土矿物会吸附与它混在一起的东西,口服吸附剂会降低同服药物的吸收 —— 这也正是普通白陶土类产品在使用说明里要求与药物错开时间的原因。 **干姜是干姜,不是厨房里的生姜**,古典不作互换。**粳米就是大米** —— 真实的碳水负荷,且是已知的无机砷膳食来源,多国因此专门对婴幼儿米制品设限。古典对赤石脂在本方中另有「一半入煎、一半为末」的分用法,本库记下「有此用法」而不复述制法。 中文文献里关于桃花汤在慢性腹泻、结肠炎一类画面的临床观察是存在的,规模小、方法学有限。**记「研究存在」,不记「疗效已被确立」。**

《金匮要略》呕吐哕下利病脉证治篇:「气利,诃梨勒散主之。」本批唯一一首单味方,也是古典释义存有分歧的一方。 · Recorded in the 呕吐哕下利 chapter for 气利 — 气利,诃梨勒散主之 — a phrase the commentaries read in more than one way, and this library does not pick a winner.

Ke Li Le San (Chebulic Myrobalan Powder) kē lí lè sǎn · 诃梨勒散

Composition 组成

  • Chebulic myrobalan fruit (ke li le
  • also written 诃子)
  • the fruit of Terminalia chebula. A single-ingredient powder. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 诃梨勒(诃子)。单味散剂。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. One ingredient: 诃梨勒 (also written 诃子), the fruit of Terminalia chebula. A single-drug powder. Quantities, preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here. The line: 气利,诃梨勒散主之 — for 气利, this powder governs. 气利 is a compressed phrase and the commentaries read it more than one way: diarrhoea with the passing of flatus, or involuntary loss of stool with little pain — the "slippery", uncontrolled end of the diarrhoea spectrum rather than the acute, cramping, feverish end. **This library does not pick a winner.** It records that the classical phrase is contested, because a page that smooths over disagreement has stopped being useful. The modern frame that the slippery end of that spectrum sits closest to is faecal incontinence, and this library names the mapping without claiming that the classical term meant it. Faecal incontinence has causes — obstetric sphincter injury, neurological disease, severe chronic diarrhoea of any cause — and it is substantially under-reported, which is the part worth carrying away: it looks rare mainly because people do not volunteer it. Then the drug, and the reason a one-ingredient formula is not a simple formula. 诃子 is very rich in hydrolysable tannins. Tannins are astringent — exactly the property the classical use is pointing at — and tannins also bind: to iron, to alkaloids, to proteins. A high-tannin substance taken by mouth will reduce the absorption of iron supplements and of other medicines taken at the same time. High-tannin herbal intake has also been reported in association with liver injury. "Reported in association" is the strength of that claim, and this library will not stretch it into "causes". The last point is about how it is taken rather than what it is. 散 is a powder that is swallowed. There is no decoction step. Whatever a boiling step would have done — extraction, dilution, some reduction of microbial load — this route does not do. This is the entry in this batch where the shortest ingredient list pairs with the longest list of caveats, and that is worth saying plainly: **the number of ingredients tells a reader nothing about risk.** Chinese-language literature on 诃子 and on 诃梨勒散 exists, largely preclinical or small clinical series. Recorded as existing; not recorded as established.

一味:诃梨勒(诃子),即使君子科植物诃子 Terminalia chebula 的成熟果实。**单味散剂**。本库不列用量,也不列制法与服法。 条文:「气利,诃梨勒散主之」。**「气利」是个压缩得很紧的词,注家读法不止一种**:一说是下利而多矢气,一说是滑脱不禁、大便自出而少痛 —— 即腹泻谱系里「滑脱不收」的那一端,而不是急、痛、发热的那一端。**本库不替古人裁决**,只记下「古典释义存有分歧」,因为把分歧抹平的页面已经不再有用。 「滑脱」这一端今天最接近的画面是**大便失禁**。本库给出这个映射,但不声称古典那个词「就是」这个意思。大便失禁有因可查 —— 产科括约肌损伤、神经系统疾病、任何原因的重度慢性腹泻;而它**严重被低估**,这一点最值得带走:它看起来少见,主要是因为没人主动说。 再说药本身,以及「一味方不等于简单方」的理由。**诃子富含可水解鞣质**。鞣质收敛 —— 这正是古典用途所指的那个性质;而鞣质同时会结合:与铁、与生物碱、与蛋白质。高鞣质物质口服会降低铁剂与同服药物的吸收。高鞣质草药摄入与**肝损伤「有报告相关」** —— 证据强度到此为止,本库不把它拉成「会导致」。 最后一点关于剂型而不是药:**散是吞服的粉末,没有煎煮环节**。煎煮这一步骤原本会带来的东西 —— 提取、稀释、一定程度降低微生物负荷 —— 这条路径都不提供。 这是本批里**最短的组成配最长的提醒**的一条,值得直说:**药味的多少,不向读者透露任何关于风险的信息。** 中文文献里关于诃子与诃梨勒散的研究是存在的,多为临床前研究或小样本观察。**记「研究存在」,不记「疗效已被确立」。**

《金匮要略》呕吐哕下利病脉证治篇:「食已即吐者,大黄甘草汤主之。」与大半夏汤「隔夜而吐」相对的一方。 · Recorded in the 呕吐哕下利 chapter for vomiting as soon as food goes down — 食已即吐者,大黄甘草汤主之 — the counterpart in this batch to the delayed vomiting of 大半夏汤.

Da Huang Gan Cao Tang (Rhubarb and Liquorice Decoction) dà huáng gān cǎo tāng · 大黄甘草汤

Composition 组成

  • Rhubarb root and rhizome (da huang) and liquorice root (gan cao). Two ingredients. Quantities
  • preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here.

组成

  • 大黄、甘草。共两味。本库不列用量
  • 也不列制法与服法。
Source 出处 · Jingui Yaolüe · Doses are not given here: they are set by a licensed practitioner for the individual.
Safety. Two ingredients: 大黄 (rhubarb root and rhizome) and 甘草 (liquorice root). Two. Quantities, preparation and method of taking are deliberately not listed here. The line: 食已即吐者,大黄甘草汤主之 — for one who vomits as soon as food has gone down, this formula governs. Set it beside 大半夏汤 in the same batch and the contrast is the clearest thing on the page. 大半夏汤 is for food that comes back hours later; this one is for food that comes back at once. One is a stomach that has not emptied. The other is a stomach that will not accept. The classical text put them in the same chapter and separated them by a single character of timing, and that separation is still the useful part. Vomiting immediately after eating has a modern differential that includes gastric outlet obstruction, achalasia and severe reflux, hyperemesis of pregnancy, and — in infants — hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, whose hallmark is projectile vomiting in a hungry infant in the first weeks of life. This library does not sort that list and does not tell anyone which one they have. It says that a symptom carrying a named differential belongs to a clinician, and it says so in the same breath as the classical record. Now the two ingredients, and this is the reason the entry exists. Both of them lead to the same place. 大黄 is an anthraquinone stimulant laxative: it acts by irritating the bowel, and chronic use is associated with dependence, with melanosis coli, and with potassium loss. 甘草 contains glycyrrhizin, which produces a pseudo-aldosterone state — sodium retention, potassium loss, rising blood pressure — and the potassium loss is the mechanism that turns dangerous when liquorice is combined with digoxin or with a diuretic. Put the two in the same pot and there are two independent routes to hypokalaemia arriving together. Low potassium is not a laboratory curiosity: the fatal mechanism is ventricular arrhythmia. A stimulant laxative is also the wrong direction in obstruction — a point this library made in the previous batch and repeats here because it repeats in life. Rhubarb leaf, incidentally, carries oxalate; this formula uses the root. There is Chinese-language clinical literature on 大黄甘草汤, in postoperative nausea and in reflux-like pictures; small, limited methods. Recorded as existing; not recorded as established. Two ingredients — and the shortest safety paragraph on the page is the one about the heart.

两味:大黄、甘草。共两味。本库不列用量,也不列制法与服法。 条文:「食已即吐者,大黄甘草汤主之」。 把它和本批的大半夏汤并排看,整页最清楚的东西就出来了:**大半夏汤是隔了几个钟头才吐出来的,这一首是咽下去就吐出来**。一个是胃没有排空,一个是胃不接受。古典把它们放在同一篇里,用一个字的时差分开 —— **而今天仍然有用的,恰恰是这个时差**。 进食后即吐在今天的鉴别清单里包含胃出口梗阻、贲门失弛缓与重度反流、妊娠剧吐,以及婴儿的**幽门肥厚性狭窄**(其特征是出生数周内、饥饿婴儿的喷射性呕吐)。本库不替这份清单排序,也不告诉任何人自己属于哪一条。只说:**带命名鉴别的症状属于执业者** —— 这句话与古典记载放在同一口气里说。 然后是两味药,也是这一条存在的理由。**这两味通向同一个地方**:**大黄**是蒽醌类刺激性泻药,靠刺激肠道起效,长期使用与依赖、结肠黑变病、**失钾**相关;**甘草**含甘草酸,造成假性醛固酮增多状态 —— 钠潴留、**失钾**、血压上升 —— 而失钾正是甘草与地高辛或利尿剂合用时变危险的那个机制。**两味放在同一个锅里,就是两条各自通向低钾的路同时到达。低钾不是化验单上的小事:它的致命机制是室性心律失常。** 另外,刺激性泻药在**肠梗阻**方向上是错的 —— 这条上一批已记,本批因同篇再次出现而再记一次。顺带一句:大黄叶含草酸,本方用的是根。 中文文献里关于大黄甘草汤在术后恶心、反流一类画面的临床观察是存在的,规模小、方法学有限。**记「研究存在」,不记「疗效已被确立」。两味药,而全页最短的那段安全提醒,是关于心脏的那段。**