The terms that make TCM writing hard to read, with pinyin and the Chinese.
同一个概念在各语言里怎么叫。中医术语的惯用译法差异很大（比如"痰"在法语文献里是 glaires，不是机器直译），所以这张表只覆盖核心概念词，且不做机器翻译。尚未收录的语言如实列出，不冒充已覆盖。
| English | 中文 | Español | Français | Deutsch | Português | 日本語 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qi | 气 | qi (energía vital) | qi (énergie vitale) | Qi (Lebensenergie) | qi (energia vital) | 気（き） |
| Yin | 阴 | yin | yin | Yin | yin | 陰（いん） |
| Yang | 阳 | yang | yang | Yang | yang | 陽（よう） |
| Five Phases | 五行 | cinco fases (cinco elementos) | cinq phases | fünf Wandlungsphasen | cinco fases | 五行（ごぎょう） |
| Blood | — | sangre | sang | Blut | sangue | 血（けつ） |
| Essence | — | esencia | essence | Essenz | essência | 精（せい） |
| Spirit | — | espíritu | esprit | Geist | espírito | 神（しん） |
| Meridian | — | meridiano | méridien | Meridian | meridiano | 経絡（けいらく） |
| Acupoint | — | punto de acupuntura | point d'acupuncture | Akupunkturpunkt | ponto de acupuntura | 経穴（けいけつ）・ツボ |
| Collateral | — | colateral | collatéral | Leitbahn (Luo) | colateral | 絡脈（らくみゃく） |
| Deficiency | 虚 | deficiencia (vacío) | vide (insuffisance) | Leere (Mangel) | deficiência (vazio) | 虚（きょ） |
| Excess | 实 | exceso (plenitud) | plénitude (excès) | Fülle | excesso (plenitude) | 実（じつ） |
| Exterior | 表 | exterior | extérieur | Äußeres | exterior | 表（ひょう） |
| Interior | 里 | interior | intérieur | Inneres | interior | 裏（り） |
| Cold | 寒 | frío | froid | Kälte | frio | 寒（かん） |
| Heat | — | calor | chaleur | Hitze | calor | 熱（ねつ） |
| Dampness | — | humedad | humidité | Feuchtigkeit | umidade | 湿（しつ） |
| Dryness | 燥 | sequedad | sécheresse | Trockenheit | secura | 燥（そう） |
| Wind | 风 | viento | vent | Wind | vento | 風（ふう） |
| Phlegm | — | flema | glaires | Schleim | flema | 痰（たん） |
| Blood stasis | 瘀血 | estasis de sangre | stase de sang | Blutstagnation | estase sanguínea | 瘀血（おけつ） |
| Pulse | 脉 | pulso | pouls | Puls | pulso | 脈（みゃく） |
| Tongue | — | lengua | langue | Zunge | língua | 舌（ぜつ） |
| Diagnosis | — | diagnóstico | diagnostic | Diagnose | diagnóstico | 診断（しんだん） |
| Tonify | — | tonificar | tonifier | tonisieren (stärken) | tonificar | 補（ほ） |
| Harmonise | — | armonizar | harmoniser | harmonisieren | harmonizar | 和解（わかい） |
| Clear heat | — | despejar el calor | éliminer la chaleur | Hitze klären | limpar o calor | 清熱（せいねつ） |
| Acupuncture | 针刺 | acupuntura | acuponcture | Akupunktur | acupuntura | 鍼（はり） |
| Moxibustion | 艾灸 | moxibustión | moxibustion | Moxibustion | moxabustão | 灸（きゅう） |
| Cupping | 拔罐 | ventosas | ventouses | Schröpfen | ventosaterapia | 吸い玉（すいだま） |
| Tuina | 推拿 | tuina (masaje chino) | tuina (massage chinois) | Tuina | tuiná | 推拿（すいな） |
| Pattern | — | patrón | tableau (syndrome) | Muster | padrão | 証（しょう） |
| Formula | — | fórmula | formule (préparation) | Rezeptur | fórmula | 方剤（ほうざい） |
| Herb | — | planta medicinal | plante médicinale | Heilpflanze | erva medicinal | 生薬（しょうやく） |
| Needling sensation | — | sensación de puntura (deqi) | sensation de piqûre (deqi) | Nadelgefühl (Deqi) | sensação de agulhamento (deqi) | 得気（とっき） |
已收录：Español · Français · Deutsch · Português · 日本語 计划中：한국어 · Русский · العربية
The medical tradition of China, with about two millennia of written record.
中国的医学传统，有约两千年的文献记载。
The cooler, quieter, interior, resting, material aspect of a phenomenon.
事物中偏于寒凉、安静、内在、收藏、物质的一面。
The warmer, more active, exterior, moving, functional aspect.
事物中偏于温热、活动、外在、升发、功能的一面。
Functional activity — the capacity to transform, move, warm, hold and protect. Not a measurable substance.
功能活动——转化、推动、温煦、固摄、防御的能力。不是可测量的物质。
The nourishing material aspect, paired with Qi as the moving aspect.
滋养的物质一面，与"气"的推动一面相对。
Thin fluids that moisten, and thicker fluids that nourish joints and marrow.
清稀者润养肌肤，稠厚者滋养关节与骨髓。
The constitutional, slow-changing aspect; what you were born with plus what you drew from food and rest.
本质、变化缓慢的一面：先天所禀，加后天饮食休息所得。
Consciousness, awareness and emotional presence; read in the eyes as the key prognostic sign.
神志、意识与精神状态；望神主要看目光，被视为最重要的预后征象。
Six functional systems (Heart, Liver, Spleen, Lung, Kidney, Pericardium) — not anatomical organs.
六套功能系统（心、肝、脾、肺、肾、心包）——不是解剖器官。
Six "hollow" systems associated with receiving, transforming and transmitting.
六套"中空"系统，与受纳、传化、排泄相关。
The collective term for the TCM organ systems and their relationships.
中医脏腑系统及其相互关系的统称。
Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal and Water as five patterns of change, with generating and controlling relations.
木火土金水五种变化方式，含相生与相克关系。
Qi described as circulating at the surface and resisting external influences.
分布于体表、被认为能抗御外邪的那部分气。
Qi described as moving with the Blood and nourishing internally.
与血同行、偏于内养的那部分气。
The root Qi associated with the Kidney system and with constitutional vitality.
与肾系及先天元气相关的那部分气。
Qi associated with breath, the chest and the heart.
与呼吸、胸中及心相关的那部分气。
A concept and a point in the lower back, associated with the root of Yang.
腰部的概念与腧穴，与传统"阳气之根"相关。
The region below the navel used as a focus of attention in practice. Not an organ or a standard point.
小腹一带，练功时注意力所放之处。不是器官，也不在标准经穴名单中。
The relational map of channels used to organise reasoning about the body.
用来组织身体推理的通道关系图。
The branching, finer level of the channel system.
经络系统中分支、更细的一层。
Six Yang and six Yin channels, each linked to a Zang or Fu system.
六阳经与六阴经，各与一脏或一腑相连。
Eight vessels outside the primary twelve, including the Governing and Conception Vessels.
十二正经之外的五条以上特殊通道，含督脉与任脉。
Wind, Cold, Summer-heat, Damp, Dryness and Fire — descriptions of external influences.
风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火——对"外界影响"的描述语言。
The most abstract of the six: signs that move around or come on suddenly.
六淫中最抽象者：游走不定或突然出现的征象。
Describes contraction, slowing and a preference for warmth.
描述收缩、迟缓与喜温的倾向。
The influence associated with hot weather and heavy fluid loss.
与暑热天气及津液耗损相关的描述。
Describes heaviness, sluggishness and turbidity — a common pattern category.
描述沉重、黏滞、浑浊——常见的证候范畴。
Describes drying of skin, throat, stool and fluids.
描述皮肤、咽喉、大便与津液的干燥倾向。
The most active and "hot" of the six; also used for internal heat patterns.
六淫中最活跃、最"热"者；也用于内部热类证候。
Joy, anger, worry, pensiveness, grief, fear and fright — described as affecting the organ systems.
喜、怒、忧、思、悲、恐、惊——传统认为会影响脏腑系统。
A pattern category describing turbidity, heaviness or mental clouding — not only literal mucus.
描述浑浊、沉重或神志不清的证候范畴，不专指可见的痰液。
A pattern describing fixed, stabbing pain, dark complexion or masses.
描述固定刺痛、面色晦暗或有形积块的证候。
A pattern describing distension, moving discomfort and emotionally-driven symptoms.
描述胀、走窜不适及与情绪相关的证候。
One of the eight principles: insufficient reserve, describing weakness and depletion.
八纲之一：正气不足，表现为虚弱与耗损。
One of the eight principles: an overly strong presence of something, describing fullness.
八纲之一：某一方面过盛，表现为实满。
One of the eight principles: the locus is at the surface.
八纲之一：病位偏于体表。
One of the eight principles: the locus is deeper inside.
八纲之一：病位偏于内里。
A pattern category describing cold signs and a preference for warmth.
描述寒象与喜温表现的证候范畴。
A pattern category describing heat signs such as thirst, redness and restlessness.
描述口渴、红赤、烦躁等热象的证候范畴。
Looking, listening/smelling, asking and palpating — combined into one pattern.
望、闻、问、切——四者合为"一证"。
Reading complexion, bearing and above all the tongue.
观察神色形态，尤重舌象。
Reading voice, breathing, cough and odour.
听语声、呼吸、咳嗽，辨气味。
A long structured history: sleep, appetite, digestion, temperature, pain, emotions.
结构化长问诊：睡眠、饮食、消化、寒热、疼痛、情志等。
Feeling the pulse at three positions on each wrist, plus the abdomen and channels.
按寸口三部脉，兼及腹诊与经络触诊。
Twenty-eight classical qualities read at three depths and three positions.
在浮中沉三候、寸关尺三部分辨的二十八种脉象。
The radial pulse position, read in three sections: cun, guan and chi.
桡动脉处诊脉部位，分寸、关、尺三部。
Reading the tongue body and coating. Affected by light, medicine, coffee and smoking.
观察舌质与舌苔。受光线、用药、咖啡与吸烟影响。
Colour, shape, moisture and movement — read as indicating deeper states.
颜色、形态、润燥与动态——被认为反映较深层的状况。
Colour, thickness and distribution — read as reflecting recent digestive and fluid states.
颜色、厚薄与分布——被认为反映较近的消化与津液状况。
Exterior/Interior, Cold/Heat, Deficiency/Excess, Yin/Yang — a sorting framework, not a diagnosis.
表里、寒热、虚实、阴阳——分类框架，不是诊断结论。
The TCM unit of conclusion, derived from all four examinations together.
中医的结论单位，由四诊合参得出。
The core reasoning step of TCM: turning findings into a pattern, then choosing a strategy.
中医核心推理步骤：把四诊所得归纳为证，再确定治法。
Distinguishing the underlying condition from its manifest expression, and the order of addressing them.
区分根本与表现，以及处理的先后次序。
A defined location on the body; 361 are standardised by the WHO in the Western Pacific standard.
身体上的确定位置；WHO 西太平洋标准共标准化 361 穴。
A proportional unit for locating points, defined relative to the individual body.
定位腧穴所用的比例单位，以个人形体为基准。
The most distal of the five transport points, at the tips of the fingers or toes.
五输穴中最末端者，位于指（趾）端。
The second of the five transport points, just beyond the joint.
五输穴之二，位于掌指（跖趾）关节之前。
The third of the five transport points, often also the source point.
五输穴之三，常与原穴重合。
The fourth of the five transport points, above the wrist or ankle.
五输穴之四，位于腕踝之上。
The fifth of the five transport points, near the elbow or knee.
五输穴之五，位于肘膝附近。
A cleft point, classically associated with acute presentations.
郄穴，经典中多与急性表现相关。
Eight points described as the meeting places of Qi, Blood, vessels, sinews, bone, marrow, Zang and Fu.
八处腧穴，分别称为气、血、脉、筋、骨、髓、脏、腑之会。
Eight points paired with the extraordinary vessels, used in four classical combinations.
与奇经八脉相通的八处腧穴，经典中配成四组使用。
A tender spot used as a point without a fixed location or name.
无固定位置与名称、以压痛点取用的腧穴。
The dull ache, heaviness or spreading warmth reported when a needle reaches the intended point.
针刺到位时出现的酸、麻、胀、重或传导感。
The Chinese pharmacopoeia tradition and the books that record it.
中国的药物学传统及记载它的典籍。
Cold, cool, warm and hot — the thermal character assigned to a herb.
寒、凉、温、热——药物的寒热属性。
Pungent, sweet, sour, bitter and salty — matched to the five phases.
辛、甘、酸、苦、咸——与五行相对应。
The meridian system a herb is said to act upon.
药力所归、所作用的经络系统。
Whether a herb action is described as rising, descending, floating outward or sinking inward.
药物作用趋向于升、降、浮、沉中的哪一种。
A designed combination of herbs, not a single plant — the basic unit of prescribing.
经过配伍的组方，而不是单味药——处方的单位。
The ingredient that addresses the principal aspect of the pattern.
针对证候主要方面的药物。
The ingredient that supports the chief or addresses a secondary aspect.
辅助君药或针对次要方面的药物。
The ingredient that moderates side effects or adds a needed direction.
制约偏性或补充所需方向的药物。
The ingredient that harmonises the formula or directs it to a region.
调和诸药或引经报使的药物。
Preparing a herb by heating, soaking, steaming or honey-frying to reduce toxicity or alter action.
以炒、炙、蒸、煮等方法处理药材，以减毒或改变药性。
Several herbs boiled together and the liquid drunk.
数味药同煎，服用煎液。
A formula recorded in the Han-dynasty classical texts, used as a standard.
出自汉代经典文献、被后世奉为准绳的方剂。
A manufactured, standardised Chinese herbal product — pills, granules or capsules.
工业化、标准化的中药制品——丸、颗粒或胶囊。
Inserting fine sterile needles at selected points, usually retained 15-30 minutes.
以一次性无菌毫针刺入选定腧穴，通常留针 15–30 分钟。
Burning dried mugwort near or on a point to deliver gentle heat.
点燃艾绒，靠近或置于穴位施以温热。
Cups held to the skin by suction, leaving marks that fade in days.
以负压吸附于皮肤，留下数日消退的罐印。
Stroking the skin with a smooth tool to produce petechiae.
以光滑器具在皮肤上刮拭，出现瘀点。
A structured bodywork tradition using pressing, rolling and joint mobilisation.
结构化手法体系，含按、滚、揉与关节活动。
Movement, breath and attention practised together.
动作、呼吸与意念合练。
A moving practice and martial art, studied in English research mostly as gentle physical activity.
一种动态练法与武术，英语研究中多作为缓和身体活动研究。
The ancient forerunner of qigong — guiding and stretching the body and breath.
气功的前身——导气令和、引体令柔。
Using the thermal and flavour properties of ordinary foods in the same framework as herbs.
按与中药相同的性味框架使用日常食物。
The tradition of daily practices for maintaining health rather than treating illness.
以日常起居、饮食、运动维持健康的传统，偏于"未病先养"。
The twenty-four divisions of the agricultural year, used to time seasonal health advice.
一年二十四段的时间划分，用于安排顺时养生。
The Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor — the foundational text, compiled around the Han dynasty.
《黄帝内经》——中医奠基之作，约成书于汉代。
The first of the two parts of the Inner Canon, covering theory and its principles.
《内经》两部分之一，偏于理论原则。
The second part of the Inner Canon, with much of the material on needling.
《内经》另一部分，含大量针刺相关内容。
The Classic of Difficult Issues, which formalised the pulse and the five transport points.
《难经》——系统化论述脉学与五输穴。
The earliest Chinese materia medica, listing 365 substances in three grades.
最早的药物学专著，载药 365 种，分上中下三品。
Treatise on Cold Damage — the source of the classical formula tradition.
《伤寒论》——经方传统的源头。
Essentials of the Golden Cabinet, by the same author, covering internal and miscellaneous diseases.
《金匮要略》——同一作者所著，论内伤杂病。
The Great Compendium of Materia Medica, compiled in the sixteenth century with 1,892 substances.
《本草纲目》——明代编成，载药 1,892 种。
The Classic of the Pulse, which standardised twenty-four pulse qualities.
《脉经》——系统化了二十四脉。
A Han-dynasty physician remembered for surgery and for the "five animal frolics" exercise set.
汉代医家，以外科与"五禽戏"著称。
The Han-dynasty physician credited with the classical formula tradition.
汉代医家，被奉为经方传统的奠基人。
The Ming-dynasty author of the Great Compendium of Materia Medica.
明代药物学家，《本草纲目》作者。
The Tang-dynasty physician whose writings on medical ethics are still quoted.
唐代医家，其医德论述至今被引用。
How the roles inside a formula are described: one herb leads, others support it, moderate it, or guide it to where it is needed.
方剂内各味药角色的传统说法：君药主病，臣药相助，佐药制约调和，使药引经报使。
A pair describing how deep a pattern sits - at the surface of the body, or deeper inside. It is also used for the paired relationship between certain organs and meridians.
描述病位深浅的一对概念：病在体表为表，病在脏腑为里。也用来表示某些脏腑与经络之间的配对关系。
A pair describing the thermal tendency of a pattern, judged mainly from symptoms such as aversion to cold, thirst, colour and pulse, rather than by temperature alone.
描述证候寒热倾向的一对概念，主要从恶寒、口渴、面色、脉象等症状判断，而不只是看体温。
Whether the body's own resources are short (deficiency) or something is in excess (excess). This pair decides the direction of treatment.
正气不足为虚，邪气有余为实。这一对概念决定治疗的方向。
Upright qi is the body's own capacity to resist and recover. Pathogenic qi is whatever challenges it. Illness is described as the contest between the two.
正指人体自身的抗病与恢复能力，邪指致病因素。疾病被描述为二者之间的消长。
The direction and rhythm in which qi is described as moving - rising, descending, leaving and entering. Much of treatment aims at restoring this movement.
气在体内升降出入的方向与节律。治疗在很大程度上是恢复这种运动。
A later framework for acute febrile illness, developed mainly by Qing-era physicians as a complement to the cold-damage tradition.
主要形成于清代、用于急性热病的辨证框架，是对伤寒传统的补充。
One of the six fu. It is described as a functional division of the torso into upper, middle and lower regions rather than as an organ with a clear anatomical counterpart.
六腑之一。传统上按上、中、下把躯干分为三个功能区，并没有明确对应的解剖器官。
Felt with light pressure and weaker when pressed harder. Classically associated with the exterior.
轻按即得、重按反弱的脉象。传统上与表证相关。
Felt only with heavier pressure. Classically associated with the interior.
需重按才明显的脉象。传统上与里证相关。
Faster than the normal rate - classically more than five beats per breath. Associated with heat.
比正常快的脉象，传统以一次呼吸超过五至为度。与热相关。
Slower than the normal rate - classically fewer than four beats per breath. Associated with cold.
比正常慢的脉象，传统以一次呼吸不足四至为度。与寒相关。
Smooth and rounded, described in the classics as beads running over a plate. Traditionally seen with phlegm, food stagnation, and in pregnancy.
圆滑流利，古人形容如盘走珠。传统上见于痰浊、食积，也见于妊娠。
Taut, straight and springy, described as a plucked string. Traditionally linked to the Liver system and to pain.
端直而长、如按琴弦。传统上与肝系及疼痛相关。
Points on each limb meridian below the elbow or knee, classified as Well, Spring, Stream, River and Sea. Each has a different classical emphasis.
四肢肘膝以下每条经上的五个特定穴，分为井、荥、输、经、合。传统上各有所主。
A point on each meridian where the source qi is said to pass and stay. Commonly used in classical practice.
每条经上传统认为原气经过与留止的腧穴，古典临床常用。
A point from which a connecting vessel is said to branch off, linking a paired interior-exterior meridians.
络脉由此分出的腧穴，传统认为能沟通相表里的两条经脉。
A point on the chest or abdomen where the qi of a given organ is said to gather. Used mainly for that organ's disorders.
位于胸腹部，传统认为是脏腑之气汇聚之处，主要用于该脏腑的相关证候。
Points along the upper back, one for each major organ, described as that organ's access on the body surface.
分布在背部，每一脏腑各有一个，传统认为是脏腑之气在体表的通路。
The paired methods of needling and burning moxa at points. The classics usually discuss them together rather than as separate subjects.
针刺与艾灸两种方法的合称。经典中通常合并讨论，而不是分作两门。
A pulse described as floating, thin and soft, likened to floating cotton; classical sources associate it with dampness or with deficiency.
浮而细软，如帛在水中，古籍多与湿或虚相联系。
Deep, thin and soft; classical sources associate it with deficiency of qi and Blood.
沉而细软，古籍多与气血不足相联系。
Slow, with irregular missed beats at intervals; classical sources associate it with cold or with stagnation of qi and Blood.
缓而时有一止，止无定数；古籍多与寒或气血瘀滞相联系。
Beats that pause at regular intervals; classical sources treat it as a sign of serious depletion, and modern practice would assess it as a possible arrhythmia.
脉来一止，止有定数；古籍视为虚损较重之象，现代应作为心律不齐加以评估。
Rapid, with irregular pauses; classical sources associate it with heat or with stagnation.
数而时有一止，止无定数；古籍多与热或瘀滞相联系。
Floating and large but empty in the middle, likened to pressing a spring onion stalk; classical sources associate it with sudden loss of Blood or fluids.
浮大中空，如按葱管；古籍多与突然失血或津液耗损相联系。
Adding or removing herbs from a classical formula so that it fits the individual presentation; the routine way a formula is adjusted in practice.
在经典方的基础上增删药味，使其贴合个体情况；是实际运用中调整方剂的常规做法。
The classical instructions for preparing and taking a decoction, covering soaking, timing, number of boils and whether it is taken warm. Amounts are not given on this site.
关于煎煮与服用汤剂的传统说明，包括浸泡、火候、煎次与温服等。本站不提供用量。
The idea that certain herbs direct the action of a formula toward a particular meridian or region of the body.
认为某些药物能引导方剂作用于特定经络或部位的看法。
Twelve deeper branches of the main meridians said to run more internally; a classical scheme of description rather than a demonstrated anatomical structure.
十二正经别行的分支，被认为走行较深；属传统描述体系，而非已证实的解剖结构。
Descriptions of muscular and tendinous pathways, used in classical texts for musculoskeletal reasoning and today in tuina teaching.
对肌肉与肌腱走行的描述，古籍用于筋骨类推理，今多用于推拿教学。
The division of the body surface into twelve regions corresponding to the meridians, used in classical writing to describe how exterior influences are said to enter.
把体表按经络划分为十二个区域，古籍用以说明外邪被认为如何侵入。
A pattern description in which signs of excess appear in the upper body while deficiency signs appear below.
一种证候描述：上部表现为实象，下部表现为虚象。
A classical way of describing Liver fire affecting the Lung, giving a dry cough alongside irritability-type signs.
描述肝火影响肺的一种传统说法，表现为干咳并伴烦躁类征象。
A pattern of Liver yang rising, described with headache, dizziness, tinnitus and irritability.
肝阳上扰的一类证候，常描述为头痛、眩晕、耳鸣与烦躁。
Reading a person's overall vitality and presence, especially the eyes, as part of the first examination.
通过整体神态与目光判断人的状态，属四诊之首望诊的内容。
A presentation in which the person looks alert with clear eyes, taken in classical practice as a favourable sign.
精神清醒、目光有神的表现，传统视为预后较好的征象。
A dull, withdrawn presentation with clouded eyes, taken in classical practice as an unfavourable sign.
精神萎靡、目光晦暗的表现，传统视为预后不良的征象。
A brief improvement in a severely ill person that classical texts describe as misleading; in modern terms it resembles what is sometimes called terminal lucidity.
重病之人突然短暂好转的表现，古籍认为具有误导性；现代观察中类似所谓回光返照。
A classical list of eighteen herb pairs said to be mutually incompatible, so that they are not put together in one formula. The list comes from later materia medica tradition rather than from the earliest texts.
传统列举的十八组相互「相反」的药对，认为不宜同方配伍使用。此说出自后世本草传统，并非最早医籍原有。
A parallel classical list of nineteen herb pairs whose combination is traditionally avoided. It is a heritage rule of practice, and the modern evidence behind each pair varies widely.
另一份传统列举的十九组配伍相畏的药对。属传统实践规则，各组在现代证据上的强弱差别很大。
Four classical regions where the qi of the channels is described as running in larger thoroughfares - the head, the chest, the abdomen and the lower leg. Used to explain why a local point and a distant point may be combined.
传统描述经气通行较盛的四个部位——头、胸、腹、胫。用于说明局部取穴与远端取穴可以配合的道理。
The colour of the film on the tongue surface, classically described as white, yellow, grey or black. It is judged together with thickness and moisture, never from the colour alone.
舌面舌苔的颜色，传统描述分白、黄、灰、黑四类。须与厚薄、润燥合看，不可单凭颜色一项。
A classical composition technique in which a small quantity of a herb of the opposite nature is added to a formula, so that a strong action becomes more tolerable.
传统组方技巧：在一首方中加入少量药性相反的药物，使原方的峻烈之性较易耐受。
A classical distinction between meeting a pattern directly with what opposes it, and treating it paradoxically by appearing to follow it. It is a reasoning principle, not something to attempt personally.
传统提出的治则区分：以与病性相逆的方法直接治疗，或以表面顺应病象的方法反向治疗。属思辨原则，不是可以个人尝试的操作。
The classical principle that approach should be adapted to the season, the locality and the individual. It is part of why two people with a similar presentation may be handled differently.
传统原则：因时、因地、因人而调整方法。这也是为什么表现相近的两个人，处理方式可能不同。
A Qing-dynasty text on warm diseases (acute febrile illness) by Wu Tang, who wrote under the name Wu Jutang, completed in 1798. It is the book most often named for the three-jiao framework, which sorts the course of a febrile illness into upper, middle and lower stages. Because it is set out as numbered items of analysis rather than as a continuous treatise, it reads more like a working manual, and several of its formula names are still in circulation. Cited here as a classical source: it tells you what the tradition recorded, not what has been shown.
清代温病（急性发热性疾病）著作，吴瑭（字鞠通）撰，成书于 1798 年。以三焦为纲，将温病过程分作上、中、下三焦，是后世言三焦辨证者最常称引之书。全书以逐条辨析的体例写成，而非连续通论，故读来近于临证手册；书中若干方名至今沿用。本库中作为古典出处引用：它说明传统文献如何记载，不代表已被现代研究证实。
Compiled by Huangfu Mi in the Western Jin and conventionally dated to around 259 CE, it is generally described as the earliest extant Chinese book devoted to acupuncture and moxibustion. It gathers and reorganises earlier material — above all from the Huangdi Neijing — on channels, points, needling method and contraindications, and it is one of the reasons point names and locations survive in a form that can be compared across periods. Its own arrangement is not the same as modern point numbering, so its counts should not be expected to match a modern chart.
西晋皇甫谧编集，一般定于公元 259 年前后，通常被认为是现存最早的针灸专著。它汇辑并重新编排《黄帝内经》等早期文献关于经脉、腧穴、刺法与刺禁的记述；腧穴名称与定位之所以能在不同时代之间对勘，本书是重要原因之一。本书的编排与现代腧穴编号不同，读者不应指望其穴数与今之穴位图相合。
A Ming-dynasty compendium by Zhang Jiebin, better known by his courtesy name Zhang Jingyue, usually dated to 1624 and set out in sixty-four juan. It covers theory, examination, patterns and formulas, and it is the work most often quoted for his new formulas and for his emphasis on the kidney and on what he called genuine yin and genuine yang. It is one physician's systematised life practice rather than an official school text. A citation here records what the book says, not what has been demonstrated.
明代张介宾（以字景岳行世）所撰综合性医书，一般定于 1624 年，六十四卷。内容涵盖理论、诊法、证候与方剂；后世称引本书，多为其「新方」，以及他对肾与所谓真阴真阳的强调。此书是一位医家一生实践的体系化总集，而非官定教本。本库引用只记其所言，不代表已被证明。
An official Qing-dynasty compilation, completed in 1742 by Wu Qian and others at the Imperial Academy of Medicine, in ninety juan. It was written to serve as a standard teaching text, and that is the best way to read it: not as a place where new doctrine was proposed, but as the version of the tradition a physician was expected to know in the eighteenth century. Its sections on bone-setting, on smallpox and on the pulse are often cited on their own.
清代官修医书，1742 年由吴谦等奉敕在太医院主持编成，九十卷。其编纂目的在于作为标准教本，故宜作教科书读——此书并非提出新说之处，而是十八世纪医者所应掌握的那套通行知识。其正骨、痘疹、脉学等部分常被单独称引。
A Song-dynasty official formulary, named for the government dispensary that issued it. The text grew over time: it began as a formulary of the Imperial Medical Office in the late eleventh century and reached its best-known form in the twelfth, so no single date of composition can honestly be given. Its importance lies in being an early example of standardised ready-made formulas rather than formulas written for one patient at one time; several of its formula names remain familiar.
宋代官修方书，以颁行它的官办药局（太平惠民和剂局）为名。其文本累增而成：初编于十一世纪后期太医局，通行本形成于十二世纪，故不宜给出唯一的成书年份。其意义在于，这是标准化成药（而非为一人一时所拟之方）的早期范例；书中若干方名至今仍为常人所知。
A text on children's illness usually dated to 1119, drawn from the practice of the Song physician Qian Yi and arranged by his followers after his death. It is regularly described as one of the earliest Chinese books devoted to paediatrics, and it is among the places where the view is set out that a child's condition is harder to read than an adult's and can change quickly. Several of its formula names remain in use. As with every classical source in this library, it records what was written, not what has been established.
论小儿疾病的著作，一般定于 1119 年，本于宋代医家钱乙的临证经验，由其门人于其身后整理编次。历来被视为中医最早的儿科专书之一；「小儿病较成人难辨、变化又速」一类看法，即在此一系统的著作中提出。书中若干方名至今沿用。与本库所有古典出处一样，本条只记文献所载，不代表已被现代研究证实。
A collection of the teachings of the Yuan physician Zhu Zhenheng, who practised under the name Danxi, gathered by his students and edited later; the best-known edition is usually dated to 1481. It is the text most often quoted for his view that the body's yin is readily depleted and should be conserved. Because it was assembled by several hands over a long period, not every section can be attributed to Zhu himself, and a reader should not treat the whole book as his own writing.
元代医家朱震亨（号丹溪）学术论述的汇编，由其门人辑录、后人校订，通行本一般定于 1481 年。后世称引本书，多为其阴精易于亏耗、宜加护惜之论。由于成书经多人之手、历时较久，书中并非每一节都可径归于朱氏本人，读者不宜将全书视作其一手所写。
A Ming-dynasty rearrangement of the Huangdi Neijing by Zhang Jiebin (Zhang Jingyue), usually dated to 1624 and set out in thirty-two juan. It adds no new doctrine: it takes the existing text apart and regroups it by subject — channels, points, patterns, needling — so that material scattered through different chapters can be read together. It is a study tool, and that is its use here: it lets you see where a statement sits in the tradition without having to accept the compiler's framing as authority.
明代张介宾（张景岳）对《黄帝内经》的重编，一般定于 1624 年，三十二卷。本书不另立新说，而是将《内经》拆散后按门类重排——经脉、腧穴、病证、刺法等——使散在各篇的材料可以合观。它是一部研读工具；本库取它，也是同一理由：便于看清某一说法在传统中的位置，而不必以编者的框架为权威。
A short and unusual Qing book by Wang Qingren, published in 1830. The author states that he inspected the organs of the dead — including bodies at execution grounds and unclaimed bodies in burial grounds — and of animals, and that on that basis he found the received descriptions wrong; he reassigned the names of several organs and proposed formulas from his reading of blood stasis. It is worth knowing for two reasons: it is a rare case of a Chinese physician of the period arguing from what he had seen dissected, and readers since have disagreed sharply about how far his corrections actually hold.
清代王清任所撰的一部篇幅不大而颇为特殊的书，刊于 1830 年。作者自称验视死者脏腑（包括刑场尸体与义冢无主尸骸）及动物脏腑，据此认为旧说有误，遂改订若干脏腑之名，并据其对瘀血的理解拟出方剂。本书值得知道的原因有二：一是当时罕有中国医家以亲见解剖之物立论，此为其一；二是后世读者对其「改正」究竟成立多少，争议很大。
A Qing-dynasty book on women's disorders attributed to Fu Shan, a figure far better remembered as a calligrapher and as a loyalist of the fallen Ming than as a physician. It first appeared in print in 1827, more than a century after his death, and the attribution to him has been questioned. Whatever its origin, it became one of the most widely read gynaecology texts in the tradition and its formulas are still taught. Both the authorship and any reported effect should be read here as matters of record, not of proof.
清代妇科著作，题署傅山（傅青主）—— 他在后世的名声主要来自书法与遗民身份，而非医名。本书初刊于 1827 年，晚于其卒年百有余年，作者归属素来有争议。无论出于谁手，它都是传统中流传最广的妇科书之一，其方至今仍被讲授。作者归属与任何所述作用，在本库中都应作为记载之事读，而非已证之事。
A modern technique in which pairs of inserted needles are connected to a device that passes a small continuous electric current between them, replacing or supplementing hand manipulation. The intensity is kept within the range the person finds comfortable. Because it is easier to standardise than manual needling, it is the form most often used in research as well as in clinics. Published trials cover post-operative nausea and vomiting, several pain conditions and other outcomes; the overall picture is that findings are inconsistent and that many studies are small or at high risk of bias, so for most indications it has not been established. Cautions listed in standard acupuncture texts: not applied across the chest or along the spine in people with a cardiac pacemaker or other implanted electronic device, avoided in people with a seizure disorder, and avoided over the trunk during pregnancy.
针刺后在成对针柄接通微量脉冲电流，以电流替代或加强手法刺激的现代针法，强度以受术者耐受为度。因较手法更易标准化，除临床常见外也是针灸研究中最常用的形式。已发表试验涉及术后恶心呕吐、多种疼痛等方向；总体结果并不一致，且不少研究样本小或偏倚风险高，除少数方向外大多未被证实。针灸文献常规列为禁忌：心脏起搏器或其他植入式电子装置者不在胸背横向通电，癫痫者不用，孕期不用于腰腹。
A herbal paste, a powder mixed with a liquid, or a ready-made patch applied to an acupuncture point and left in place for hours, sometimes covered. It is used as an alternative to needling, especially for children and people who dislike needles, and it is the form used in the seasonal 'summer plaster' (三伏贴) campaigns run by hospitals in China. Because the preparation stays against the skin for hours, the problems reported are mostly local: redness, itching, contact dermatitis, and — with the irritant formulas that are meant to blister — burns, blisters and marks that last. Whether choosing a named point makes any difference to the outcome, compared with applying the same preparation elsewhere, has not been established.
将药膏、药粉调敷或成品贴片敷于穴位并留置数小时，常另加覆盖。因免去针刺，常用于儿童与畏针者，也是国内医院「三伏贴」采用的剂型。因药物与皮肤长时间接触，所报问题多在局部：红、痒、接触性皮炎；若用的是意在发泡的刺激性配方，则可致灼伤、水疱与遗留痕迹。选穴是否使结果不同于把同一药物敷在他处，未被证实。
Soaking the feet and lower legs in warm water — plain, or with a herbal decoction or granules added — usually before sleep. In China this is much more a home practice than a clinic procedure. The honest summary: the benefits people report (sleep, cold feet, general comfort) are largely subjective, and controlled evidence for foot bathing beyond the effect of simple warming is limited, so it has not been established. The risks are ordinary but worth saying plainly. Immersion burns happen to people who cannot feel heat well — diabetic or other peripheral neuropathy — and water that feels merely warm to a hand can scald a numb foot. Soaking is also a bad idea when there are open sores or an active skin infection, and when deep vein thrombosis is suspected in that leg. Anyone with diabetes, peripheral arterial disease or reduced sensation should test the temperature with something other than the foot itself.
睡前以温水（可加药汁或颗粒）浸泡双足与小腿。在国内这主要是家庭自养而非诊室操作。如实说：人们报告的助眠、暖足、舒适等益处以主观感受为主，除单纯温热作用外，足浴的对照证据有限，未被证实。风险是日常的但值得讲清：浸泡烫伤发生在对热不敏感的人身上——糖尿病或其他周围神经病变；手感只是温的水，麻木的脚却已烫伤。有开放创面或活动性皮肤感染时不应浸泡；该下肢怀疑深静脉血栓时也不应浸泡。糖尿病、下肢动脉病变或感觉减退者应以足以外的部位试温。
Small seeds — traditionally vaccaria (王不留行) seeds, in clinics often metal or magnetic beads — taped to points on the outer ear and left for a few days, with the person pressing them several times a day. The ear is used both because its surface is richly innervated and easy to reach, and because a separate auricular microsystem maps the whole body onto it. Evidence for auricular pressing is dominated by small trials with high risk of bias; it has not been established. The cautions are specific. Adhesive tape commonly causes contact dermatitis; skin under a pressed bead can break down; and the ear is cartilage, so an infection that reaches the perichondrium (auricular perichondritis) is hard to treat and can permanently deform the ear. Auricular texts also list pregnancy among the cautions for some points. Anything left taped on should come off at the first sign of increasing pain, spreading redness or swelling.
以小粒（传统用王不留行籽，诊所常改用金属或磁珠）用胶布固定于耳廓穴位，留置数日，每日自行按压数次。取耳既因耳廓神经支配密集且便于操作，也因另有一套把全身投射于耳的耳穴微系统。耳穴压豆的证据以小样本、偏倚风险高的试验为主，未被证实。注意事项很具体：胶布常见引起接触性皮炎；珠子受压处皮肤可破溃；耳廓为软骨，感染一旦波及软骨膜（耳廓软骨膜炎）治疗棘手，并可致耳廓永久变形。耳穴文献亦把孕期列为部分穴位的慎用情形。留置物一旦出现疼痛加重、发红扩大或肿胀，应立即取下。
A short-handled, hammer-like instrument whose head holds five or seven fine needles clustered together; the practitioner taps the skin lightly and quickly to produce redness or pin-point bleeding without deep puncture. It is also called a cutaneous needle or seven-star needle (皮肤针 / 七星针), and the technique is called 叩刺. Because it breaks the skin — even if only at the level of capillaries — infection control is not optional: the needle head should be single-use and disposable, and shared cluster needles are a documented route for blood-borne virus transmission. It is avoided in people with bleeding disorders or on anticoagulants, over varicose veins, moles, broken or infected skin, and on the face. Its most-studied uses are in skin and hair conditions; the evidence is preliminary and has not been established.
柄端簇集五至七枚细针的锤状器具，以轻快叩打使皮肤潮红或微渗血而不深刺。又称皮肤针、七星针，手法称「叩刺」。因有皮肤破损（即使仅及毛细血管），消毒不是可选项：针头应一次性使用，共用簇针是血源性病毒传播的已记载途径。出血性疾病、服用抗凝药者不用；静脉曲张、色素痣、破损或感染皮肤处不用；面部不用。研究较多的是皮肤与毛发方向，证据属初步，未被证实。
Moxibustion in which the heat source does not touch the skin: a slice of fresh ginger, a slice of garlic, a layer of salt or a herbal cake is placed between the burning moxa and the point. Ginger is the commonest interposed material (隔姜灸); each material is traditionally chosen for a different purpose. Putting something between the moxa and the skin slows and spreads the heat, but it does not prevent burns — the interposed material dries out, and burns from indirect moxibustion are regularly reported in the medical literature, including full-thickness burns and burns that people with reduced sensation did not feel happening. Thin or scarred skin needs particular care, and the smoke exposure is the same as for any moxa.
艾炷或艾条不直接接触皮肤，而在其与穴位之间隔以姜片、蒜片、盐或药饼的灸法。以姜片最多，称隔姜灸；不同隔物各有传统取意。隔物使热变缓变散，但并不能避免灼伤——隔物会被烘干，医学文献中隔物灸致伤的报告并不少见，包括深达全层的烧伤，以及感觉减退者毫无察觉地发生的烧伤。皮肤菲薄或瘢痕处尤须谨慎；烟雾暴露与其他灸法相同。
Also called 药物灸 or 发泡灸: an irritant herbal paste — traditionally mustard seed (白芥子), garlic, and in older formulas cantharides (斑蝥) — is applied to a point and left long enough to raise a blister. No moxa is burned. The blister is the intended effect, so the technique should be described plainly: it is a deliberately produced chemical burn of the skin. Reported outcomes include second-degree burns, secondary infection, keloid or hypertrophic scarring, and patches of hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation that can outlast any benefit. Cantharides (Spanish fly, 斑蝥) is poisonous if swallowed and has caused fatal poisoning; this library records its historical use and offers no advice on using it. Because what is produced is an open wound, aftercare is not optional. Reported benefits rest largely on uncontrolled observation and have not been established.
又称药物灸、发泡灸：以刺激性药膏（传统多用白芥子、大蒜，古方亦用斑蝥）敷于穴位并留置至起泡，并不用艾火。水疱正是所追求的效果，故需如实描述：这是人为造成的皮肤化学性灼伤。已报告的后果包括二度烧伤、继发感染、瘢痕疙瘩或增生性瘢痕，以及可长期存在、比任何获益都更持久的色素减退或沉着斑。斑蝥（Spanish fly）口服有毒，曾有致死中毒报道；本库仅记其历史用法，不提供任何使用建议。因结果是皮肤破损，其后护理不是可选项。所报益处多来自无对照的观察，未被证实。
The most common modern moxibustion technique: a cigar-shaped stick of compressed mugwort (艾, Artemisia argyi) is lit at one end and held a few centimetres above the point, or moved in small circles, until the skin is warm and pink. Because distance and time are under the operator's control, two hazards are predictable: a burn from holding it too close or letting ash drop, and fire — a moxa stick smoulders rather than flames and stays hot a long time, and discarded ends have started fires. Smoke is the third: moxa smoke contains fine particulate matter, carbon monoxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, indoor air quality in moxibustion clinics has been measured as poor, and ventilation matters. Anyone with asthma, or with an allergy to mugwort or the Asteraceae family, is at particular risk — mugwort pollen is itself a major seasonal allergen, and contact dermatitis to the plant is described.
现代最常用的灸法：将艾绒卷制的艾条一端点燃，悬于穴位上方数厘米，或作小幅度回旋，至局部温热潮红。因距离与时间由操作者掌握，两类风险可以预见：过近或落灰致烫伤；以及火灾——艾条是阴燃而非明火，且长时间保持高温，丢弃的残端曾引燃物品。第三是烟雾：艾烟含细颗粒物、一氧化碳与多环芳烃，灸疗场所的室内空气质量实测不佳，通风很重要。哮喘者、艾属或菊科过敏者风险尤高——艾蒿花粉本身就是重要的季节性过敏原，接触性皮炎亦有记载。